tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58122934294683796172024-03-20T03:08:42.282-07:00Auliya AS Hamdi BlogBuah Mawaddah Warahmah Sahar-DewiLaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-65535742530063042922013-02-04T15:43:00.002-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.054-07:00Islam di Spanyol<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmm9DrN6vqQ2iIcdTAMKg1hY_PK_vr5WUWNZy9kullWI0vUutdy4CG4T4jlXnIJn_4CwwAC48yC3il3VQJ3Sj-tBs2vOuHFwVQZl_XbIwVkrmfPTIK4e6rgubzJlVdPaWDyhiHVxIYmcI/s1600/19.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmm9DrN6vqQ2iIcdTAMKg1hY_PK_vr5WUWNZy9kullWI0vUutdy4CG4T4jlXnIJn_4CwwAC48yC3il3VQJ3Sj-tBs2vOuHFwVQZl_XbIwVkrmfPTIK4e6rgubzJlVdPaWDyhiHVxIYmcI/s200/19.gif" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">SEJARAH ISLAM DI SPANYOL</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masuknya Islam di Spanyol</span></i></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada periode klasik paruh pertama-masa kemajuan (650-1000 M),
wilayah kekuasaan Islam meluas <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melalui
Afrika Utara (Aljazair dan Maroko) sampai ke Spanyol Barat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Spanyol adalah nama baru bagi Andalusia zaman dahulu. Nama Andalusia berasal
dari suku yang menaklukkan Eropa Barat di masa lalu<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
sebelum bangsa Goth dan </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>Arab (Islam).<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spanyol diduduki umat Islam pada zaman Khalifah Al-Walid<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
(705-715M), salah seorang khalifah Bani Umayyah yang berpusat di Damaskus. Ada
tiga nama yang sering disebut berjasa dalam penaklukan Spanyol, yaitu Musa bin
Nushair, Tharif bin Malik dan Thariq bin Ziyad.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Dari ketiga nama tersebut, nama terakhirlah yang sering disebut paling
terkenal, karena pasukannya lebih besar dan hasilnya lebih nyata. Pasukannya
terdiri dari sebagian suku Barbar (muslim dari Afrika Utara) yang didukung Musa
bin Nushair dan sebagian lagi orang Arab yang dikirim Al-Walid. Pasukannya yang
berjumlah 7000 orang yang menyeberang selat di bawah pimpinan Thariq bin Ziyad.
Tentara Spanyol di bawah pimpinan Raja Roderick dapat ditaklukkan. Cordova
jatuh pada tahun 711 M. dari sana, wilayah-wilayah Spanyol, seperti Toledo,
Sevilla, Malaga, dan Granada dapat dikuasai dengan mudah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejak pertama kali menginjakkan kaki di tanah Spanyol hingga
jatuhnya kerajaan Islam terakhir di sana, Islam memainkan peran yang sangat
besar. Sejarah panjang yang dilalui umat Islam di Spanyol itu dapat dibagi
menjadi enam periode, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Periode Pertama
(711-755 M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada Periode ini, Spanyol berada di bawah pemerintahan para wali
yang diangkat oleh khalifah Bani Umayyah yang berpusat di Damaskus. Pada
periode ini stabititas politik negeri Spanyol belum terkendali akibat gangguan
keamanan di beberapa wilayah, karena pada masa ini adalah masa peletakan dasar,
asas dan invasi Islam di Spanyol. Hal ini ditandai dengan adanya gangguan dari
berbagai pihak yang tidak senang kepada Islam. Sentralisasi kekuasaan masih di
bawah Daulat Umayyah di Damaskus.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sisa-sisa musuh Islam di Spanyol yang bertempat tinggal di
pegunungan yang tidak tunduk pada pemerintahan Islam juga terus mengganggu
stabititas politik dan keamanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena seringnya terjadi konflik maka dalam periode ini Islam
Spanyol belum melakukan pembangunan di bidang peradaban dan kebudayaan. Periode
ini berakhir dengan datangnya Abd Rahman al-Dakhil ke Spanyol tahun 755 M.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Periode Kedua
(755-912 M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada masa ini Spanyol berada di bawah pemerintahan seorang yang
bergelar amir (panglima atau gubernur), tetapi tidak tunduk kepada pusat
pemerintahan Islam, yang ketika itu dipegang oleh Khalifah Abbasiyah di Baqdad.
Amir pertama adalah Abdurrahman I yang memasuki Spanyol tahun 138 H/755 M dan
diberi gelar al-Dakhil (yang masuk ke Spanyol).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Dan adalah keturunan Bani Umayyah yang berhasil lolos dari kerajaan Bani Abbas,
ketika Bani Abbas berhasil menaklukkan Bani Umayyah di Damaskus. Selanjutnya,
ia berhasil mendirikan Dinasti Bani Umayyah di Spanyol. Adapun urutan keamiran
Bani Umayyah di Spanyol sebagai berikut:<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abd al-Rahman
al-Dakhil (755-788 M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adalah amir pertama, dikenal dengan nama Abdul Rahman I, cucu dari
Hisyam Khalifah Umayyah, yang berhasil lolos dari kejaran Bani Abbas ketika
berhasil menaklukkan Bani Umayyah di Damaskus. Selanjutnya dia mendirikan
Dinasti Bani Umayyah di Spanyol. Dengan dukungan bangsa Barbar dari Afrika
Utara dan Syiria pada masa rezim Umayyah di Spanyol. Rezim baru ini mengikuti
pola-pola pemerintahan lokal, dan membentuk angkatan bersenjata terdiri dari
para klien dari pyreness.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abdurrahman
al-Dakhil diangkat sebagai Gubernur Cordova pada bulan Desember 755 M dan bulan
Mei berikutnya Abdurrahman al-Dakhil membangun tempat tinggal di kota itu serta
mengangkat dirinya sebagai <i>amir</i>. Abdurrahman al-Dakhil memasuki Spanyol
pada tahun 755 M. dan diberi gelar <i>al-Dakhil</i> (yang masuk ke Spanyol).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abdurrahman
al-Dakhil memperindah kota-kota, membangun benteng-benteng yang kokoh dan
istana, serta meletakkan batu yang pertama untuk membangun mesjid yang terbesar
na nantinya di belahan Dunia Islam maupun, yang dilakukan dua tahun sebelum
wafatnya tahun 789 M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hisyam Ibnu
Abdurrahman (788-796 M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adalah anak
dari Abdurrahman al-Dakhil yang ditunjuk untuk menggantinya. Di</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kenal
sebagai Hisyam I yaitu amir kedua. Merupakan pemimpin yang takwa dan wara’.
Pada masa ini terbesar madzhab Maliki di Spanyol yang berasal dari Imam Malik
ibn Anas yang berpusat di Madinah. Madzhab Maliki disebarkan oleh Ziyad ibn
Abdurrahman, seorang ulama yang belajar ke Madinah untuk mempelajari Madzhab
Maliki secara langsung dari Imam Malik.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada masa ini Hisyam I menghadapi pemberontakan yang dilancarkan
oleh saudaranya di Toledo yakni Abdullah dan Sulaiman. Hisyam mengarahkan
perhatiannya ke wilayah Utara. Umat Kristen yang melancarkan gangguan keamanan
ditindasnya sekaligus berhasil mengalahkan kekuatan Perancis. Kota Norebonne
ditaklukkannya, sementara suku Gakicia mengajukan perundingan perdamaian.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hisyam merupakan penguasa yang adil dan murah hati khususnya
terhadap rakyat lemah dan miskin. Ia membangun jembatan Cordova dan
merampungkan pembangunan mesjid dan gereja yang dibangun oleh ayahnya. Ulama
Spanyol menduduki tempat yang tinggi di kerajaan dan memberi nasehat kepada
penguasa.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hisyam ibnu Abdurrahman memerintah selama 8 tahun dan wafat pada
tahun 796 M. kendali pemerintahan diteruskan oleh anaknya Hakam ibn Hisyam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada masa ini umat Islam di Spanyol mulai memperoleh
kemajuan-kemajuan, baik dalam bidang politik, peradaban serta pendidikan.
Abdurrahman mendirikan mesjid Cardova dan sekolah-sekolah di kota-kota besar di
Spanyol. Kemudian penerus-penerusnya yang lain seperti Hisyam dikenal berjasa
dalam menegakkan hukum Islam, dan Hakam dikenal sebagai pembaharu dalam bidang
kemiliteran, sedangkan Abdurrahman al-Ausath dikenal sebagai penguasa yang
cinta ilmu. Pada masa Abdurrahman al-Ausath ini pemikiran filsafat mulai masuk,
maka ia mengundang para ahli dari dunia Islam lainnya untuk datang ke Spanyol
sehingga kegiatan ilmu pengetahuan di Spanyol mulai semarak.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Periode Ketiga
(912-916 M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Periode ini berlangsung mulai dari pemerintahan Abdurrahman III,
yang bergelar “An-Nasir” sampai munculnya <i>muluk at-thawaif</i> (raja-raja
kelompok). Pada periode ini Spanyol diperintah oleh penguasa dengan “Khalifah”.
Pada periode ini juga umat Islam di Spanyol mencapai puncak kemajuan dan
kejayaan menyaingi Daulat Abbasiyah di Bagdad. Abdurrahman an-Nasir mendirikan
Universitas Cardova. Perpustakaannya memiliki koleksi ratusan ribu buku. Hakam
II juga seorang kolektor buku dan pendiri perpustakaan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abd al Rahman
al-Nasir (912-916 M)<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir (Abd Rahman III) adalah amir yang kedelapan,
menggantikan kedudukan ayahnya pada usia 23 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suku Barbar dan umat Kristen tunduk kepada Abdur Rahman III. Hanya
masyarakat Toledo berusaha melawan, namun dapat dikalahkan. Dua tahun dari masa
penobatan Abdur Rahman III, Ordano II, kepala suku Leon datang menyebu wilayah
Islam. Pada saat itu Abd al-Rahman terlibat perselisihan dengan Khalifah
Fatimiyah. Ahmad Ibn Abu Abda ditunjuk memimpin pasukan untuk menghadapi
pasukan Ordano II, kemudian bersekutu dengan Sancho, kepala suku Navarre.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suku
Leon dan Suku Navarre dihancurkan oleh Abd al-Rahman III bersamaan dengan
terbunuhnya Ordano II dan Sanche. Abd al-Rahman merupakan orang pertama yang
mengklaim kedudukannya sebagai khalifah dengan gelar <i>al-Nasir lidinillah</i>
setelah menumpas pemberontakan Kristen suku Leon dan Navarre.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hakam II
(961-976 M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hakam II menggantikan kedudukan ayahnya, Abd al-Rahman. Pada masa
ini pemimpin suku Navarre yang pada masa Abd al-Rahman mengakui pemerintahan
Islam, berusaha melepaskan diri. Hakam membuktikan bahwa dia tidak hanya
terpelajar melainkan juga pemimpin militer yang cakap. Sanchol pemimpin Kristen
suku Leon dan pemimpin Kristen ditundukkan. Ia juga mengerahkan pasukannya di
pimpin Ghalib ke Afrika untuk menekan kekuatan Fatimiyah. Ghalib sukses
menegakkan kekuasaan Umayyah Spanyol di Afrika Barat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setelah
berhasil mengamankan situasi politik, Hakam menunjukkan dirinya dalam gerakan
pendidikan dengan mengumpulkan kurang lebih 400.000 buku di perpustakaan
Cordova. Para ilmuwan, filosof, ulama dapat bebas memasukinya. Untuk meningkatkan
kecerdasan rakyat, dia mendirikan sekolah-sekolah. Seluruh rakyat Spanyol
mengenal baca tulis. Sementara umat Kristen Eropa kecuali pendeta tetap dalam
kebodohan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
meninggalnya Hakam pada tahun 976 M masa kejayaan Dinasti umayyah di Spanyol
berakhir.</span></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hisyam II
(976-1009 M)<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hakam mewariskan kedudukannya kepada Hisyam II, anaknya yang
berusia 11 tahun. Oleh karena itu, kekuasaan aktual berada di tangan para
pejabat. Pada tahun 981 M, Khalifah menunjuk Muhammad Ibn Abi ‘Amir seorang
yang sangat ambisius. Setelah berhasil menyingkirkan rekan-rekan dan
saingannya, dia menancapkan kekuasannya dan melebarkan wilayah kekuasaan Islam.
Atas keberhasilannya, dia mendapat gelar <i>al-Manshur Billah</i> dan merekrut
militer dari suku Barbar menggantikan militer Arab. Kekuatan militer Barbar
berhasil menundukkan kekuatan Kristen di wilayah Spanyol dan memperluas Bani
Umayyah di Barat laut Afrika. Akhirnya ia memegang seluruh kekuasaan negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Manshur
Billah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> meninggal tahun 1002 M di Madinaceli. Ia merupakan negarawa dan Jenderal
Arab yang terbesar di Spanyol. Menurut ahli sejarah, Dozy, pada masa ini rakyat
lebih makmur dari masa sebelumnya. Dia digantikan oleh anaknya bernama
al-Muzaffar yang berhasil mempertahankan kondisi ini, selama 6 tahun Muzaffar
mewariskan jabatanya kepada saudaranya bernama Abdur Rahman (Sanchol), namun
Sanchol tidak memiliki kualitas bagi jabatan itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sepeninggal Muzaffar, Spanyol dilanda kesusahan dan akhirnya
mengalami kehancuran total. Pada tahun 1009 M Khalifah mengundurkan diri.
Beberapa orang yang dicoba untuk menduduki jabatan itu namun tidak ada yang
sanggup memperbaiki keadaan. Akhirnya pada tahun 1013 M, Dewan Menteri yang
memerintah Cordova menghapus jabatan Khalifah. (Watt, 1990: 217-218).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Periode Keempat
(1013-1086 M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada periode ini Spanyol terpecah menjadi lebih dari tiga puluh negara
kecil di bawah pimpinan raja-raja golongan atau <i>Al-mulukuth -Thawaif,</i>
yang berpusat di suatu kota seperti Siville, Toledo dan sebagainya. Yang terbesar
diantaranya adalah Abbadiyah di Seville, Cordova, Toledo, dan sebagainya. Yang
terbesar diantaranya adalah Abbadiyah di Seville. Pada priode ini umat Islam
Spanyol kembali memasuki masa pertikaian intern. Ironisnya, kalau terjadi
perang saudara, ada di antara pihak-pihak yang bertikai itu yang meminta
bantuan kepada raja-raja Kristen. Melihat kelemahan dan kekacauan yang menimpa
keadaan politik Islam itu, untuk pertama kalinya, orang-orang Kristen pada
periode ini mulai mengambil inisiatif penyerangan. Meskipun, kehidupan politik
tidak stabil, namun, kehidupan intelektuan terus berkembang pada periode ini, istana-istana
mendorong para sarjana dan sastrawan untuk mendapatkan perlindungan dari satu
istana keistana lain.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Periode Kelima
(1086-1248 M)<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada periode ini, Spanyol Islam meskipun masih terpecah dalam
beberapa negara, tetapi terdapat satu kekuatan yang dominan, yaitu kekuasaan
dinasti Murabithun (1086-1143 M) dan dinasti Muwahhidun (1146-1235 M). Dinasti
Murabithun pada mulanaya adalah sebuah gerakan agama yang didirikan oleh Yusuf
ibn Tasyfin di Afrika Utara. Pada tahun 1062 M ia berhasil mendirikan sebuah
kerajaan berpusat di Marakesy. Ia masuk ke Spanyol atas “Undangan”
penguasa-penguasa Islam di sana yang tengah memikul beban berat perjuangan
mempertahankan negeri-negerinya dari serangan-serangan orang-orang Kristen. Ia
dan tentaranya memasuki Spanyol pada tahun 1086 M dan berhasil mengalahkan
pasukan Castilia. Karena perpecahan di kalangan raja-raja Muslim, Yusuf
melangkah lebih jauh untuk menguasai Spanyol dan ia berhasil untuk itu. Akan
tetapi, penguasa-penguasa sesudah ibn Tasyfin adalah raja-raja yang lemah. Pada
tahun 1143 M, kekuasaan dinasti ini berakhir, baik di Afrika Utara maupun
dinasti Murabithun, Saragossa jatuh ke tangan Kristen, tepatnya tahun 1118 M. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di Spanyol sendiri, sepeninggal dinasti ini, pada mulanya kembali
dinasti-dinasti kecil, tapi hanya berlangsung tiga tahun. Pada tahun 1146 M
penguasa dinasti Muwahhidun yang berpusat di Afrika Utara merebut daerah ini.
Muwahhidun didirikan oleh Muhammad ibn Tumart (w. 1128). Dinasti ini datang ke
Spanyol di bawah pimpinan Abd Al-Mun’im. Antara tahun 1114 dan 1154 M,
kota-kota Muslim penting, Cordova, Almeria, dan Granada, jatuh kebawah
kekuasaannya. Untuk jangka beberapa decade, dinasti ini mengalami banyak
kemajuan. Kekuatan-kekuatan Kristen dapat dipukul mundur. Akan tetapi, tidak
lama setelah itu, Muwahhidun mengalami keambrukan. Pada tahun 1212 M, tentara
Kristen memperoleh kemenangan besar di Las Navas de Tolesa. Kekalahan-kekalahan
yang dialami Muwahhidun menyebabkan penguasanya memilih untuk meninggalkan Spanyol
dan kembali ke Afrika Utara tahun 1235 M. Keadaan Spanyol kembali runyam,
berada di bawah penguasa-penguasa kecil. Dalam kondisi demikian, umat Islam
tidak mampu bertahan dari serangan-serangan Kristen yang semakin besar. Tahun
1238 M Cordova jatuh ke tangan penguasa Kristen dan Seville jatuh tahun 1248 M.
Seluruh Spanyol kecuali Granada lepas dari kekuasaan Islam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Periode Keenam
(1248-1492 M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada
periode ini, Islam hanya berkuasa di daerah Granada, di bawah dinasti Bani
Ahmar (1232-1492). Peradaban kembali mengalami kemajuan seperti di zaman
Abdurrahman An-Nasir. Akan tetapi, secara politik, dinasti ini hanya berkuasa
di wilayah yang kecil. Kekuasaan Islam yang merupakan pertahanan terakhir di
Spanyol ini berakhir, karena perselisihan orang-orang istana dalam
memperebutkan kekuasaan. Abu Abdullah Muhammad merasa tidak senang kepada
ayahnya, karena menunjuk anaknya yang lain sebagai penggantinya menjadi raja.
Dia memberontak dan berusaha merampas kekuasaan. Dalam pemberontakan itu,
ayahnya terbunuh dan digantikan oleh Muhammad ibn Sa’ad.Abu Abdullah kemudian
meminta bantuan kepada Ferdenand dan Isabella untuk untuk menjatuhkannya. Dua
penguasa Kristen ini dapat mengalahkan penguasa yang sah dan Abu Abdullah naik
tahta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentu saja, Ferdenand dan Isabella yang mempersatukan dua kerajaan
besar Kristen melalui perkawinan itu tidak cukup merasa puas. Keduanya ingin
merebut kekuasaan terkhir umat Islam di Spanyol. Abu Abdullah tidak kuasa
menahan serangan-serangan orang Kristen tersebut dan pada akhirnya mengaku
kalah. Ia menyerahkan kekuasaan kepada Ferdenand dan Isabella, kemudian, hijrah
ke Afrika Utara. Dengan demikian berakhirlah kekuasaan Islam di Spanyol tahun
1492 M. Umat Islam setelah itu dihadapkan kepada dua pilihan, masuk Kristen
atau pergi meninggal Spanyol. Pada tahun 1609 M, boleh dikatakan tidak ada lagi
umat Islam di daerah ini. <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kemajuan Ilmu pengetahuan di spanyol</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam di Spanyol telah mencatat satu lembaran peradaban dan
kebudayaan yang sangat brilian dalam Yunani-Arab ke Eropa pada abad XII. Minat
terhadap pendidikan dan ilmu pengetahuan serta filsafat mulai dikembangkan pada
abad IX M selama pemerintahan penguasaan Bani Umayyah yang ke-5, Muhammad Ibn
Abd Al-Rahman (832-886 M).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 7.1pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan literatur-literatur yang membahas sejarah pendidikan
dan sejarah peradaban Islam secara garis besar pendidikan Islam di Spanyol
terbagi pada dua bagian atau tingkatan, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kuttab</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada lembaga pendidikan <i>kuttab</i> ini para siswa mempelajari
beberapa bidang studi dan pelajaran-pelajaran yang meliputi fiqih, bahasa dan
sastra serta musik dan kesenian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fiqih</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam bidang fiqih, karena Spanyol Islam menganut Madzhab Maliki,
maka para ulama memperkenalkan materi-materi fiqih dari madzhab Imam Maliki.
Para Ulama yang memperkenalkan madzhab ini antara lain Ziyad ibn Abd al-Rahman,
perkembangan selanjutnya itentukan oleh Ibn Yahya yang menjadi <i>qadhi</i>
pada masa Hisyam ibn Abd Rahman. Ahli-ahli fiqih lainnnya diantaranya Abu Bakr
ibn Al-Quthiyah, Munzir ibn Said Al-Baluthi dan Ibnu Hazm yang terkenal.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bahasa dan
Satra</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena bahasa Arab telah menjadi bahasa resmi dan bahasa
administrasi dalam pemerintahan Islam di Spanyol. Bahasa Arab ini diajarkan
kepada murid-murid dan para pelajar, baik yang Islam maupun non Islam. Dan hal
ini dapat diterima oleh masyarakat, bahkan mereka rela menomorduakan bahasa
asli mereka. Mereka juga banyak yang ahli dan mahir dalam bahasa Arab, sehingga
mereka terampil dalam berbicara maupun dalam tata bahasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Musik dan
Kesenian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sya’ir merupakan ekspresi utama dari peradaban Spanyol. Pada
dasarnya sya’ir Spanyol didasarkan pada model-model sya’ir Arab membangkitkan
sintiment prajurit dan interes faksional para penakluk Arab. Dalam bidang musik
dan seni, Spanyol Islam memiliki tokoh seniman yang sangat terkenal, yaitu
al-Hasan ibn Nafi dikenal dengan julukan <i>Ziryab </i>(789-857). Setiap kali
ada pertemuan di Cardova, <i>Ziryab</i> selalu mempertunjukkan kebolehannya. Ia
juga terkenal sebagai pengubah lagu, ilmu yang dimilikinya itu diajarkan<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>kepada anak-anaknya,
baik laki-laki maupun perempuan dan juga kepada budak-budak sehingga
kemasyhurannyatersebar luas.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan
Tinggi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masyarakat Arab yang berada di Spanyol merupakan pelopor peradaban
dan kebudayaaan juga pendidikan, antara pertengahan abad kedelapan sampai
dengan akhir abad ketiga belas. Melalui usaha yang mereka lakukan, ilmu
pengetahuan kuno dan ilmu pengetahuan Islam dapat ditranmisikan ke Eropa. Bani
Umayyah yang berada di bawah kekuasaaan al-Hakam menyelenggarakan pengajaran
dan telah memberikan banyak sekali penghargaan kepada para sarjana. Ia telah
membangun Universitas Cardova berdampingan dengan mesjid Abdurrahman III yang
selanjutnya tumbuh menjadi lembaga pendidikan yang terkenal diantara jajaran
lembaga pendidikan tinggi lainnya di dunia. Universitas ini menandingi dua Universitas
lainnya, yaitu Al-Azhar di Cairo dan Nizamiyah di Bagdad, dan telah menarik
perhatian para pelajar tidak hanya dari Spanyol, tetapi juga dari tempat lain
seperti dari Negara-negara Eropa, Afrika, dan Asia.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di antara para Ulama yang bertugas di Universitas Cardova adalah
Ibnu Quthaibah yang dikenal sebagai ahli tata bahasa dan Abu Ali Qali yang dikenal
sebagai pakar filologi. Universitas ini memiliki perpustakaan yang menampung
koleksi sekitar empat juta buku. Universitas ini mencakup jurusan yang meliputi
astronomi, matematika, kedokteran, teologi dan hukum, Jumlah muridnya mencapai
seribu orang. Selain itu juga di Spanyol terdapat terdapat Universitas Sevilla,
Malaga, dan Granada. Mata kuliah yang diberikan di universitas-universitas
tersebut meliputi teologi, hukum Islam, kedokteran, kimia, filsafat, dan
astronomi. Sebagai prasasti pada pintu gerbang Universitas yang disebutkan
terakhir ditulis sebagai berikut: Dunia ini ditopang oleh empat hal, yaitu
pengajaran tentang kebijaksanaan, keadilan dari penguasa, ibadah dari
orang-orang yang shaleh dan keberanian yang pantang menyerah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filsafat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Atas
inisiatif Al-Hakam (961-976 M), karya-karya ilmiah dan filosofis diimpor dari
Timur dalam jumlah besar, sehingga Cardova dengan perpustakaan dan universitas-universitasnya
mampu menyaingi Bagdad sebagai pusat utama ilmu pengetahuan di dunia Islam. Apa
yang dilakukan oleh para pemimpin Dinasti Bani Umayyah di Spanyol ini merupakan
persiapan untuk melahirkan filosof-filosof besar pada masa sesudahnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Tokoh utama pertama dalam sejarah filsafat Arab-Spanyol adalah Abu Bakr
Muhammad ibn Al-Sayigh yang lebih dikenal dengan Ibn Bajjah. Dilahirkan di
Zaragoza, ia pindah ke Sevilla dan Granada. Meninggal karena keracunaan di Fez
tahun 1138 M dalam usia muda. Seperti Al-Farabi dan Ibnu Sina di Timur.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagian
akhir abad ke-12 M menjadi saksi munculnya seorang pengikut Aristoteles yang
terbesar di gelanggang filsafat dalam Islam, yaitu Ibnu Rusyd dari Cordova, ia
lahir tahun 1126 M dan wafatnya tahun 1198 M. Ciri khasnya adalah kecermatan
dalam menafsirkan naskah-naskah Aristoteles dan kehati-hatian dalam menggeluti
masalah-masalah klasik tentang keserasian filsafat dan agama. Dia juga ahli
fiqih dengan karyanya yang termasyhur <i>Bidayah al-Mujtahid.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sains</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ilmu-ilmu kedokteran, musik, matematika, astronomi, kimia dan
lain-lain juga berkembang dengan baik. Abbas ibn Farnas termasyhur dalam ilmu
kimia dan astronomi. Ia adalah orang pertama yang menemukan pembuatan kaca dari
batu.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
bidang sejarah dan geografi, wilayah Islam bagian barat melahirkan banyak
pemikir terkenal. Ibn Jubair dari Valencia (1145-1228 M) menulis tentang
negeri-negeri muslim di Mediterania dan Sisiliah. Dan Ibn Batuthah dari Tangier
(1304-1377 M) mencapai Samudera Pasai dan Cina. Ibn al-Khatib (1317-1374 M)
menyusun riwayat Granada. Itulah sebagian naman-nama besar dalam bidang sains.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebudayaan di Spanyol</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Orang- orang Arab memperkenalkan pengaturan hidrolik untuk tujuan
irigasi. Kalau dam digunakan untuk mengecek curah hujan, waduk (kolam) dibuat
untuk konservasi (penyimpanan air). Pengaturan hidrolik itu dibangun dengan
memperkenalkan roda air (<i>water wheel</i>) asal Persia yang dinamakan <i>na’urah</i>
(Spanyol: Noria). Di samping itu, orang-orang Islam juga memperkenalkan
pertanian padi, perkebunan jeruk, kebun-kebun dan taman-taman.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Industri, disamping pertanian dan perdagangan, juga merupakan
tulang punggung ekonomi Spanyol Islam. Di antaranya adalah tekstil, kayu,
kulit, logam, dan industri barang-barang tembikar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Namun demikian, pembangunan-pembangunan fisik yang paling menonjol
adalah pembangunan gedung-gedung, seperti pembangunan kota, istana, mesjid,
pemukiman, dan taman-taman. Di antara pembangunan yang megah adalah mesjid
Cardova, kota al-Zahra, Istana Ja’fariyah di Saragosa, tembok Toledo, Istana
al-Makmun, sesjid Seville, dan Istana al-Hamra di Granada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">F. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Faktor</i></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pendukung Kemajuan
Pendidikan/Peradaban di Spanyol</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.
Adanya dukungan dari para penguasa. Kemajuan Spanyol Islam sangat ditentukan
oleh adanya penguasa-penguasa yang kuat dan berwibawa serta mencintai ilmu
pengetahuan, juga memberikan dukungan dan penghargaan terhadap para ilmuan dan
cendikiawan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.
Didirikannya sekolah-sekolah dari universitas-universitas di beberapa kota di
Spanyol oleh Abd al- Rahman III al-Nasir, dengan Universitasnya yang terkenal
di Cardova. Serta dibangunnya perpustakaan-perpustakaan yang memiliki koleksi
buku-buku yang cukup banyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Banyaknya sarjana Islam yang datang dari
ujung Timur sampai ujung Barat wilayah Islam dengan membawa berbagai buku dan
bermacam gagasan. Ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun umat Islam terpecah dalam
beberapa kesatuan politik, terdapat apa yang disebut kesatuan budaya Islam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adanya persaingan antara Abbasiyah di Baghdad
dan Umayyah di Spanyol dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan dengan didirikannya
Universitas Cardova yang menyaingi Universitas Nishamiyah di Baghdad yang
merupakan persaingan positif tidak selalu dalam bentuk peperangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">G. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Faktor Kemunduran Islam di Spanyol</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun penyebab kemunduran Islam di Spanyol adalah:</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konflik Islam dan Kristen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kehadiran Arab Islam telah memperkuat rasa kebangsaan orang-orang Spanyol
Kristen, sehingga kehidupan Negara Islam tidak pernah sepi dari pertentangan
antara Islam dan Kristen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tidak adanya Ideologi Pemersatu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di Spanyol, sebagaimana politik yang dijalankan Bani Umayyah di
Damaskus, orang-orang Arab tidak pernah menerima orang-orang pribumi. Mereka
masih memberi istilah <i>‘ibad </i>dan <i>muwalladun</i> kepada para muallaf
itu, suatu ungkapan yang dianggap merendahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesulitan ekonomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada paruh<b> </b>kedua masa Islam di Spanyol, para penguasa
membangun kota dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dengan sangat serius,
sehingga lalai membina perekonomian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tidak jelasnya sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>peralihan pemerintahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hal ini menyebabkan perebutan kekuasaan di antara ahli waris</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keterpencilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spanyol Islam terpencil dari dunia Islam yang lain. Ia berjuang
sendirian tanpa mendapat bantuan kecuali dari Afrika Utara. Dengan demikian
tidak ada kekuatan alternatif yang mampu membendung keebangkitan di sana
(Yatim, 2003: 107-108).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali, A. Mukti, <i>Sejarah
Islam Pramodern</i>, Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Amin, M.
Mansyur, <i>Sejarah peradaban Islam</i>, Bandung: Indonesia Spirit Foundation,
2004</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fakhri, Majid, <i>Sejarah
Filsafat Islam</i>, Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1986.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hamka, <i>Sejarah
Umat Islam</i>, Jakarta, Penerbit Bulan Bintang, 1981</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hittin, Philip
K., <i>History of The Arabs</i>, Diterjemahkan oleh R. Cecep Lukman Yasin,
Jakarta: PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2008</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nasution,
Harun, <i>Islam Ditinjau dari Berbagai Aspek</i>, Jakarta: UI Press, 1985.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sou’yb,
Joesoef, <i>Sejarah Daulat Umayyah di Cordova</i>, Jakarta, Penerbit Bulan
Bintang, tth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syalabi, Ahmad,
<i>Sejarah kebudayaan Islam</i>, Jakarta: Pustaka AlHusna, 1983.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yatim, Badri, <i>Sejarah
Peradaban Islam,</i> Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo, 2004.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Harun
Nasution, <i>Islam Ditinjau dari Berbagai Aspek</i>, (Jakarta: UI Press, 1985),
Jilid I, h. 12.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ensiklopedi
Islam</i>, 1999, h. 145.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Nama lengkapnya adalah Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik merupakan Khalifah ketiga dari
Dinasti Umayyah. Setelah Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan (661-680 M) dan Khalifah Abdul
Malik bin Marwan (685-705 M) selanjutnya setelah Al-Walid diteruskan oleh
Khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz (717-720 M) dan Hasyim ibn Abdul Al-Malik (724-743
M). Ekspansinya ke barat dilakukan secara besar-besaran, di zaman Al-Walid masa
pemerintahannya adalah masa ketentraman, kemakmuran dan ketertiban, umat Islam
hidup pemerintahannya berjalan kurang lebih 10 tahun.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit</i>., h. 89.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> A.
Mukti Ali, <i>Sejarah Islam Pramodern</i>, (Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada,
1995), h. 319.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Hamka, <i>Sejarah Umat Islam</i>, (Jakarta: Penerbit Bulan Bintang, 1981), h.
134.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Yusran Asmuni, <i>Dirasah Islamiyah III, Pengantar Studi Sejarah kebudayaan
Islam dan Pemikiran</i>, (Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, 1996), h. 14-15.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit., </i>h. 95.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Mansyur Amin, <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam, </i>(Bandung: Indonesia Spirit
Foundation, 2004), h. 188.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Joesoef Sou’yb, Sejarah Daulat Umayyah di Cordova, (Jakarta: Penerbit Bulan
Bintang, tth), h. 44.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Mansyur Amin, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 188.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid,
</i>h. 118.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 95.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 96-97.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Joesoef Sou’yb, <i>op. cit., </i>h. 107-132.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Joesoef Sou’yb, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 133-142.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Philip K. Hitti, <i>op. cit., </i>h. 675.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,
</i>h. 676-678.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit., </i>h. 97-98.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Mansyur Amin, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 121-122.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 98-99</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Badri
Yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 99-100.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Majid Fakhri, <i>Sejarah Filsafat Islam, </i>(Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1986), h.
35.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim,<i> op. cit.,</i> h. 103.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ahmad Syalabi, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 88.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Zainuddin Alavi, <i>Muslim Education Thought in the Middle Age, </i>(terj)
Abuddin Nata, (Bandung: Angkasa, 2000), h. 16.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Philip K. Hitti, <i>Dunia Arab,</i> (Terj) Ushuluddin Hutugalung, (Bandung:
Sumur Bandung, 1962), h. 135.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Majid Fakhri, <i>Sejarah Filsafat Islam,</i> (Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1986), h.
357.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 101.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 101-102.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ahmad Syalabi, <i>op. cit., </i>h. 86.</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 102.</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> S.I. Poeradisastra, <i>Sumbangan Islam kepada Ilmu dan Peradaban
Modern, </i>(Jakarta: P3M, 1986), Cet Ke II, h. 67.</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Majid Fakhri, <i>op. cit., </i>h. 356.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">ASBABUN NUZUL</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengertian</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan makna
bahasa (etimologi), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun nuzul</i> berasal dari kata <i>“asbab”
</i>dan <i>“nuzul</i>”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kata <i>asbab</i> merupakan bentuk jamak dari kata <i>sababun</i> yang berarti
sebab, alasan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">illat</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan kata <i>nuzul</i> berasal dari kata kerja <i>nazala </i>yang berarti
turun.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Sedangkan
bistilah (tersminologis), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun nuzul</i> dapat diartikan
sebab-sebab yang melatarbelakangi turunnya ayat (Al-Qur’an), seperti halnya <i>asbabul
wurud</i> dalam istilah ulumul hadits.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Zarqani memberi
pengertian bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun nuzul</i> adalah
suatu kejadian yang menyebabkan turunnya satu atau beberapa ayat, atau suatu
peristiwa yang dapat dijadikan petunjuk hukum berkenaan dengan turunnya suatu
ayat. Pernyataan senada juga diutarakan oleh Shubhi Al-Shalih bahwa sesuatu
yang menyebabkan turunnya satu atau beberapa ayat yang memberi jawaban terhadap
sebab itu, atau menerangkan hukumnya pada masa terjadinya sebab itu.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan menurut Ash-Shabuni, ia mengatakan bahwa turunnya suatu ayat
disebabkan atau oleh adanya suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang berhubungan
dengan peristiwa tersebut, baik itu berupa pertanyaan dari para sahabat ataupun
kejadian yang berkaitan dengan urusan agama.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berangkat dari pengertian
yang dikemukakan para ahli di atas dapat ditarik dua kategori mengenai sebab
turunnya sebuah ayat. <i>Pertama,</i> sebuah ayat turun ketika terjadi sebuah
peristiwa sebagaimana yang diriwayatkan Ibn Abbas tentang perintah Allah SWT kepada
Nabi SAW untuk memperingatkan kerabat dekatnya. Lalu, Nabi SAW naik ke bukit <i>Shafa</i>
dan memperingatkan kaum kerabatnya akan azab yang pedih. Karena itu, Abu Lahab
berkata: “<i>Celakalah engakau! Apakah engakau mengumpulkan kami hanya untuk
urusan ini? Lalu ia berdiri, dan turunlah surah al-Lahab</i>. <i>Kedua, </i>Sebuah
ayat turun bila Rasulullah SAW ditanya tentang sesuatu hal, untuk menjawab
pertanyaan itu turunlah ayat Al-Qur’an yang menerangkan hukumnya seperti
pengaduan Khaulah binti Tsa’labah kepada Nabi SAW berkenaan dengan <i>zhihar</i>
yang dijatuhkan suaminya Aus bin Samit, padahal saat itu, Khaulah binti
Tsa’labah telah menghabiskan masa mudanya dan sering melahirkan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehingga menjadi tua karenanya. Ketika
suaminya men-<i>zhihar </i>dirinya saat sudah berusia tua <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tidak bisa melahirkan lagi, ia pun protes.
Lalu, mengajukan pertanyaan kepada Rasulullah SAW tentang kasus yang
menimpanya. Kemudian turunlah ayat: <i>“Sesungguhnya Allah telah mendengar
perkataan perempuan yang mengadu kepadamu tentang suaminya”, </i>yakni Aus bin
Samit.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jelaslah bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun nuzul</i> merupakan peristiwa atau
kejadian yang melatarbelakangi turunnya satu atau beberapa ayat dalam rangka
menjawab, menjelaskan dan menyelesaikan masalah-masalah yang timbul dari peristiwa
tersebut. Jadi dapat dipahami bahwa asbabun nuzul ada beberapa unsur penting
yang harus dilihat dalam menganalisa sebab turunnya suatu ayat, yaitu adanya
suatu peristiwa, pelaku, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>waktu, dan
tempat perlu diidentifikasi dengan cermat guna menerapkan ayat-ayat itu pada
kasus lain dan di tempat dan waktu yang berbeda.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> Hal
ini tidak berarti bahwa setiap ayat yang turun disebabkan oleh suatu peristiwa
atau kejadian, atau karena adanya pertanyaan kepada Nabi mengenai agama. Tetapi
ada diantara ayat yang turun tanpa adanya sebab, yaitu mengenai aqidah, iman,
kewajiban-kewajiban dalam Islam.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Urgensi Mempelajari
Asbabun Nuzul</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagian orang berpendapat
bahwa mengetahui <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun nuzul</i> itu
tidak begitu penting, karena tidak mempunyai tempat dalam perkembangan sejarah
dan kisah-kisah, bahkan tidak merupakan kebutuhan pokok bagi orang yang hendak
menafsirkan Kitabullah. Menurut penulis, ini adalah pendapat yang keliru dan
merupakan ucapan yang tidak bisa diterima, dan sangat jelas perkataan seperti
itu tidak keluar dari orang yang mengetahui tentang Al-Qur’an, juga tidak
pernah membaca pendapat para ulama tafsir. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berikut beberapa
pendapat ulama tentang pentingnya mempelajari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun nuzul</i>, yakni :</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Imam <b>Al-Wahidi </b>mengatakan: Tidak mungkin
orang bisa mengetahui tafsir suatu ayat, tanpa mengetahui kisah dan penjelasan
mengenai turunnya lebih dahulu.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Imam <b>Ibnu Daqieq al-Ied </b>mengemukakan bahwa
keterangan sebab turunnya ayat adalah cara yang kuat dan penting dalam memahami
makna-makna Al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ibnu <b>Taimiyah</b> mengatakan: Mengetahui asbabun
nuzul sangat membantu untuk memahami ayat. Sesungguhnya dengan mengetahui
sebab’ akan mendapatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ilmu Musabbab.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam Ulumul Qur’an,
ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun nuzul </i>merupakan ilmu
yang sangat penting dalam menunjukkan hubungan dialektika antara teks dan
realita.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam uraian lebih rinci, urgensi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun
nuzul</i> dalam memahami Al-Qur’an sebagai berikut:<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membantu
dalam memahami ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an dan mengatasai ketidakpastian dalam
menangkap pesan dari ayat-ayat tersebut. Umpamanya dalam Al-qur’an surah
Al-Baqarah (2):115</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ولله المشرق والمغرب فأينما تولوا فثم وجه الله</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Dan kepunyaan
Allah-lah timur dan barat, maka kemanapun kamu menghadap disitulah wajah
Allah”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam kasus salat, jika memperhatikan ayat di atas secara
makna semata, maka dapat dipahami bahwa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seseorang boleh menghadap kiblat ketika salat.
Akan tetapi, setelah melihat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun
nuzul</i>-Nya, kekeliruan interpretasi tersebut sangat jelas, sebab ayat di
atas berkaitan dengan seseorang yang sedang berada dalam perjalanan dan
melakukan salat di atas kendaraan dan tidak diketahui dimana arah kiblat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengatasi
keraguan ayat yang diduga mengandung pengertian umum; Umpamanya dalam surah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-An’am</i> (6):145 dikatakan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 51.9pt 395.05pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">قُلْ لَا
أَجِدُ فِي مَا أُوحِيَ إِلَيَّ مُحَرَّمًا عَلَى طَاعِمٍ يَطْعَمُهُ إِلَّا أَنْ
يَكُونَ مَيْتَةً أَوْ دَمًا مَسْفُوحًا أَوْ لَحْمَ خِنْزِيرٍ فَإِنَّهُ رِجْسٌ
أَوْ فِسْقًا أُهِلَّ لِغَيْرِ اللَّهِ بِهِ فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا
عَادٍ فَإِنَّ رَبَّكَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 51.9pt 395.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Katakanlah: Tiadalah aku peroleh
dalam wahyu yang diwahyukan kepadaku, sesuatu yang diharamkan bagi orang yang
hendak memakannya, kecuali kalau makanan itu bangkai, atau darah yang mengalir,
atau daging babi – Karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sesungguhnya
semua, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>barang siapa yang dalam keadaan
terpaksa, sedang dia tidak menginginkannya dan tidak pula melampaui batas, maka
sesungguhnya Tuhan-Mu Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 51.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut Imam Asy-Syafi’i pesan ayat ini tidak
bersifat umum, tapi untuk mengatasi kemungkinan adanya keraguan dalam memahami
ayat di atas, beliau menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun
nuzul</i>. Ayat ini menurutnya, diturunkan sehubungan dengan orang-orang kafir
yang tidak mau memakan sesuatu, kecuali apa yang telah dihalalkan Allah, dan
menghalalkan yang telah diharamkan Allah merupakan kebiasaan orang-orang kafir,
terutama orang yahudi, maka turunlah ayat diatas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengkhususkan
hukum yang terkandung dalam ayat Al-Qur’an bagi ulama yang berpendapat bahwa
yang menjadi pegangan adalah sebab yang bersifat khusus dan bukan lafaz yang
bersifat umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengidentifikasikan
pelaku yang menyebabkan turunnya ayat Al-Qur’an sebagaimana kasus Aisyah yang
pernah menjernihkan kekeliruan Marwan yang menunjuk Abdul Rahman Ibn Abu Bakar
sebagai orang yang menyebabkan turunnya ayat. Untuk meluruskan masalah ini, Aisyah
berkata kepada Marwan, “Demi Allah, bukan dia yang menyebabkan ayat ini turun,
dan aku sanggup menyebutkan siapa orang yang sebenarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 10.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memudahkan
untuk menghafal dan memahmi ayat, serta untuk menetapkan wahyu ke dalam hati
orang yang mendengarnya, hal ini karena hubungan sebab akibat hukum, peristiwa
dan pelaku, masa dan tempat merupakan jalinan yang dapat mengikat hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber dan Cara Mengetahui
Asbabun Nuzul</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun nuzul</i> diketahui melalui riwayat
yang disandarkan kepada Nabi tetapi tidak semua riwayat yang disandarkan
kepadanya dapat dipegang. Riwayat yang dapat dipegang adalah riwayat yang
memenuhi syarat-syarat tertentu sebagaimana ditetapkan oleh para ahli hadis, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secara khusus dari riwayat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">asbabun nuzul</i> adalah riwayat dari orang
yang terlibat dan mengalami peristiwa yang diriwayatkannya (yaitu pada saat
wahyu diturunkan). Riwayat yang berasal dari para tabi’in yang tidak merujuk
kepada Rasulullah SAW dan sahabatnya dianggap lemah (Dhaif); Sebab itu,
seseorang tidak dapat begitu saja menerima pendapat seorang penulis atau orang
seperti itu bahwa suatu diturunkan dalam keadaan tertentu. Karena itu, kita
harus mempunyai pengetahuan tentang siapa yang meriwayatkan peristiwa tersebut,
dan apakah ia memang sungguh-sungguh menyaksikan, dan kemudian siapa yang
menyampaikannya kepada kita.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hikmah Mempelajari
Asbabun Nuzul</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 289.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun hikmah
mempelajari<b> </b>asbabun nuzul adalah mencakup hikmah atas kaum muslimin dan
kaum non muslim dan hikmah yang dapat di petik oleh kaum muslimin dalam
mempelajari asbabun nuzul adalah dapat menambah iman kaum muslimin setelah
mempelajari asbabun nuzul. Dan adapun hikmah yang dapat di ambil oleh kaum non
muslimin adalah dapat menambah kepercayaan mereka terhadap Al-Qur’an sehingga
dengan mengetahui sebab turunnya ayat di dalam Al-Qur’an dapat menjadikan
mereka masuk ke dalam Islam<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abdurrahman, Jalaluddin, <i>al-Itqan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fi Ulum Al-Qur’an</i> (Maktabah al-Tsaqafah,
Lebanon, tahun 1937, Jilid 1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anwar, Rosihan,
<i>Ulumul Qur’an</i>, Cet. III; Bandung: Daftar Pustaka, 2006</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ash-Shabuni, Muhammad Ali, <i>at-Tibyan fi Ulumil Qur’an</i>,
Damaskus: Maktabah al-Ghazali, 1390</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ash-Shalih, Subhi, <i>Membahas Ilmu-ilmu Al-Qur’an</i>, Beirut:
Pustaka Firdaus, 1985</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ash-Shalih, Subhi <i>Mabahits fi ulumil Qur’an,</i> diterjemahkan
oleh Tim Pustaka Firdaus dengan judul, <i>Membahas Ilmu-ilmu Al-Qur’an, </i>Cet.
XIX; Jakarta: Penerbit Pustaka Firdaus, 2004</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Departemen Agama RI, <i>Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya, </i>(Jakarta:
CV. Indah Press, 2002)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Izzan, Ahmad, <i>Ulumul Qur’an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Telaah Tekstual </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>dan
Kontekstual Al-Qur’an),</i> Cet. III; Bandung: Tafakur (Kelompok
HUMANIORA)-Anggota<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ikapi, 2009</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Munawwir, Ahmad Warson , <i>Almunawwir: Kamus Arab-Indonesia,</i> Cet.
XIV; Surabaya: Pustaka Progressif, 1997</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Shihab, Quraish, dkk., <i>Sejarah dan Ulumul Qur’an,</i> Cet. I; Jakarta:
Pustaka Firdaus, 1999 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zayd, Nasr Hamid Abu, <i>Tekstualitas Al-Qur’an,</i> (Cet. I;
Yogyakarta: Lkis, 2001)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<a href="http://www.islampedia.com/mie2/ooloo/koran3.htm#taarifaccessed"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://www.islampedia.com/mie2/ooloo/koran3.htm#taarifaccessed</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,
15-09-2009</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">1 </span>Rosihan Anwar, <i>Ulumul Qur’an</i>, (Cet.
III; Bandung: Daftar Pustaka, 2006), h. 60</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ahmad Warson
Munawwir , <i>Almunawwir: Kamus Arab-Indonesia,</i> (Cet. XIV; Surabaya:
Pustaka Progressif, 1997), h. 602</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ibid.,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> h. 409</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quraish
Shihab., dkk., <i>Sejarah dan Ulumul Qur’an,</i> (Cet. I; Jakarta: Pustaka
Firdaus, 1999), h. 78. Lihat juga, Subhi As-Shalih dalam <i>Mabahits fi ulumil
Qur’an,</i> diterjemahkan oleh Tim Pustaka Firdaus dengan judul, <i>Membahas
Ilmu-ilmu Al-Qur’an,</i> (Cet. XIX; Jakarta: Penerbit Pustaka Firdaus, 2004),
h. 173</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Muhammad Ali
Ash-Shabuni, <i>at-Tibyan fi Ulumil Qur’an</i>, (Damaskus: Maktabah
al-Ghazali:, 1390), h . 22</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ahmad Izzan, <i>Ulumul
Qur’an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Telaah Tekstual </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>dan Kontekstual Al-Qur’an),</i> (Cet. III;
Bandung: Tafakur (Kelompok HUMANIORA)-Anggota <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ikapi, 2009), h. 181-182</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Quraish
shihab., dkk., <i>Op Cit., </i>h. 78</span> </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Jalaluddin
Abdurrahman, <i>al-Itqan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fi Ulum
Al-Qur’an</i> (Maktabah al-Tsaqafah, Lebanon, tahun 1937, Jilid 1), h. 28 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Nasr Hamid Abu
Zayd, <i>Tekstualitas Al-Qur’an,</i> (Cet. I; Yogyakarta: Lkis, 2001), h. 125</span>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Rosihan Anwar,<i>
Op Cit</i>,.h. 64-66</span> </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Departemen
Agama RI, <i>Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya, </i>(Jakarta: CV. Indah Press, 2002),
h. 31<i> </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ibid</i>., h. 212</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Quraish
Shihab., dkk., <i>Op Cit., </i>h. 81</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="http://www.islampedia.com/mie2/ooloo/koran3.htm#taarifaccessed">http://www.islampedia.com/mie2/ooloo/koran3.htm#taarifaccessed</a>,
15-09-2009</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-88303974339811334472013-01-29T04:44:00.004-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.066-07:00Dinasti Fatimiah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLT5FpxQcwYBk-5saz8RenTOgqBonNXdYgwSV_P0urYDrPbmvsGBzBD_hrCCn7M6ZKiJF0y529Z40pc9nErgSj5bQXbVsl6NRzLQBLL9xYi5rJQ6ONx8wj1V72iDcP4X_4r0z2Ox-HaY0/s1600/timthumb2.php.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLT5FpxQcwYBk-5saz8RenTOgqBonNXdYgwSV_P0urYDrPbmvsGBzBD_hrCCn7M6ZKiJF0y529Z40pc9nErgSj5bQXbVsl6NRzLQBLL9xYi5rJQ6ONx8wj1V72iDcP4X_4r0z2Ox-HaY0/s1600/timthumb2.php.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dinasti Fatimiah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">M</span><span lang="EN-US">unculnya Dinasti
Fatimiyah</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">S</span><span lang="EN-US">ejarah munculnya dinasti
Fatimiyah yang beraliran </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">s</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">yi’ah </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span lang="EN-US">sma’iliyah</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, tidak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terlepas dari gerakan-gerakan </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">S</span><span lang="EN-US">yi’ah yang muncul
sebelumnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Gerakan
Syi’ah Isma’iliyah ini muncul sejak berdirinya pemerintahan Abbasiyah dengan menggunakan
dua model gerakan: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gerakan militan (sembunyi-sembunyi)</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Gerakan militan ini dipelopori oleh Abdullah ibn
Syi’i<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> dengan
berusaha mendekati jama’ah haji yang berasal dari Tunisia, khususnya suku
Kitamah dan berusaha memasukkan propaganda ajaran Isma’iliyah. Dia kemudian
berhasil mempengaruhi para jama’ah haji tersebut sehingga dia ikut pulang ke
Tunisia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Gerakan prontal (terang-terangan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sukses
gemilang yang diraih oleh Abdullah al-Syi’i di wilayah Tunisia, mendorongnya
melakukan perlawanan terhadap dinasti Aghlabiah. Kemudian pada tahun 909 M.,
dia memproklamirkan Sa’id ibn al-Husain sebagai khalifah dengan gelar al-imam
Ubaidillah al-Mahdi dengan Raqadah<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
sebagai pusat ibu kota.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan demikian, Dinasti Fatimiyah berdiri di Tunisia (Afrika Utara)
pada tahun 909 M dibawah pimpin Sa’id ibn al-Husain setelah mengalahkan dinasti
Aghlabiah di Sijilmasa.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Terbentuknya dinasti Fatimiyah pada saat itu menyebabkan Islam di bawah 3
penguasa yaitu: khalifah Abbasiyah di Bagdad, khalifah Umayyah di Cordova dan
khalifah Fatimiyah di al-Mahdiah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Selama berkuasa dari tahun 909 M. hingga tahun 934 M, Ubaidillah
membuktikan dirinya sebagai penguasa yang mampu dan berbakat. Dua tahun pasca menjadi
penguasa tertinggi, dia membunuh panglima dakwahnya yaitu Abdullah al-Syi’i.
Setelah itu, dia memperluas kekuasannya sampai hampir meliputi seluruh wilayah
Afrika, mulai dari Maroko yang dikuasai Idrisiyah hingga perbatasan Mesir. Pada
tahun 914, dia berhasil menguasai Iskandariyah, dua tahun berikutnya Delta
berada dalam kekuasaannya. Kemudian dia mengirimkan seorang gubernur Baru dari
suku Kitamah ke Sisilia dan menjalin pertemanan dengan pemberontak Ibn Hafshun
di Spanyol. Malta, Sardinia, Corsica, Balearic dan pulau-pulau lainnya pernah
merasakan kedahsyatan armada yang diwarisi dari dinasti Aghlabiah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pasca wafatnya Ubaidillah, pemerintahan diambil alih oleh puteranya
yaitu Abu al-Qasim Muhammad al-Qaim<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
yang berkuasa dari tahun 934 M. hingga 946<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>M. kebijakannya lebih difokuskan pada upaya penyerbuan dan perluasan
wilayah kekuasaan. Oleh karena itu, pada tahun 935, dia mengirim armada untuk
menyerbu pantai utara Prancis, menguasai Genoa dan sepanjang pesisir Calabria
dan berusaha menaklukkan Mesir akan tetapi tidak berhasil.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kemudian dilanjutkan oleh puteranya al-Manshur pada tahun 946-952 M.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Penaklukkan Mesir berhasil dilakukan oleh cucu al-Qaim yaitu Abu
Tamim Ma’ad al-Mu’iz yang berkuasa pada tahun 952-975 M.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Penyerbuan ke Mesir itu dilakukan dengan dalih untuk melindungi kaum Syi’ah
yang di sana<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> dengan
mengirimkan seorang panglima Jendaral Jawhar al-S}iqilli</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span lang="EN-US"> berkebangsaan Sisilia
atau Yunani, sekaligus untuk merebut kekuasaan dari tangan gubernur Abbasiyah
Abu> al-Khawa>rij pada tahun 969 M.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sejak kemenangannya atas ibu kota Fusthat<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
pada tahun 969, Jawhar kemudian mendirikan Masjid Agung al-Azhar yang dikemudian
hari berkembang menjadi universitas dan membuat markas baru dengan nama
al-Qahirah. Sejak 973 M., kota ini kemudian menjadi pusat kota dinasti
Fatimiyah. Pada tahun yang sama (969 M.), setelah merasa kedudukannya di Mesir
kokoh, Jawhar melirik negara tetangganya Suriah dan berhasil menaklukkan kota
Damaskus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui sekilas tentang dinasti Fatimiyah, berikut </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">adalah para khalifah dinasti Fatimiyah:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Khalifah Ubaidilah
Al-Mahdi (909-934), pendiri Dinastii Fatimiyah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu al-Qasim Muhammad
al-Qa'im bi Amr Allah bin al-Mahdi Ubaidillah (934-946).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Isma'il al-Mansur bi-llah
(946-952).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Tamim Ma'add al-Mu'iz
li-Din Allah (952 M - 975) M. Mesir ditaklukkan semasa pemerintahannya. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Mansur Nizar al-'Aziz
bi-llah (975 M - 996 M).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu 'Ali al-Mansur al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996M -
1021 M)</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah
(1021 M - 1036 M)</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Tamim Ma'add al-Mustanhir bi-llah (1036 M -
1094 M)</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Musta'li bi-Allah (1094
M-1101 M). </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pertikaian atas suksesinya
menimbulkan perpecahan Nizari.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Amir bi Ahkam Allah
(1101 M - 1130 M). Penguasa Fatimiyah di Mesir setelah tak diakui sebagai Imam
oleh tokoh Ismailiyah Mustaali Taiyabi.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abd al-Majid (1130 M - 1149 M)</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Wafir (1149 M - 1154 M)</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Fa'iz (1154 M - 1160 M).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-'Adid (1160 M - 1171 M). Setelah jatuhnya Al-`Adid,
kekuasaan Dinasti Fatimiyah selama 200 tahun lebih berakhir.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="sdfootnote4anc"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Kejayaan Dinasti Fatimiyah</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Kejayaan dinasti Fatimiyah dimulai saat al-Muiz pindah dari ibu kota
al-Mahdiyah ke <i>al-Qahirah</i> (Kairo). Dan puncak kejayaannya dicapai pada
masa pemerintahan Abu al-Manshur Nizar al-Aziz (975-996) di mana kerajaan
diliputi dengan kedamaian dan nama al-Aziz diagungkan dalam setiap khutbah
jum’at sepanjang wilayah kekuasaannya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Al-Aziz berhasil menempatkan dinasti Fatimiyah sebagai negara Islam
terbesar di kawasan Mediterania Timur, bahkan berhasil menenggelamkan famor
penguasa Bagdad. Al-Aziz rela menghabiskan dua juta dinar untuk membangun
istana yang tidak kalah megah dari istana Abbasiyah, Al-Aziz menjadi penguasa
Fatimiyah yang bijaksana dan paling murah hati.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Salah satu bukti kemakmuran dan kejayaan dinasti Fatimiyah adalah
pekerja istana kerajaan pada saat itu berjumlah 12.000 orang pelayan, 10.000
pengurus kuda dan 8.000 pengurus yang lain. Kedamaian pada saat itu tergambar
dengan tidak terkuncinya toko perhiasan dan toko <i>money changer</i> . bahkan
khalifah al-Aziz memiliki 20.000 rumah di ibu kota yang dibangun menggunakan
batu bata dengan ketinggian lima atau enam lantai.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Untuk melihat dan mengukur kejayaan dinasti Fatimiyah yang telah
berkuasa selama 262 tahun, berikut adalah beberapa kontribusi mereka terhadap
dunia Islam secara khusus dan seluruh dunia secara umum: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Agama </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dalam bidang agama,
dinasti Fatimiyah memberlakukan ajaran-ajaran Syiah dengan menganggap bahwa
para imam itu bersih dari dosa dan kesalahan, memberikan toleransi yang tak
terbatas kepada umat Kristen yang tidak pernah dirasakan oleh mereka
sebelumnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pendidikan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Pada masa khalifah al-Aziz (976-996 M.), masjid
al-Azhar ditingkatkan fungsinya dari tempat ibadah semata menjadi universitas.
Dan pada masa khalifah al-Hakim bi Amrillah (996-1021 M.), didirikanlah sebuah
akademi yang diberi nama <i>da</i></span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">r
al-hikmah<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></b></span></span></span></a> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(kampung kebijaksanaan) yang sederajat
dengan lembaga-lembaga ilmu pengetahuan di Cordova, Baghdad dan lain-lain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">D</span><span lang="EN-US">inasti Fatimiyah juga mendirikan observatorium di
bukit al-Mukattam untuk mempelajari astronomi, astrologi, kedokteran, kimia dan
sejenisnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmuan-ilmuan yang terkenal pada masa itu antara lain Ali ibn Yunus, salah
seorang astronom yang memperbaharui kalender, Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasyim
yang telah menulis 100 buah buku dimana salah satu karya monumentalnya adalah <i>al-Manazir</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Politik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sistem pemerintahan
Fatimiyah bernadakan teokrasi karena menganggap jabatan khalifah ditentukan
oleh nash atau wasiat Nabi kepada Ali di Gadir Khummah. Hal itu diperkuat
dengan penamaan-penamaan khalifahnya seperti al-Muiz lidillah, al-Mustansir
billah dll. Namun jika melihat bahwa khalifah merupakan penunjukkan langsung
maka disebut juga monarki bahkan bisa disebut monarki absolut.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
Khalifah kemudian membawahi beberapa menteri yang direkrut dari orang yang
mampu dan memiliki kecakapan tanpa memandang sekte, suku bahkan agama.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Militer</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Peninggalan dinasti
Fatimiyah dalam peradaban Islam keberadaan tentara bayaran sebagai penopang
utama sebuah pemerintahan. Hal itu terjadi karena dinasti Fatimiyah penganut
Syiah Ismailiyah yang pada saat itu merupakan kelompok minoritas. Tentara
bayaran tersebut direkrut dari resimen kulit hitam atau Zawila yang dibeli dari
pasar budak di Afrika dan dari orang Eropa Sakalaba atau yang kerap dipanggil
dengan sebutan Bangsa Slav yang menjadi bangsa termiskin di Eropa Timur.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ekonomi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Untuk
meningkatkan ekonomi, dinasti Fatimiyah membuat jalan terusan, jembatan sebagai
lintas hasil pertanian agar pendapatan negara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari sektor pajak bisa ditingkatkan, menambah aturan baru tentang
perindustrian dengan membatasi para industriawan dari hidup bermewah-mewahan.
Satuan uang di Mesir digunakan dinar dengan kurs dirham yang ditentukan. Hal
itu dilakukan untuk melindungi para pedagang kecil dari kesewenang-wenangan
pedagang besar yang menggunakan dinar sebagai kurs.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sementara
pendapatan Negara diperoleh dari pertanian, perdagangan dan bea cukai karena
Mesir pada saat menjadi jalur penghubung antara Afrika Asia dan Eropa dan
menjadi tempat pertukaran berbagai komoditas antara Eropa dan Asia.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kebudayaan dan Peradaban </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Salah satu warisan
dinasti Fatimiyah yang eksis hingga saat ini adalah kota Cairo<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
yang dibangun oleh Panglima Jawhar al-Katib As-Siqilli pada tahun 969. Pada
tahun 975-1075 M, Fustat merupakan ibu kota Mesir dan menjadi pusat produksi
keramik dan karya seni Islami - sekaligus salah satu kota terkaya di dunia.
Ketika Dinasti Umayyah digulingkan dinasti Abbasiyah pada 750 M, pusat
pemerintahan Islam di Mesir dipindahkan ke Al-Askar - basis pendukung Abbasiyah
dan bertahan hingga tahun 868 M.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Seni </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Periode Fatimiyah juga dikenal dengan keindahan produk
tekstilnya, sedangkan produk tenunan yang berkembang saat itu produk khas
bangsa yang bergaya koptik Mesir, kemudian dipengaruhi oleh gaya Iran dan
Sasaniyah, seni keramik mengikuti pola-pola Iran dan seni penjilidan buku yang
begitu indah dan menjadi penjilidan paling pertama dalam dunia Islam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Arsitektur </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Salah
satu bukti yang paling kuat adalah berdirinya Masjid al-Azhar<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
yang dibangun oleh Jendral Jawhar pada 972 M.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Gaya arsitektur masjid al-Azhar merupakan penggabungan gaya masjid Ibnu Tulun
di Mesir dan gaya Persia dengan menara yang menjadi ciri khas Irak Utara.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Kemunduran Dinasti Fatimiyah</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Setelah hampir 50 tahun menapaki sejarah
keemasannya sejak masa pemerintahan Al-Mu’iz, dinasti ini mulai menurun setelah
berakhirnya masa pemerintahan Al-Aziz. Tindakan-tindakan kejam dari al-Hakim (996-1021)
yang sangat belia (11 tahun) menjadi titik awal kegoncangan dalam dinasti
Fatimiyah. Toleransi yang dijunjung sebelumnya dinafikan oleh al-Hakim,
aturan-aturan yang merugikan non-Islam diberlakukan sehingga mulailah timbul
ketidaksenangan. Namun pada saat al-Zhahir (1021-1035) naik tahta, dia
membangun kembali kuburan suci sehingga namanya disebutkan di Masjid-masjid
kekuasaan Konstantin VIII.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pada masa pemerintahan al-Mustanshir
(1035-1094), penguasa terlama dalam dunia Islam yang diangkat pada usia 11
tahun, wilayah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan Fatimiyah mulai melepaskan diri
seperti Suriah, Palestina dan kota-kota di Afrika. Banu Saljuk dari Turki
membayang-bayangi kekuasaannya, Banu Hilal dan Banu Sulaim dari Nejed
memberontak dan bangsa Normandia meronrong di pedalaman Afrika.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pasca al-Mustanshir, dinasti Fatimiyah
terus-menerus dirundung pertikaian, baik eksternal maupun internal, kehidupan
masyarakat yang sangat sulit, sumber kehidupan tinggal aliran sunagi Nil,
kelaparan dan wabah penyakit yang sering terjadi, akhirnya berimplikasi pada
pajak yang tinggi dan pemerasan. Puncaknya terjadi pada saat terjadi perang
salib dan Shala</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">huddin
al-Ayyubi merebut dinasti tersebut. Dia tidak lagi mengangkat khalifah dari
Fatimiyah, tapi menjadikan wilayah Mesir kembali sebagai bagian dari wilayah
kekuasaan Abbasiyah Baghdad dengan status keamiran. Adapun dinasti keamirannya
kemudian dikenal dengan dinasti al-Ayyubiyah.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Ada beberapa faktor yang menjadi
penyebabnya. Antara lain: </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Perilaku al-Hakim (pengganti al-Aziz) yang
kejam menjadi awal kemunduran dinasti Fatimiyah. Al-Hakim membunuh beberapa
wazir, menghancurkan beberapa gereja, menghancurkan kuburan suci umat Kristen
(1009 M.), menetapkan aturan ketat terhadap non-Islam dengan menjadikan Islam
eksklusif dari agama lain seperti pakaian dan identitas agama.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Konflik internal antar para elitnya yang
cukup dahsyat dan berkepanjangan. Koflik internal dalam pemerintahan Fatimiyah
muncul dikarenakan hampir semua khalifahnya, setelah wafatnya Al-Aziz, naik
tahta ketika masih dalam usia sangat mudah bahkan kanak-kanak, m</span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">isalnya, Al-Hakim naik tahta pada usia 11
tahun, al-Zhahir berusia 16 tahun, Al-Mustansir naik tahta usia 11 tahun,
Al-Amir usia 5 tahun, Al-Faiz usia 4 tahun, dan Al-Adid usia 9 tahun. Akhirnya,
jabatan wazir yang mulai dibentuk pada masa khalifah Al-Aziz bertindak sebagai
pelaksana pemerintahan. Kedudukan al-wazir menjadi begitu penting, berpengaruh
dan menjadi ajang perebutan serta ladang konflik.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Keberadaan tiga bangsa besar yang
sama-sama mempunyai pengaruh dan menjadi pendukung utama kekuasaan Fatimiyah,
yaitu bangsa Arab, bangsa Barbar dari Afrika Utara dan bangsa Turki. Di saat
khalifah mempunyai pengaruh kuat, ketiga bangsa itu dapat diintegrasikan
menjadi kekuatan yang dahsyat. Akan tetapi, ketika khalifahnya lemah, maka
konflik ketiga bangsa itupun menjadi dahsyat untuk saling berebut pengaruh dan
kekuasaan. Kondisi terakhir itulah yang terjadi pasca berakhirnya masa
pemerintahan Al-Aziz.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Faktor eksternal juga ikut mempercepat
kehancuran dinasti Fatimiyah seperti ronrongan bangsa Normandia, Banu Saljuk
dari Turki dan </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Banu Hilal dan
Banu Sulaim dari Nejed yang menguasai sedikit demi sedikit terhadap wilayah
kekuasan Fatimiyah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Realita bahwa meski dinasti Fatimiyah
telah berkuasa di Mesir hampir 200 tahun, ternyata secara ideologis belum
berhasil membumikan doktrin ideologi<i> Syi’ah Ismailiyah</i>. Masyarakat
Muslim di Mesir teryata masih tetap setia kepada ideologi <i>Sunni</i>. Oleh
karena itu, ketika dinasti Fatimiyah berada di ambang kehancurannya, masyarakat
Muslim Mesir bukannya berusaha membantu, tapi justru berusaha mempercepat
kehancurannya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Pukulan menentukan dari kehancuran
Fatimiyah terjadi pada masa pemerintahan khalifah Al-Adid Lidinillah. Pada saat
itu, wilayah kekuasaan dinasti Fatimiyah menjadi ajang perebutan antara
Nuruddin Zinki sebagai wakil dinasti Abbasiyah yang ada di Syiria dan pasukan
Salib yang ada di Yerusalem pimpinan Raja Almeric. Pada tahun 1169 M, pasukan
Nuruddin Zinki yang dipimpin panglima besar Shalahuddin al-Ayyubi dapat
mengusir pasukan Salib dari Mesir dan menaklukkan kekuasaan wazir dari khalifah
al-‘Adid. Setelah khalifah al-‘Adid wafat pada tahun 1171<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="sdfootnote7anc"></a>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Adawi, Ibrahim Ahmad. <i>Tarikh al-‘Alam al-IslaMi. </i>Diktat
al-Ma’had al-Dirasah al-Islamiyah, 1998 M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Dimasyqi, Abu al-Fada’ Isma’il ibn Kasir. <i>al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah.
</i>Cet. I; Bairut: Dar Ih}ya al-Turas al-‘Arabi, 1408 H./1988 M. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Anggota Pondok Baca.<i> Dinasti Fatimiyah. </i></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.blogger.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">. (20-10-2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Guna, Ramadhani Pratama. <i>Cairo, Kota Peradaban. </i><u>http://</u></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.kebunhikmah.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt;">www.kebunhikmah.com</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">,</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">
(20-11-2009 M.).</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hitti, Philip K. <i>History of the Arabs; From the Earliest Times to
the Present. </i>diter. R. Cecep Lukman Yasin dkk, <i>History of the Arabs. </i>Cet.
I; Jakarta: Serambi Ilmu Semesta IKAPI, 1429 H./2008 M. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Karim, M. Abdul.<i> Sejarah Pemikiran dan Peradaban Islam. </i>(Cet. I;
Yogyakarta; Pustaka Book Publisher, 2007 M.). </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Masjid al-Azhar , Dibangun Syiah, digunakan Sunni. </span></i><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.kalipaksi.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt;">www.kalipaksi.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(20-11-2009
M).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Newsroom, Republika.<i> al-Azhar, Simbol Intelektual Islam Sepanjang
Masa. </i><u>http://</u></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.republikaonline/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt;">www.republikaonline</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.com.</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> (20-11-2009 M.). </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Wikipedia. <i>Bani Fatimiyah. </i></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.com/"><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT;">http://www.wikipedia.com</span></a></span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> (20-11-2009 M.). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Wikipedia. <i>Kekhalifahan Fatimiyah.</i> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.com/"><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT;">http://www.wikipedia.com</span></a></span><u><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT;">.</span></u><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> (20-11-2009 M.). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Yatim, Badri. <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam II. </i>Cet.II; Jakarta:
RajaGrafindo Persada, 1994. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Zuhra, Farah. <i>Ilmu Militer Dalam Peradaban Islam. </i><u>http://</u></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.gaulislam.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt;">www.gaulislam.com</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">,</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(20-11-2009 M). </span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Sebenarnya, sekte Syi’ah sudah lama
mendambakan dan mencita-citakan berdirinya kekhalifahan yaitu sejak memudarnya
kekhalifahan Ali ibn Abi Thalib di Kufah, namun mereka selalu mendapatkan
tekanan politik dari dinasti umayyah dan Abbasiyah sehingga salah satu cara
yang dilakukannya adalah <i>taqiyah</i>, yaitu taat kepada penguasa secara
lahiriyah akan tetapi menyusun kekuatan secara diam-diam. Lihat: M. Abdul
Karim, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 190.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Ia adalah seorang penduduk asli San’a
Yaman yang menjelang awal abad ke-9 memproklamirkan diri sebagai pelopor paham <i>al-mahdi
</i>dan menyebarkan hasutannya dalam suku Berber di Afrika Utara.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Raqadah terletak 10 mil dari wilayah qairawan Tunisia (Afrika
Utara).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Namun karena Raqadah terlalu dekat dari kota pusat Sunni yaitu
qairawan, maka pusat pemerintahan dipindahkan ke al-Mahdiyah, sekitar 16 mil
arah tenggara Raqadah pada tahun 915. Lihat: Ibrahim Ahmad Adawi, <i>Tarikh
al-‘Alam al-Islami, </i>(Diktat al-Ma’had al-Dirasah al-Islamiyah, 1998 M.) h. 259.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Dinasti Aghlabiah berdiri pada masa pemerintahan Khalifah Harun
al-Rasyid ketika dia mengangkat Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab sebagai penguasa <i>Ifriqiyah</i>
(Tunisia) pada tahun 800 M secara independen dengan gelar <i>ami>r</i>.
untuk membendung kekuatan luar yang ingin melemahkan dinasti Abbasiyah,
terutama dinasti Rustamiah (khawarij) dan Idrisiah. Kemudian pada tahun 909 M.
Dinasti Aghlabiah yang dipimpin oleh Ziadatullah al-Aghlabiah III dilenyapkan
oleh dinasti Fatimiah. Lihat: M. Abdul Karim, <i>op.cit., </i>h. 189.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Badri Yatim, <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam II, </i>(Cet.II; Jakarta:
RajaGrafindo Persada, 1994), h. 76. Al-Mahdiyah adalah nama yang diambil dari
penguasa pada saat itu yaitu Ubaidillah al-Mahdi, Lihat: Ibrahim Ahmad Adawi, <i>op.cit.,
</i>h. 259.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Philip K. Hitti, <i>History of the Arabs; From the Earliest Times to
the Present, </i>diter. R. Cecep Lukman Yasin dkk, <i>History of the Arabs, </i>(Cet.
I; Jakarta: Serambi Ilmu Semesta IKAPI, 1429 H./2008 M.) h. 789. <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Dia diberi gelar dengan nama <i>al-Qaim bi amri Allah</i>. Lihat:
Abu al-Fada’ Isma’il ibn Kasir al-Dimasyqi, <i>al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, </i>(Cet.
I; Bairut: Da>r Ih}ya> al-Tura>s| al-‘Arabi>, 1408 H./1988 M.)
Jilid 11 h. 203. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="EN-US">Jilid 11 h. 203. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Keberhasilan itu tidak lepas dari kondisi Mesir yang penduduknya
dapat menerima berbagai aliran mazhab dan makmur.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Perlindungan itu diberikan karena terjadi sengketa pelaksanaan upaca
keagamaan <i>‘id al-gadir. </i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">M. Abdul Karim, <i>op.cit., </i>h. 192. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fusthat adalah Ibu kota Mesir sejak tahun 639-969 M. dibawah dinasti
Abbasiyah.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Wikipedia, <i>Bani Fatimiyah, </i><a href="http://www.wikipedia.com/"><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IT;">http://www.wikipedia.com</span></a></span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> (20-11-2009 M.).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Philip K. Hitti, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 791.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> h. 791. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="EN-US">798. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Hal itu dilakukan oleh al-Aziz karena pengaruh dari wazirnya yang
beragama Kristen Isa ibn Natshur dan istri al-Aziz yang berasal dari Rusia.
Lihat: Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, op.cit., h. 791.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Nama ini terkait dengan pusat studi ilmu pengetahuan di Bagdad pada
masa khalifah al-Makmun dari dinasti Abbasiyah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">M Abdul Karim, <i>op.cit., </i>h. 201. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="EN-US">h. 202.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="EN-US">h. 194.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Farah Zuhra, <i>Ilmu Militer Dalam
Peradaban Islam, </i><u>http://</u></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.gaulislam.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">www.gaulislam.com</span></a><u><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">,</span></u><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> (20-11-2009 M). </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">M Abdul Karim, <i>op.cit., </i>h. 199-200. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="EN-US">h. 200.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Al-Qahirah atau Kairo yang berarti penaklukan atau kejayaan.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Ramadhani Pratama Guna, <i>Cairo, Kota
Peradaban, </i></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.kebunhikmah.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">www.kebunhikmah.com</span></a><u><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">,</span></u><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">
(20-11-2009 M.).</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Philip K. Hitti, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 806. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Nama Al-Azhar terinspirasi dari kata Zahra yang diambil dari nama
belakang Sayidah Fatimah Al-Zahra putri Nabi Muhammad saw, sebagai sebuah
penghormatan kepadanya. Lihat: Republika Newsroom, <i>al-Azhar: Simbol Intelektual
Islam Sepanjang Zaman,</i> <u>http://</u><a href="http://www.republikaonline/"><span style="color: windowtext;">www.Republikaonline</span></a><u>.com</u>, (20-11-2009
M.).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">M. Abdul Karim, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 202.<i> </i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US">Masjid al-Azhar , Dibangun Syiah, digunakan Sunni,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> <u>http://</u><a href="http://www.kalipaksi.com/"><span style="color: windowtext;">www.kalipaksi.com</span></a> (20-11-2009 M).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Philip K. Hitti, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 792.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid, </span></i><span lang="EN-US">h. 796. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, h. 796.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Philip K. Hitti, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 792.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Philip K. Hitti, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 792.</span></div>
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<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Anggota Pondok Baca, <i>Dinasti Fatimiyah, </i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.blogger.com</span></a>,
(20-10-2009).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Philip K. Hitti, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 794.</span></div>
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<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Anggota Pondok Baca, <i>Dinasti Fatimiyah, </i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.blogger.com</span></a>,
(20-10-2009).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Philip K. Hitti, <i>op.cit.,</i> h. 796.</span></div>
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LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-53288673113336581382013-01-28T23:32:00.002-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.047-07:00Metode Tahlili<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode
Tahlili</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengertian </span><span lang="EN-US"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Metode tahlili adalah metode analisa yang biasa digunakan dalam ilmu
tafsir untuk menginterpretasi ayat-ayat al-Qur’an. Metode ini kemudian diadopsi
oleh para pakar hadis dalam menginterpretasi hadis Nabi saw. Dari segi bahasa,
tahlili berarti menjelaskan setiap bagian dari suatu jenis serta fungsinya
masing-masing.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>Sedangkan
defenisi </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>terminologinya, metode tahlili adalah metode yang mengurai kosa kata
dan lafadz, menjelaskan apa yangh diistinbatkan dan mengaitkan antara satu sama
lain dengan merujuk aspek historis dan nash-nash yang lain.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dari defenisi tersebut, penulis bisa menyimpulkan bahwa metode
tahlili pada kitab hadis adalah metode dengan menjelaskan makna kosa kata dan
kalimat pada suatu hadis, menghubungkan dengan nash-nash baik itu dengan
al-Qur’an maupun dengan hadis-hadis lainnya dengan merujuk pada asbabul wurud.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.1pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Aplikasi </span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4;"><span lang="EN-US">Judul Hadis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Untuk
mengetahui aplikasi metode tahlili, penulis memilih judul hadis yang disyarah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kedudukan Mujahid Dalam Islam.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4;"><span lang="EN-US">Sanad, Matan dan Mukharrij Hadis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada
makalah ini,penulis memberikan tanda bahwa yamg termasuk sanad pada hadis ini
adalah lafadz yang diberi garis bawah, matan adalah lafadz yang diberi tanda
dengan huruf tebal sedangkan mukharrij adalah lafadz yang terletak dalam tanda
kurung. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وحدثني زهير بن حرب حدثنا جرير عن عمارة
وهو ابن القعقاع عن أبي زرعة عن أبي هريرة</span></u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>قال قال رسول
الله صلى اللهم عليه وسلم تضمن الله لمن خرج في سبيله لا يخرجه إلا جهاد في سبيلي
وإيمانا بي وتصديقا برسلي فهو علي ضامن أن أدخله الجنة أو أرجعه إلى مسكنه الذي
خرج منه نائلا ما نال من أجر أو غنيمة والذي نفس محمد بيده ما من كلم يكلم في سبيل
الله إلا جاء يوم القيامة كهيئته حين كلم لونه لون دم وريحه مسك والذي نفس محمد
بيده لولا أن يشق على المسلمين ما قعدت خلاف سرية تغزو في سبيل الله أبدا ولكن لا
أجد سعة فأحملهم ولا يجدون سعة ويشق عليهم أن يتخلفوا عني والذي نفس محمد بيده
لوددت أني أغزو في سبيل الله فأقتل ثم أغزو فأقتل ثم أغزو فأقتل و حدثناه أبو بكر
بن أبي شيبة وأبو كريب قالا حدثنا ابن فضيل عن عمارة بهذا الإسنا</b></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>(رواه مسلم)<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">:
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“…Dari
Abi Hurairah RA. Dari Nabi saw. bersabda “Allah akan menanggung orang yang
keluar di jalan Allah hanya untuk berjihad di jalanku (Allah), beriman kepadaku
dan membenarkan rasulku, maka dia akan dijamin untuk dimasukkan ke dalam surga atau
kembali ke rumahnya dalam keadaan memperoleh pahala atau <i>ghanimah</i> (harta
rampasan). Demi jiwa Muhammad dalam genggaman-Nya, tak satupun luka yang
diperoleh di jalan Allah, kecuali datang pada hari kiamat sebagaimana
keadaannya ketika dilukai. Warnanya adalah warna darah, wanginya seharum misik
(minyak wangi). Demi jiwa Muhammad dalam genggaman-Nya seandainya tidak
memberatkan terhadap orang Islam saya tidak akan duduk dibelakang pasukan (tidak
ikut) berperang di jalan Allah selamanya akan tetapi saya tidak mampu (fisik
dan materi) untuk membawa mereka (perang) dan mereka juga tidak akan mampu
bahkan mereka akan merasa berat untuk diam (tidak ikut saya dalam perang). Demi
jiwa Muhammad dalam genggaman-Nya saya rindu untuk berperang di jalan Allah
lalu saya terbunuh (kata tersebut diulangi tiga kali). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4;"><span lang="EN-US">Kualitas/ Kedudukan Hadis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Semua perawi hadits tersebut di atas <i>tsiqah</i>, mulai dari Abu
Hurairah, Abu Zur’ah, “Umarah bin al-Qa’qa’, Jarir bin Abd Humaid dan Zuhair
bin Harb</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, sehingga bisa dipastikan
hadis tersebut <i>shahih.</i> </span><span lang="EN-US">Apa lagi hadis tersebut
didukung oleh riwayat lain sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dengan teks yang sama
panjangnya terdapat dalam Sunan Ibnu Majah kitab <i>al-Jihad</i> bab <i>Fadhl
al-Jihad fi Sabilillah, </i>Jilid 2: 920. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dengan teks yang sama tapi
hanya sampai pada lafal </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">غنيمة</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">terdapat dalam
beberapa kitab, antara lain dalam <i>Sunan al-Nasa’y </i>kitab <i>al-Iman wa
Syara’ihu</i> bab <i>al-Jihad </i>dan <i>Musnad Ahmad </i>sebanyak tiga kali </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dengak menggunakan lafal </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">انتدب
الله </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bukan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">تضمن
الله </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat dalam <i>Shahih al-Bukhari </i>dalam
kitab <i>al-Iman </i>bab <i>al-Jihad min al-Iman </i>jilid 1:22<i>, Sunan
al-Nasa’y </i>dua kali yaitu dalam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">kitab <i>al-Jihad </i>bab <i>Ma
Takaffalallah</i>…3:12 </span><span lang="EN-US">dan kitab <i>al-Iman wa
Syara’ihu</i> bab <i>al-Jihad</i> jilid 6:536 serta dalam <i>Musnad Ahmad </i>sebanyak
3 kali Jilid 2: 384 dan 399. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dengan menggunakan lafal </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">تكفل
الله </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(bukan kedua lafal di atas)
terdapat dalam <i>Shahih al-Bukhari </i>berulang 3 kali yaitu dalam kitab <i>Fardh
al-Khams </i>bab Qaul al-Nabiy “Uhillat lakum al-Ghanaim”, <i>al-Tauhid </i>bab
<i>Qaulhi ta’ala “Walaqad Sabaqat Kalimatuna…”</i> dan bab <i>Qaulihi ta’ala
“Qul law Kana al-Bahr Midada al-Kalimat…”</i>, <i>Shahih Muslim </i>satu kali
dalam kitab <i>al-Imarah </i>bab <i>Fadhl al-Jihad</i> Jilid 3: 1496, <i>Sunan
al-Nasa’y </i>sekali dalam kitab <i>al-Jihad </i>bab <i>Ma Takaffalallah…</i>3:12,
<i>Muwattha’ Malik </i>sekali dalam kitab <i>al-Jihad </i>bab <i>al-Targhib fi
al-Jihad, </i>Jilid 2: 443 dan <i>Sunan al-Darimy </i>juga sekali kitab <i>al-Jihad
</i>bab <i>Fadhl al-Jihad </i>jilid 2:263.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Perawi Hadis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">tulisan</span><span lang="EN-US"> ini </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">dikemukakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>riwayat hidup 2 di antara
perawi hadis di atas, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Abu Hurairah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abu Hurairah adalah salah
satu sahabat yang paling banyak meriwayatkan hadis-hadis Rasulullah saw. Mengenai
nama aslinya dan nama ayahnya, para sejarawan beragam komentar. Di antara
mereka ada yang mengatakan Abd Rahman bin Shahar dan ada pula yang mengatakan
Abd Rahman bin Ghanam, bahkan ada yang menyebut namanya dengan nama Abdullah,
Sakin, Amir, Barir dan masih banyak lagi nama-nama yang lain.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Namun yang paling masyhur adalah Abd Rahman bin Sakhar al-Dawsy (salah satu
kabilah di Yaman), sedangkan nama Islam yang diberikan Rasulullah sebagai pengganti
nama jahiliyahnya adalah Abd Syams bin Sakhar. Kemudian Rasulullah memberinya
gelar dengan Abu Hurairah pada saat Rasulullah melihat Abu Hurairah membawa
kucing dan pada akhirnya Abu Hurairahlah yang lebih dikenal dibanding nama
aslinya.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Abu Hurairah masuk Islam pada tahun ke-7 hijriyah yaitu pada tahun
perang khabar dan meninggal dunia pada tahun 57 H. di <i>al-Aqiq </i>menurut
pendapat yang paling kuat. Dia juga dikenal sebagai pemimpin <i>ahl al-Shuffah </i>(para
sahabat yang menghuni masjid Nabawi). Dan dialah sahabat yang paling banyak
meriwayatkan hadis. Menurut Baqi bin Mukhallad sebanyak 5374 buah hadis yang
dia riwayatkan. Dia mengambil hadis dari sekitar 800 sahabat, bahkan al-Bukhari
meriwayatkan sekitar 93 hadis darinya sementara Imam Muslim meriwayatkan
sekitar 189 hadis darinya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dan dia juga termasuk sahabat yang mendapatkan doa khusus dari Rasulullah yaitu
doa agar dapat menghapal semua apa yang didengarnya sebagaimana yang
diriwayatkan oleh al-Bukhari, Muslim dan al-Turmudzi dalam kitab mereka.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Diantara guru-gurunya adalah Rasulullah sendiri dan sahabat-sahabat
senior seperti <i>khulafa’ al-rasyidin, </i>sepuluh sahabat yang dijamin masuk
surga, Aisyah dan lain-lain. Sementara murud-muridnya antara lain dari kalangan
sahabat seperti Anas bin Malik, Jabir bin Abdullah, Usamah bin Zaid dan
sahabat-sahabat junior, sedangkan dari kalangan tabi’in antara lain adalah Hasan
al-Bashry, Said bin Musayyib, Atha’ bin Abi Rabah, Ibnu Syihab al-Zuhry dan
lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Abu Zur’ah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama
sebenarnya adalah Abdulah bin Abdul Karim, seorang hafidh besar yang terkenal,
teman temannya mengakui kelebihannya dalam ilmu hadits, Abu Zur’ah seorang
penghapal hadits dan seorang yang mendhabitkannya</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Diriwayatkan
oleh al-Hakim dalam kitabnya Ma’rifatu Ulumil Hadits, bahwa diwaktu Qutaibah
bin Sa’ad pergi ke Rai, penduduknya meminta kepadanya.agar mengeluarkan hadits,
Maka Qutaibah menolak dan berkata,” <i>Apakah yang aku riwayatkan kepada kamu
sesudah majlisku dihadiri Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Yahya ibn Ma’in, Ali ibn Mahdy, Abu
Bakar ibn Abi Syainah dan Abu Khuzaimah?</i>”. Mereka berkata kepadanya : disini
ada seorang pemuda yang dapat menyebutkan segala apa yang telah anda riwayatkan
dari majlis ke majlis, maka Abu Zur’ah pun menyebut hadits satu per satu. Al-Hakim
menggolongkan beliau ini ke dalam golongan fuqaha hadits.Ia wafat pada tahun
264 H.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pengertian Kosa Kata dan Frase </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">تضمن</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Akar katanya adalah </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ض-
م-ن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US">yang berarti menjadikan sesuatu dalam kandungan/himpunan sesuatu
lain. Namun dalam hadis ini artinya adalah menjamin dengan cara mewajibkan pada
diri atas dasar memberi karunia dan memulyakan yang berarti menanggung atau menjamin
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">جهاد<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berasal dari kata </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">جهد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">yang
berarti payah, usaha atau tenaga sehingga kata </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الجهاد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">jika
dibaca fathah jimnya maka bermakna tanah tandus atau keras sehingga dapat
dikatakan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">جهاد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah usaha kuat dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keras atau mengarahkan seluruh daya dalam
menghadapi apa saja<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
sehingga dalam hadis ini, jihad adalah mengerahkan segala daya dalam
berperang.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">إيمان
بي</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berasal
dari kalimat </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أمن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> yang memiliki dua arti yaitu amanah (dapat dipercaya,
ketentraman hati) dan <i>tasdiq</i> (pembenaran)<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> dan
maksud iman dalam hadis di atas adalah keyakinan dengan hati, pembenaran dengan
lisan dan pengaplikasian dengan fisik. Makna asli iman adalah keyakinan dan
pembenaran mantap yang tak tercampuri oleh keraguan atau kebimbangan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وتصديق
برسلي</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Maksud
dari lafal ini adalah meyakini akan kebenaran para utusan Allah yang mulya. Dan
lafal ini juga mengandung dalil atau argumentasi bahwa iman adalah sesuatu yang
universal yang tidak dapat dipecah-pecah atau dipereteli. Maka iman tidak akan
sah hanya dengan beriman kepada sebagian kandungannya sedangkan kandungan iman
yang lain diingkari seperti beriman kepada Allah dan mendustakan para rasul. <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ضامن</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ضامن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dalam
hadis ini adalah menjadikan orang-orang yang berjihad di jalan Allah dalam
jaminan dan tanggungan Rasulullah agar dimasukkan ke dalam surga di akhirat
kelak. Meskipun lafal </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ضامن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dalam bentuk isim fa’il namun maknanya dapat berarti isim
maf’ul yakni orang yang dijamin. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">غنيمة</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">: Kata
ini pada dasarnya menunjukkan arti memanfaatkan sesuatu yang tidak pernah
dimiliki sebelumnya. Namun dalam hadis ini, yang dimaksud dengan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">غنيمة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> adalah harta yang diperoleh oleh
para mujahid dari musuh-musuhnya dengan cara paksa atau karena menang. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أجر</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:
adalah balasan bagi setiap amal, jamaknya adalah </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أجور</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> atau </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">إجارة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> sehingga dapat dipahami bahwa yang
dimaksud dengan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أجر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dalam hadis ini adalah paha dari Allah swt yang akan diberikan
dan dinikmati di akhirat kelak. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">نفس
محمد بيده</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kalimat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">ini merupakan salah satu bentuk sumpah atas nama Allah, Dzat Yang
Maha Suci lagi Maha Pencipta, karena semua jiwa makhluk ada dalam genggaman-Nya.
Dialah yang memiliki hak penuh akan kehidupan dan kematian, penciptaan dan pengadaan.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كلم<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata yang terdiri dari </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ك-ل-م</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ini
memiliki dua makna yaitu ucapan yang memahamkan dan juga bermakna luka.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> Dan
dalam hadis ini, makna yang dikehendaki adalah makna luka, maksudnya bahwa tak
satupun luka yang didapat dalam medan perang di jalan Allah kecuali luka itu
akan muncul di hari kiamat seperti semula, warnanya bagaikan warna darah dan
wanginya sewangi minyak kasturi. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">يشق</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">kata
ini bermakna kesusahan, kepayahan dan keberatan. Sebagaimana firman Allah (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وما
أريد أن أشق عليك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>) “<i>Maka
aku tidak hendak memberatkan atau menyusahkan kamu”. </i>Dan dalam hadits juga
dikatakan (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">لولا أن أشق علي أمتي لأمرتهم بالسواك
عند كل صلاة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>) “<i>Seandainya
aku tidak menyusahkan atau memberatkan umatku, niscaya aku suruh mereka untuk
bersiwak (sikat gigi) setiap mau shalat”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">خلاف
سرية</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lafal
ini terdiri dari dua kata yaitu </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">خلاف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">yang
berarti belakang dan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">سرية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">yang berarti sekelompok <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pasukan atau satu kompi pasukan. Dari sini
dapat dipahami bahwa maksud lafal tersebut adalah Rasulullah tidak mau
ketinggalan dalam medan
perang, bahkan dia ingin keluar dan ikut serta dalam setiap perang bersama
kelompok atau kompi pasukan yang berjihad di jalan Allah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">سعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Arti dasarnya adalah keluasan, kemewahan dan kelapangan, akan tetapi yang
dimaksud dalam hadis ini adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kekuatan,
kekuasaan dan harta yang cukup untuk menyiapkan pasukan dalam berjihad di jalan
Allah. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">لوددت</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata
ini berasal dari tiga huruf yaitu </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">و-د-د</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">yang
menunjukkan arti suka, kasih, sayang, harap dan angan-angan sehingga maksudnya
adalah saya suka dan mengharap sekali. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أغزو</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أغزو</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">terdiri
dari huruf </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">غ-ز-و</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">yang berarti mencari sesuatu, sukar
membuahkan atau melahirkan sehingga </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الغازى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> yaitu orang yang mencari dan susah
menghasilkan. Oleh karena itu, orang yang berperang dikatakan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الغازى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">karena
dia mencari ridha Allah namun harus melalui susah payah. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kandungan Hadits </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan bentuk yang mengagumkan ini, Rasulullah memberikan gambaran
tentang pahala atau balasan orang yang berperang atau berjihad di jalan Allah yaitu
mereka yang mengorbankan jiwa dan hartanya demi mengangkat harkat dan martabat
agama serta memuliakan kalimat Allah. Balasan dan pahala apa yang lebih besar
(dari pahala jihad ini) dan kedudukan apa yang lebih tinggi melebihi kedudukan yang
diperuntukkan Allah kepada orang-orang yang berjihad di Jalan-Nya. Di mana
Allah berfirman </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.45pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">û</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">È</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">º</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">í</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">O</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ü</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">ª</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">¾</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">&</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Ò</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">³</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">;</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">¡</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">o</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">k</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">5</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">i</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">g</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Í</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">k</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">æ</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">d</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">c</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ð</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Artinya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">“Dan
Janganlah kamu mengira bahwa orang-orang yang gugur di jalan Allah itu mati
bahkan mereka itu hidup di sisi Tuhannya dengan mendapat rezki. Mereka dalam
keadaan gembira disebabkan karunia Allah yang diberikan-Nya kepada mereka, dan
mereka bergirang hati terhadap orang-orang yang masih tinggal di belakang yang
belum menyusul mereka, bahwa tidak ada kekhawatiran terhadap mereka dan tidak
(pula) mereka bersedih hati”</span></i><span lang="EN-US">.(Q.S Ali Imran:169-
170) .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kehidupan itu adalah kehidupan abadi lagi kekal selama-lamanya dalam
surga keabadian dan singgasana kenikmatan. Kehidupan itu hanyalah sebagian anugerah
yang diberikan oleh Allah sebagai penghormatan kepada para mujahid. Di samping
itu, dalam kehidupan dunia, Allah telah menyiapkan untuk mereka panggilan yang
indah (nama yang harum) di mana nama-nama mereka akan dikenang dalam daftar
sejarah sepanjang zaman. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Mereka senantiasa hidup meskipun jasad telah tiada, mereka
senantiasa disebut dan dielukan oleh setiap bibir dan dicintai oleh setiap
hati. Dan inilah rahasia pelarangan Allah berkata bahwa para syuhada (pahlawan
yang gugur di medan
perang) telah mati/gugur karena sesungguhnya Allah mengabadikan nama baik
mereka. Anugerah dan kemulyaan itu sudah cukup menjadi sebuah penghormatan dan
kebanggaan bagi mereka. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sungguh hadis Rasulullah telah menjelaskan bahwa Allah telah
menjamin surga bagi siapa saja yang berjihad di jalan Allah, mengikhlaskan amal
baiknya untuk Allah, beriman kepada Rasul-Nya, membenarkan dan meyakini
janji-janji-Nya. Pahala dan balasan yang besar ini hanya diperuntukkan bagi
mujahid yang menuntut penegakan kalimat Allah dan memulyakan agama dibalik jihadnya.
Rasulullah pernah ditanya tentang seseorang yang berperang karena nafsu belaka
supaya dikenal bahwa dia pemberani, atau berperang karena memperoleh materi
(harta rampasan) atau berperang karena melindungi keluarganya, maka Rasulullah
menjawab dengan kalimat yang mengagumkan seperti yang diriwayatkan darinya “<i>Barang
siapa yang berperang untuk menegakkan dan mengangkat kalimat Allah maka dialah
yang berperang di jalan Allah”</i>. Bahkan Rasulullah menutup hadisnya dengan
sebuah sumpah bahwa seandainya bukan karena orang-orang Islam akan mengalami kerumitan
dan kesusahan dan seandainya bukan kerena kepayahan yang akan menimpa
orang-orang mukmin, maka Rasulullah tidak akan pernah ketinggalan sedikitpun
mengambil bagian dalam setiap perang. Akan tetapi karena belas kasih sayangnyalah
terhadap umatnya sehingga dia tidak turut serta dalam setiap perang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Rasulullah mengharap dan berangan-angan agar dia terbunuh di jalan
Allah kemudian hidup kembali kemudian berjihad dan terbunuh dan begitulah
seterusnya… karena dia tahu betapa besar pahala dan balasan bagi syuhada di
jalan Allah, maka hormatilah dan mulyakanlah setiap panglima dan pemimpin.
Betapa indah seorang sastrawan muslim berkebangsaan Turki seraya berkata “<i>Jika
Anda tidak terbakar dan aku tidak terbakar maka dari mana cahaya itu akan
muncul?</i>”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hadis di atas memberikan informasi tentang pentingnya setiap muslim
untuk berjihad di jalan Allah sebab apapun yang terjadi, apakah menang atau
kalah, semuanya akan mendapatkan balasan. Jika menang maka ada dua balasan yang
diperoleh yaitu balasan dunia berupa materi (harta rampasan) dan pahala di
akhirat nanti, namun jika kalah atau terbunuh maka juga akan mendapat balasan
yakni pahala dan mati syahid. Bahkan arwah mereka berada dalam surga. Kalaupun
tidak, mereka akan masuk surga bersama para <i>al-sabiqin</i> (orang Islam
awal) dan <i>al-muqarrabin</i> (orang-orang yang dekat dengan Allah) tanpa
hisab, tanpa adzab bahkan tanpa siksa karena dosa-dosanya sebab mati syahid-lah
yang menjadi penebus dan penghapus atas dosa-dosa yang telah dilakukannya
selama hidup.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Adapun pengertian jihad menurut bahasa yaitu bermakna mengerahkan
seluruh kemampuan antara kedua belah pihak unuk saling mempertahankan
posisinya, meskipun hanya berdasarkan perkiraan saja. Kan makna jihad menurut
pengertian syara’, urf dan istilah adalah berperang di jalan Allah dengan
segala ketentuannya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Meskipun demikian, setiap muslim yang berjihad harus mengetahui
syarat-syarat atau kriteria agar perjuangannya dianggap jihad di jalan Allah. Di
antaranya adalah: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perjuangannya murni untuk menegakkan kalimat
Allah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beriman kepada Allah dan para rasul-Nya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ikhlas karena Allah dalam
berjuang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hanya dengan cara ini, perjuangan seseorang bernilia ibadah di sisi
Allah swt dan berhak mendapatkan jaminan dan janji Allah swt. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Di antara pesan dan kesan yang dapat dipetik dari hadis di atas
antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Keutamaan jihad dan mati
syahid. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jaminan dan balasan bagi orang
yang berjihad di jalan Allah, baik di dunia dengan mendapatkan materi maupun di
akhirat dengan pahala yang besar dan surga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pentingnya iman dan ikhlas
dalam setiap aktivitas. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Semua luka yang didapat dalam
berjihad akan menjadi saksi di akhirat kelak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Boleh bersumpah dengan memakai
nama Allah, sifat atau apa saja yang mengarah kepada-Nya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bukti belas kasih dan
kelembutan Rasulullah kepada umatnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mendahulukan mashlahah yang
paling penting di atas mashlahah yang lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anjuran untuk menjaga kasih
sayang terhadap sesama muslim khususnya dan manusia pada umumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Berusaha menghilangkan hal-hal
yang tidak menyenangkan atau membebani orang lain. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Senantiasa berharap memperoleh
kebaikan dan mati syahid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Anjuran berangan-angan baik
meskipun secara adat (biasanya) mustahil terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 46.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jihad hanya fardhu kifayah
bukan fardhu ‘ain.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Abu al-Hasan,
Zakariya, Ahmad bin Faris bin. <i>Mu’jam Maqayis al-Lughah. </i>Bairut Lebanon:
Dar al-Fikr. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Abu al-Husain, al-Hajjaj,
Muslim bin. <i>Shahih Muslim</i>. Riyadh: Dar ‘Alam al-Kutub, 1996.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Abu Isa, Isa, Muhammad
bin. <i>Al-jami’ al-Shahih Sunan al-Turmudzi. </i>Bairut Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah,
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<span lang="EN-US">al-Afriqy, Manzhur,
Muhammad bin Mukrim bin. <i>Lisan al-Arab. </i>Bairut Lebanon: Dar Ihya’ al-Turats
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<i><span lang="EN-US">al-Atsqalany, Abu
al-Fadhal, Hajar, Ahmad bin Ali bin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fath al-Bary. </span></i><span lang="EN-US">Bairut Lebanon: Dar
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<span lang="EN-US">Al-Bukhari, Abu
Abdillah, Ismail, Muhammad bin. <i>Shahih Bukhari. </i>Bairut Lebanon: Dar
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<span lang="EN-US">Al-Darimy, Abd
Rahman, Abdullah bin. <i>Sunan al-Darimy</i>. Bairut Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-Araby,
1407 H. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Http : // Sabda
Islam.Wordpres.com/ 2009/11/27/ Abu Zahrah, (13-01- 2010).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Majma al-Lugah al-Arabiyah,<i> al-Mu’jam
al-Wasit</i>, Cet IV; Kairo: Maktabah al-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Syuruq al-Dauliyah, 2004.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Al-Mizzy, Abu
al-Hajjaj, al-Zaky bin, Yusuf. <i>Tahdzib al-Kamal. </i>Bairut Lebanon:
Muassasah al-Risalah, 1980. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">al Munawar, H.S. Agil Husain dan Masykur Hakim, <i>I’jaz al-Qur’an dan
Metodologi Tafsir</i>, Cet I; Semarang: Dina Utama,1994</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Al-Mubarakfury, Abu
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</i>Bairut Lebanon:
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<span lang="EN-US">Al-Nasa’i, Abu Abd
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<span lang="EN-US">Al-Nawawy, Syaraf,
Yahya bin. <i>Shahih Muslim bi Syarh al-Nawawi. </i>Bairut Lebanon: Dar
al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1421 H/2000 M. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Al-Nawiy, Syamsuddin
Ramadlan, <i>Hukum Islam seputar Jihad dan Mati Syahid</i>, Cet. I; Surabaya: Fadillah
Print,2006</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rasydiyanah, Andi, “Kata Pengantar” dalam Machmud suyuti, <i>Syarah
Hadis-Hadis Kontroversial</i>, Cet.I; Makassar: Yapma, 2006.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Al-Suyuthi, Abu Abd
Rahman…., Abd Rahman bin Abi Bakr. <i>Syarh al-Suyuthi ‘ala Sunan al-Nasa’i. </i>Halb:
Maktab al-Mathbu’ah al-Islamiyah. 1986 M./1406 H.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Hambal, Ahmad bin. <i>Musnad
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<span lang="EN-US">Harun, Muhammad, Abd
Salam. <i>Maqayis al-Lughah. </i>Bairut Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Ibnu Majah, Abu
Abdillah. <i>Sunan Ibnu Majah. </i>Bairut Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Khon, Abdul Majid. <i>Ulumul
Hadis. </i>Jakarta: Sinar Grafika Offset, cet ke-1, 2008.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Malik bin Anas. <i>Muwattha’
Malik.</i> Mesir: Dar Ihya’ al-Turast al-Araby. </span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Majma al-Lugah al-Arabiyah,<i> al-Mu’jam al-Wasit</i> ( Cet IV;
Kairo: Maktabah al-Syuruq al-Dauliyah, 2004), h. 194.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> H.S. Agil Husain al Munawar dan Masykur Hakim, <i>I’jaz al-Qur’an
dan Metodologi Tafsir</i>, (Cet I;Semarang: Dina Utama,1994), h. 36.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Abu
al-Husain, Muslim bin al-Hajjaj, <i>Shahih Muslim</i>, (Riyadh: Dar ‘Alam
al-Kutub, 1996) Jilid 3 hal. 1495. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abu al-Hajjaj Yusuf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bin Zaky
al-Mizzy, <i>Tahdzib al-Kamal</i> (Bairut Lebanon: Muassasah al-Risalah, 1980)
Jilid 32, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hal 463.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abdul Majid Khon, <i>Ulumul Hadis </i>(Jakarta: Sinar Grafika
Offset, cet ke-1, 2008), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hal. 247 .</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Lebih lengkapnya lihat <i>Shahih al-Bukhari</i> Kitab <i>al-‘Ilm </i>bab
<i>Hifzh al-‘Ilm </i>Jilid 1 hal. 56<i>. Shahih Muslim </i>kitab <i>Fadhail
al-Shahabah </i>bab <i>Min Fadhail Abi Hurairah </i>Jilid 4 hal. 1939 dan <i>Sunan
al-Turmudzi </i>kitab <i>al-Manaqib ‘anRasulillah </i>bab <i>Manaqib Abi
Hurairah </i>Jilid 5, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hal. 684. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Http : // Sabda Islam.Wordpres.com/ 2009/11/27/ Abu Zahrah, (13-01-
2010).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Abu al-Hasan Ahmad bin Faris bin Zakariya, <i>Mu’jam Maqayis
al-Lughah, </i>(Bairut Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr) Jilid 3 ,hal. 292.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad bin Mukrim bin Manzhur al-Afriqy, <i>Lisan al-Arab </i>(Bairut
Lebanon: Dar Ihya’ al-Turats al-Araby, 1996) Jilid 3, hal.133.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Mu’jam<i> </i>Maqayis<i> al-Lughah. Op.Cit</i>. Jilid 1, hal. 138</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Muhammad Ali al-Shabuny, <i>Min Kunuz al-Sunnah</i>. hal 170.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Mu’jam<i> </i>Maqayis<i> al-Lughah. Op Cit</i>. Jilid 5, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hal 106.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Yahya bin Syaraf al-Nawawy, <i>Shahih Muslim bi Syarh al-Nawawi </i>(Bairut
Lebanon:
Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1421 H/2000 M) Jilid 13 hal. 19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Syamsuddin Ramadlan al-Nawiy, <i>Hukum Islam seputar Jihad dan Mati
Syahid</i>, (Cet. I;Surabaya:Fadillah Print,2006),h. 33.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.4pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "DecoType Naskh Variants"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Faidah, pesan dan kesan yang dicatat dalam makalah ini diambil dan
disaring dari <i>al-Muntaqy</i> <i>Syarh al-Muwattha’ Malik</i> Jilid 3 hal 21,
<i>Fath al-Bary </i>Jilid 1 hal 58 <i>Syarh al-Nawawi ‘ala Shahih Muslim</i>
Jilid 13 hal 19. <i>Tuhfah al-Ahwadzi</i> <i>Syarh Sunan al-Turmudzi </i>Jilid
5 hal 206 <i>Syarh al-Suyuthi ‘ala Sunan al-Nasa’i </i>Jilid 8 hal 117.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-17683062711022260962013-01-28T20:54:00.003-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.026-07:00Hadits/Sunnah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada beberapa pengertian yang telah dikemukan oleh para ahli,
baik dari bahasa maupun istilah, diantaranya adalah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hadist lawan
dari kata qadim,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
yaitu adanya sesuatu yang sebelumnya tidak ada, misalnya ungkapan yang
mengatakan bahwa segala sesuatu selain Allah adalah makhluk dan makhluk itu
adalah hadist. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hadist adalah
sesuatu yang baru.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hadist adalah
berita, baik sedikit ataupun banyak <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
misalnya firman Allah dalam QS. al-Ghasiyah (88):1 “Sudah datang kepaadamu
berita tentang hari pembalasan?.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ar-Razy
menyatakan bahwa kata sunnah berarti:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode atau
jalan,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>baik itu jalan yang terpuji ataupun jalan
yang tercela seperti pernyataan Rasulullah saw.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Siapa yang membaut jalan yang terbaik dalam Islam dan diamalkan
oleh orang setelahnya maka dituliskan baginya pahala seperti pahala orang yang
melakukan setelahnya tanpa mengurangi pahala mereka sedikit juapun. Dan siapa
yang membuat satu jalan yang tidak baik dalam Islam dan diikuti oleh orang
setelahnya, maka dituliskan baginya dosa seperti dosa oaring yang melakukan
setelahnya tanpa mengurangi dosa-dosa mereka.” (Diriwayatkan oleh Muslim). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perjanan hidup.
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Seperti ucapan Kahlid bin Utbah: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Maka engkau merasa cemas terhadap perjanan hidup yang telah engkau
lalui, karena pertama merasa puas terhadap perjalanan hidupnya adalahh orang
yang menjalaninnya.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penjelasan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Misalnya sannnalahu ahkama li an-Nasi, maksudnya adalah Allah menjellaskan
hukum-hukumnya kepada manusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Contoh yang
dipedomani dan iman yang diikuti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Umat, tabiat,
wajah, hukum-hukum Allah, perintah dan larangannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ismail
mengemukakan bahwa kata istilah adalah kesepekatan sekelompok orang untuk
menggunakan satu lafaz, kata atau kelompok kata dalam makna tertentu di luar
yang diletakkan pada kata tersebut pada asalnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Syuhudi Ismail mengemukakan bahwa hadist adalah segala sabda, perbuatan,
taqrir, dan hal ikhwal yang disandarkan kepada Nabi Muhammad saw. Selanjutnya
sunnah dari segi syara’ adalah al-Quran dan sunnah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata
hadist dengan berbagia derivasinya disebutkan di dalam al-Quran sebanyak 36
kali dengan berbagai artii, diantaranya: berita secara umum QS. al-Ghasiyah
(88:1), pembicaraan QS. an-Nisaa (3:140), cerita QS. Taha (20:9), bahkan kata
hadist juga ada yang berarti al-Quran QS. al-Waqi’ah (56:81). Selanjutnya kata
sunnah baik dalam bentuk tunggal ataupun dalam bentuk plural disebutkan dalam
al-Quran sebanyak 16 kali. Peynebutran kata sunnah tersebut ada yang
disandarkan kepada Allah swt. Dan ada yang disandarkan kepada makhluk-Nya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan
demikian kata sunnah yang disandarkan kedapa makhluk, ada yang disandarkan
kepada oaring-orang yang saleh dan ada juga yang disandarkan kepada para
penentang agama Allah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">S</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">inonim </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qasimi
menyatakan bahwa hadist menurut para muhaddisin adalah sinonim dengan khabar
dan atsar yang menunjukkan makna sesuatu yang disandarkan kepada Nabi saw. baik
yang berupa perkataan, taqrir, ataupun sifat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selanjutnya Ibnu Hajar mengemukakan bahwa
hadist adalah apa yang bersumber dari nabi sedangkan khabar adalah apa yang
bersumber selain nabi. Sehingga berdasarkan perbedaan ini, maka ulama yang
banyak berkecimpun dalam bidang sejarah dan semacamnya dinamakan <i>akhbari</i>,
sedangkan orang yang banyak mempelajari sunnah nabi dinamkan <i>muhaddis</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Namun
adapula yang membedakan antara hadist dan kabar dengan mengatakan bahwa
hubungan antara keduanya adalah umum dan khsus secara mutlak, dalam arti semua
hadist adalah khabar sementara sebaliknya tidak seperti itu.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Selanjutnya Fathur Rahman mengemukakan bahwa atsar itu ialah yang datang dari
sahabat, tabi’in, dan orang-orang sesuadahnya, juga ada pendapat yang menatakan
bahwa istlah atsar itu lebih umum penggunaannya dari pada istilah hadist dan
khabar Karena istilah atsar itu mencakup segala berita dan perilaku para
sahabat, tabi’in dan selanjutnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">C. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pandangan Ulama</i> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
al-Jazairy mengemukakan pengertian hadist adalah perkataan-perkataan Nabi
saw<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan perbuatan-perbuatannya, termasuk
bagian dari perbuatan adalah taqrir yakni tidak adanya penolakan beliau
terhadap sesuatu hal yang dilihat atau disampaikan kepada beliau dari orang
tunduk kepada ketentuan syar’i.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sebagian ulam amenggolongkan bahwa semua yang disandarkan kepada nabi adalah
hadist. Dengan demikian maka hadist adalah perkataan-perkataan nabi, perbuatan,
dan keadaan-keadaanya. Pengertian ini beliau sandarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada para ulama hadist.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibnu
Hajar, at-Thiby (as-Suyuthi, 1996) mengemukakan bahwa term hadist bersifat umum
yaitu mencakup perbuatan nabi, sahabat, dan tabi’in perbuatan, dan perkataan
mereka.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibnu Taimiyah menyatakan bahwa kata hadist nabi jiaka dipergunakan secara lepas
dimakudkan kepada apa yang diceritakan dari nabi setelah kenabian, baik itu
ucapan, perbuatan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan ketetapan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan
definisi yang telah dikemukakan oleh para ulama, maka ada tiga hal yang menjadi
perbedaan mereka dalam mendefinisikan hadist adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subyek hadist;
apakah hadist hanya terbatas pada apa yang disanndarkan kepada nabi saja
ataukah hadist juga mencakup pada apa yang disandarakan selain nabi seperti
sahabat atau tabi’in. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obyek hadist;
apakah hadist hanya terbatas pada perkataan, perbuatan, dan ketetapan saja
ataukah hadist juga mencakup keadaan dan sifat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Periode atau
masa hadist; apakah hadist hanya terbatas pada apa yang disampaikan setelah
Muhammad saw. dingkat menjadi nabi, ataukah juga meliputi apa yyang disandarkan
sebelum beliau diangkat menjadi nabi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut
istilah ahli hadist<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sunnah adalah semua
yang bersumber dari nabi saw baik berupa perkataan, perbuatan, ketetapan,
sifat-sifat fisik atau psikis dan sirah baik sebelum pengangkatan beliau
menjadi nabi ataupun sesudahnya. Dengan demikian sunnah menurut mereka sinonim
dengan hadist. Selanjutnya menurut Ushuliyyun sunnah adalah apa yang dinukilkan
dari nabi baik perkataan, perbuatan, ataupun ketetapan. <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sunnah
terkadang juga dimaksudkan untuk menunjukan sesuatu yang mempunyai landasan
atau dalil <i>syar’i, </i>baik dalil itu terdapat dalam al-Quran atau bersumber
dari nabi, bahkan merupakan ijtihad dari para sahabat, seperti penggunaan
mushaf dan perintah untuk membaca al-Quran dengan <i>qiraah</i> yang sama. Imam
Malik ra. ketika beliau ditanya tentang sunnah, maka beliau mengatakan yaitu
semua yang tidak mempunyai nama selain sunnah, kemudian beliau membaca ayat:<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><i>Wa
Anna Hazaa Shiraathiy Mustaqiymaa fattabihu walaatattabiuus subula fatafarraqa
bikum an <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sabilihi </i>(QS.6:153).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">"Dan.bahwa yang kami perintahkan ini adalah jalan-Ku yang
lurus, maka ikutilah dia, dan janganlahengkau mengikuit jalan-jalan yang lain,
karena jalan-jalan itu rnenceraikan kamu dari jalannya.” (QS. al-An’am: 153)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perbedaan para ulama dalam mendefinisikan
sunnah tersebut disebabkan perbedaan tujuan yang ingin dicapai. Ketika para ulama
hadis mempelajari tentang pribadi Rasulullah saw sebagai seorang imam, yang seperti
diberitakan oleh Allah, diutus ke dunia ini sebagai contoh dan teladan <i>uswah</i>
dan <i>quduwah</i>. maka mereka berupaya untuk meriwayatkan semua hal yang berkaitan
dengan beliau baik itu sirah, akhlak, sifat-sifat fisik, berita-berita, perkataan-perkataan,
perbuatan-perbuatan, baik yang memberikan konsekuensi hukum syar'I ataupun yang
tidak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demikian halnya ulama ushul
mempelajari pribadi Rasulullah saw sebagai pembuat hukum syar'i atau <i>musyri'</i>
yang meletakkan kaidah-kaidah bagi para mujtahid sesudahnya, menjelaskan kepada
manusia aturan-aturan hidup, sehingga mereka memberikan perhatian terhadap
perkataan-perkataan, perbuatan-perbuatan, dan ketetapan-ketetapan rasul yang
mempunyai konsekuensi hukum dan menetapkannya. Di sisi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain, ulama fikih lebih memfokuskan bahasan mereka
tentang nabi sebagai manusia yang segala aspek dan tingkah lakunya tidak
terlepas dari indikasi terhadap sesuatu hukum, sehingga mereka lebih memfokuskan
bahasan mereka dalam aspek hukum terhadap perbuatan manusia baik yang bersifat
wajib, haram, mubah, dan lain-lain.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan pada uraian di atas, maka
dapat disirnpulkan bahwa perbedaan ulama dalan mendefinisikan sunnah
sesungguhnya bukanlah perbedaan yang sebenarnya atau <i>ikhtilaf hakiki, </i>tetapi
hanyalah perbedaan cara pengungkapan karena perbedaan sudut pandang atau seperti
yang dikernukakan oleh al-Jazairy <i>ikhtlaf al-ibrat li ikhtilaf al-i’tibarat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan dernikian kata hadis dan sunnah
dikalangan ulama umunya ulama hadis mengidentikkan di antara keduanya. Meskipun
pada kenyataannya ketika kita mencermati penggunaan keduanva menunjukkan adanva
beberapa perbedaan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hadis adalah
segala yang diceritakan atau diberitakan dari Rasulullah saw. Sunnah, baik dia
ceritakan ataupun tidak, adalah sesuatu yang telah bisa dikerjakan oleh para muslimin
sejak dahulu dan tidaklah selalu sunnah itu sesuai denganh hadis.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ringkasannya menurut Hasby ash-Shiddiqy’ hadis adalah ‘ilmiyyun nawadhirrun =
berita yang merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengetahuan lagi
merupakan kunci.’<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hadis lebih
banyak digunakan dikarangan ahli hadis, sedangkan sunnah lebih banyak dijumpai
dikalangan para ulama ushul dan ulama fikhi..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Hadis merupakan registrasi dari
sunnah yang diriwayatkan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">D. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perbedaan Hadis Nabi, Hadis
Qudsi,dan al-Qur’an</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subhi Shalih mengernukan bahwa hadis
nabi (biasa) adalah ucapan yang disandarkan secara langsung kepada beliau.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> Menurut
Fahur Rahman bahwa hadis qutsi adalah sesuatu yang dikabarkan Allah ta'ala kepada
Nabi-Nya dengan melalui ilham atau impian, yang kemudian Nabi menyampaikan makna
dari ilham atau impian tersebut dengan ungkapan kata beliau sendiri.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selanjutnya Gufron menyatakan bahwa
hadis qudsi (hadis suci) merupakan perkataanTuhan melalui lisan nabi Muhammad saw,
sebagai pelengkap wahyu yang diturunkan kepadanya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan al-Quran merupakan kalam Ilahi yang
diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhamad saw. dan tertulis dalam mushaf berdasarkan sumber-sumber
mutawatir yang bersifat pasti kebenarannya dan yang dibaca umat Islam dalam rangka
ibadah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perbedaan hadis nabi dengan hadis qudsi
adalah hadis qudsi biasanya diberi ciri-ciri dengan dibubuhi kalimat-kalmat <i>qaala</i>
(yaquulu) <i>Allahu, fima yarwihi, anillahi tabaraka wata'ala</i>, dan <i>lapadh
lapadh</i> lain yang semakna dengan apa yang tersebut. Selanjutnya perbedaan hadis
qudsi dengan hadis nabi yaitu hadis qudsi kalimat yang biasa digunakan seperti Rasulullah
saw. bersabda meriwayatkan apa yang beliau terima dari Tuhannya dan kalimat Allah
Ta'ala berfirman seperti yang telah diceritakan oleh Rasulullah saw. sedangkan hadis
nabi tidak ada tanda-tanda yang demikian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu al-Baqa' dalam (Subhi Shalih)
menyatakan sesungguhnya al-Quran itu lafaz dan maknanya dari sisi Allah melalui
wahyu yang jelas. Adapun hadis qudsi, lafaznya dari Rasulullah saw. sedangkan maknanya
dari Allah lewat ilham atau mimpi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perbedaan hadis qudsi dengan al-Quran
adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semua lafaz
ayat al-Quran adalah mu'jizat dan mutawatir, sedang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hadis qudsi tidak demikian halnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketentuan
hukumnya yang berlaku bagi al-Quran tidak berlaku bagia al-Hadis, 'seperti
pantangan menyentuhnya bagi orang yang sedang berhadats kecil, dan pantangan
membacanya bagi orang yang berhadas besar. Sedang untuk hadis qudsi tidak ada
pantangannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap huruf
yang dibaca dari al-Quran memberikan hak pahala kepada pembacanya sepuluh kebaikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meriwayatkan
al-Quran tidak boleh dengan maknanya saja atau mengganti lafaz sinonimnya, berlainan
dengan al-Hadis.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abdil Hadi, Abdul Muhdi bin Abdil Kadir bin, <i>al-Madkhal ila
as-Sunnah an-Nahawiyah </i>t.cet; Cairo: Dar al-I’tisam,1998</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Guddah, Abd. Al-Fattah. <i>Lamhat min Tarikh as-Sunnah wa Ulum
al-Hadits </i>Cet.IV; Beirut: Dar al-Basyair al-Islamiyya, 1417 H.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibnu Hajar, Ahmad bin Ali bin Muhammad, <i>Nushah an Nazar </i>(Cet.I;
Cairo: ad-Dar ats-Tsaqafiyyah, 1998</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibnu Manzur, Jamaluddin Muhammad ibnu Mukrim, <i>Lisanul Arab, </i>Jilid
II t.cet. Beirut: Dar al-Fikri,t.th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ismail, M. Syuhudi. <i>Hadis Nabi Menurut Pembela, Pengingkar, dan
Pemalsunya, </i>Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 1985.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">_________,<i> Kaedah Keshahihan sanad Hadis Telaah Kritis dan
Tinjauan dengan Pendekatan Ilmu Sejarah, </i>Cet. I; Jakarta: Bulan Bintang,
1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ismail, Yahya. <i>Ma’a al-Hadis wa Ahlihi wa Naqdihi </i>Cet.I;
Munsyiyah Nasr al-fajr al-Jadid, 1992.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-Jazairy, Tahir bin Salih bin Ahmad. <i>Taujih an-Nazar ila Ushul
al-Asar </i>t.cet; Beirut: Dar al-Ma’arif, t.th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-Katib, Muhammad ajjaj. <i>Ushul al-Hadis ‘Ulumuh wa
Musthalahuhu, </i>Beirut: Dar al-Fikr 1395H/1975M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mas’adi, Gufron A, <i>Ensiklopedi Islam (ringkas), </i>Ed.I Cet.II;
Jakarta: PT. Raja Grapindo Persada,1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rahman, Fathur.<i>Ihtisar Musthalahu Hadis </i>Cet.I; Bandung:
PT.al-Ma’arif 1974.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ar-Razy, Muhammad bin Abi Bakar bin Abdil Qadir, <i>Mukhtar as-Shalih
</i>Cet t.tp: Dar al-Manar, t.th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">as-Shalih, Subhi, <i>Membahas Ilmu-Ilmu al-Qur’an, </i>Cet IX;
Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus, 2002.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">__________,<i> Membahas Ilmu-Ilmu Hadis, </i>Cet. V; Pustaka
Firdaus, 2002</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">_________,<i> Ulum al-Hadis wa Musthalahuhu, </i>Cet.IX; Beirut Dar
al-Ilmi li al-Malayin, 1997.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">as-Shiba’I, Mustafa. <i>As-Sunnah wa Makanatuhu fi at-Tsyri
al-Islamy, </i>Cet.I;Cairo: Dar as-Salam, 1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ash-Shiddiqy, M. Hasbi. <i>Sejarah dan Pengatar Ilmu Hadis, </i>Cet.X;
Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1991.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din Abd. al-Rahman bin Abi Bakar. <i>Miftah
al-Jannah fi al-Ihtijaj bi al-Sunnah, </i>Cet.III; al-Madinah al-Munawwarah:
Maktabah al-Rasyid, 1399H/1979M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">________<i>, Tadrib al-Rawi, </i>Juz I t.cet; Beirut: Dar al-Kitab
al-Araby,1996</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">as-Syafi’I, Muhammad bin Idris. <i>Al-Umm,</i> t.tp: Dar
al-Syaib,t.th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-Qardawi, Yusuf. <i>As-Sunnah Masdar li al-Ma’rifah wa
al-Hadharah, </i>Cet.II; Mesir: Dar as-Syuruq,1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-Qasimi, Muhammad Jamaluddin, <i>Qawaid al-Tahdis min Funun
Mustalah al-Hadis, </i>t.cet; Cairo;Isa al-Halaby,t.th.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Jamaluddin Muhammad Ibnu Manzur, <i>Lisanul arab,</i> Jilid II (Cet. Bairut:
Dar al- Fikri, t.th), h.134.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>h.
133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad bin Abi Bakar bin Abdil Qadir
ar-Razy, <i>Mukhtar as-Shahih </i>(Cet. T.th: Dar al-Manar, t.th), h. 133</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yahya Ismail, <i>Ma’a al-Hadist wa Ahlili wa
Naqdihi, </i>(Cet. I, Munsyiyah Nasr al-Fajr al-Jadid, 1992), h. 50.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Muhammad Jamaluddin al-Qasimi, <i>Qawaid al-Tahdis min Funun Mustalah
al-Hadist,</i> (t.Cet; Cairo: Isa al-Halaby, t.th), h. 61.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ahmad bin Ali bin Muhammad Ibnu Hajar, <i>Nuzhah an-Nazar, </i>(Cet. I; Cairo:
ad- Dar As- Tsaqafiyyah, 1998), h. 21</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fathur Rahman, <i>Ikhtisar Mushthalahul
Hadist, </i>(Cet. I; Bandung PT. al-Ma’arif, 1974), h. 69-70</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tahir bin Saleh bin Ahmad al-Jazairy, <i>Tujih
an-Nazar ila Ushul al-Asar </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(t. Cet.;
Beirut: Dar al-Ma’arif, t.th), h.2<i> </i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jalal ad-Din Abd Rahman bin Bakar
as-Suyyuthi<i>, Tadrib ar-Rawi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Juz I
(t. Cet; Beirut: Dar</i> al-Kitab al-Araby, 1996), h. 23</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abd al-Fattah Abu Guddah, <i>Lamhat min
tarikh as-Sunnah wa Ulum al-hadist</i>, (Cet. IV; Beirut: Dar al-Basyair
al-Islamiyya, 1417 H), h. 15</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Musthafa as-Shiba’i, <i>as-Sunnah wa
Makanatuhu fi at-Tasyri’ al-Islamy</i>, (Cet. I; Cairo: Dar asa-Salam, 1988),h.
57</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Abdul Muhdi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bin Abdil Kadir bin abdil
Hadi, <i>al-Madkhal ila as-sunnah an-Nawawiyah </i>(t.cet; Cairo: Dar
al-I’tisham, 1998),h.23.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Musthafa
as-Shiba’I, <i>op.cit.,</i>h.58</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Al-jazairy, <i>op.cit.,</i>h.2</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Hasbi ash-Shiddiqy, <i>Sejarah dan pengantar Ilmu Hadits </i>(Cet.X; Jakarta:
Bulan Bintang, 1991),h.36.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Tertulis <i>‘ilmiyyun nawadhirrun</i>’ seharusnya <i>‘ilmiyyun qizaruyyun</i> =
pengetahuan yang bersifat teoretis.’</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subhi as-Shalih, <i>Membahas</i> <i>Ilmu</i>-<i>Ilmu</i> <i>hadis</i>
(Cet.V; Pustaka Firdaus, 2002),h.29-30</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fathur Rahman, <i>Ikhtisar Musthalahul Hadis </i>(Cet. I; Bandung ,
PT. al-Ma’arif, 1974),h.69-70</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gufron A. Mas'adi<i>, Ensiklopedi lslam (ringkas)</i>, Ed.l (Cet,
lI; Jakarta; PT. Raja Grafindo Persada,I 999),h . I I I</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subhi as-Shalih, <i>Membahas llmu-llmu al-Quran</i>,(cet. IX(;
Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus 2002),h.10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>h.70<span id="goog_1615240443"></span><span id="goog_1615240444"></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-80629902456707721762013-01-26T01:11:00.001-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.062-07:00Mu'tazilah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdsxQnyrcDvInAgQov6m_yI8kUUeCYSpJSfkOuaH60BflS5JaUqJAHli3LbGeLMoQwx8Wkr4JO95eUXSoxCVt9Y8Dz0CRFHTCwRT0hO-UwvnGs3q3M8O9Uf0G5RFN2dTpp6_2cXbuGs0k/s1600/kartun-dp-bbm-gif1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdsxQnyrcDvInAgQov6m_yI8kUUeCYSpJSfkOuaH60BflS5JaUqJAHli3LbGeLMoQwx8Wkr4JO95eUXSoxCVt9Y8Dz0CRFHTCwRT0hO-UwvnGs3q3M8O9Uf0G5RFN2dTpp6_2cXbuGs0k/s1600/kartun-dp-bbm-gif1.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MU’TAZILAH</span></b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian
Mu’tazilah dan Sejarah Timbulnya</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mu’tazilah berasal dari
bahasa Arab </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">إعتزل-يعتزل-إعتزالا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">yang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">akar katanya terdiri dari huruf </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ع-ز-ل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yang berarti penyingkiran
atau penjauhan dan kecondongan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Hal itu dikuatkan oleh firman Allah swt. “</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">وإن لم تؤمنوا لي فاعتزلون</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>”Dan jika kamu tidak beriman kepadaku Maka
biarkanlah Aku (memimpin Bani Israil)".</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Bahkan Ibnu Manzur menafsirkannya dengan </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>mengatakan “Dan jika
kalian tidak beriman kepadaku maka janganlah memusuhiku dan janganlah bersama
denganku.”<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dari pengertian akar katanya dapat dipahami bahwa kata <i>al-Mu’tazilah</i>
berarti orang yang condong, <span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">berpisah<i> </i>atau
memisahkan diri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,<i> </i></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">menjauh<i> </i>atau </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">menyingkir</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Namun secara termenologi, ada beberapa komentar atau analisa
seputar </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pemberian nama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">al-</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mu’tazilah tersebut. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Analisa
</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">yang paling dominan adalah peristiwa yang
terjadi antara Wasil Ibn ‘Atha’ dan sahabat ‘Amr Ibn ‘Ubaid dengan Hasan
al-Basri di Basrah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wasil selalu mengikuti pelajaran-pelajaran
yang diberikan Hasan al-Basri di mesjid Basrah. Pada suatu hari datang seorang
bertanya mengenai pendapatnya tentang orang yang berdosa besar. Sebagaimana
diketahui kaum Khawarij memandang mereka kafir serta kaum Murji</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">’</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">memandang </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">mereka mukmin. Ketika Hasan al-Basri sementara berfikir,
Wasil mengeluarkan pendapatnya sendiri dengan mengatakan: “Saya berpendapat
bahwa orang yang berdosa besar bukanlah mukmin dan bukan pula kafir, tetapi
mengambil posisi di antara keduanya; tidak mukmin dan tidak pula kafir”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kemudian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">wasil </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">berdiri dan menjauhkan diri dari Hasan al-Basri pergi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mecari </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tempat lain di mesjid</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> dan </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">di sana ia mengulangi pendapatnya kembali.
Atas peristiwa ini Hasan al-Basri mengatakan: “Wasil menjauhkan diri dari kita
(<i>i’tazala ‘anna</i>).” </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari peristiwa itulah
muncul nama al-Mu’tazilah sebagaimana pendapat </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">al-Syahrastani</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Versi lain yang diberikan oleh Tasy Kubra Zadah,
menyebutkan bahwa Qatadah Ibn Da’amah pada suatu hari masuk ke Mesjid Basrah
dan menuju ke majelis ‘Amr Ibn ‘Ubaid yang disangkanya adalah majelis Hasan
al-Basri. Setelah mengetahui bahwa itu bukan majelis Hasan al-Basri ia berdiri
dan meninggalkan tempat itu, sambil berkata: “Ini kaum Mu’tazilah.” Semenjak
itu, menurut Tasy Kubra Zadah, mereka disebut kaum Mu’tazilah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Di samping pendapat-pendapat klasik </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tersebut, Ahmad Amin mengajukan </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">teori baru </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dengan mengatakan bahwa n</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">al-</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mu’tazilah sudah terdapat sebelum adanya peristiwa Wasil
dengan Hasan al-Basri dan sebelum timbulnya pendapat tentang posisi di antara
dua posisi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Namun penamaan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">al-</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mu’tazilah
itu dipakai terhadap golongan orang-orang yang tidak mau turut campur dalam
pertikaian-pertikaian politik yang terjadi pada zaman ‘Utsman Ibn ‘Affan dan
‘Ali Ibn Abi Thalib. Mereka menjauhkan diri dari golongan-golongan yang saling
bertikai.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dengan demikian, kata i’tazala dan mu’tazilah telah dipakai kira-kira seratus
tahun sebelum peristiwa Wasil dengan Hasan al-Basri, yang mengandung arti
golongan yang tidak mau ikut dalam pertikaian politik yang terjadi pada
zamannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mencermati pendapat ulama seputar al-Mu’tazilah, maka dikatakan
bahwa s</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ecara teknis, istilah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">al-</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mu’tazilah terbagi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dalam
</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dua </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kategori
yaitu: <i>Pertama: </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">olongan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yang </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">muncul murni sebagai respon politik. Golongan ini tumbuh
sebagai kaum yang menjunjung politik netral, khususnya dalam arti bersikap
lunak dalam menangani pertentangan antara ‘Ali Ibn Abi Thalib dan
lawan-lawannya, terutama Mu’awiyah, Aisyah, dan ‘Abdullah bin Zubair. Menurut </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nurcholis Madjid</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, golongan inilah
yang mula-mula disebut kaum Mu’tazilah karena mereka menjauhkan diri dari
pertikaian masalah khilafah. Kelompok ini bersifat netral politik tanpa stigma
teologis seperti yang ada pada kaum Mu’tazilah yang tumbuh di kemudian hari.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i><span lang="EN-US">Kedua:</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Golongan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yang </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">muncul sebagai respon </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">terhadap
</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">persoalan teologis yang berkembang di
kalangan Khawarij dan Murji’ah akibat adanya peristiwa tahkim. Golongan ini
muncul karena mereka berbeda pendapat dengan golongan Khawarij dan Murji’ah
tentang pemberian status kafir kepada orang yang berbuat dosa besar.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">C.A. Nallino seorang orientalis Itali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> mengemukakan pendapat yang hampir sama
dengan Ahmad Amin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">bahwa
nama Mu’tazilah sebenarnya bukan berarti memisahkan diri dari umat Islam
lainnya sebagaimana pendapat as-Syahrastani, al-Baghdadi, dan Tasy Qubra Zadah.
Nama Mu’tazilah diberikan kepada mereka karena mereka berdiri netral di antara
Khawarij dan Murji’ah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Oleh karena itu, golongan kedua Mu’tazilah mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan
golongan mu’tazilah pertama.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ushul
al-Khamsah</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap sekte mempunyai pemikiran, pendapat, ajaran dan keyakinan
yang berbeda satu sama lain. Al-Mu’tazilah juga memiliki doktrin yang dikenal
dalam bentuk lima ajaran dasar yang populer dengan istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ushul al-khamsah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></b></span></span></span></a> </i>Istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ushul al-khamsah</i> belum tampak pada
masa washil Ibn Atha’ dan baru sempurna ketika masa Abu al-Huzail al-‘Allaf.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kelima dasar itu akan dijelaskan sebagai berikut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Tauhid
</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ajaran pertama al-Mu’tazilah adalah al-tauhid yang
berarti meyakini sepenuhnya bahwa Allah swt. adalah dzat yang unik dan tidak
ada yang serupa dengan-Nya. Al-Tauhid berarti tidak ada sifat yang berdiri di
luar dzat Allah swt. yang dikenal dengan <i>nafy al-sifat</i> (penafiyan
sifat-sifat Allah swt.). konsekwensinya Allah tidak boleh sama dengan
makhluknya seperti memiliki tangan, mempunyai bentuk fisik, dapat dilihat di
akhirat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> Singkatnya mereka menolak
paham antroporfisme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-‘Adl
.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paham keadilan dalam pandangan al-Mu’tazilah membawa
pada pengertian bahwa Tuhan wajib berlaku adil dan mustahil berbuat zalim.
Ajaran ini menimbulkan paham <i>al-shalah wa al-ashlah </i>yang berarti Allah
wajib berbuat baik bahkan yang terbaik bagi manusia seperti Allah wajib mengirimkan
nabi dan rasul, memberikan daya dan keinginan sendiri kepada manusia,
memberikan taklif yang sesuai dengan kemampuan mereka, dan lain sebagainya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Manzilah
bain al-Manzilatain</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ajaran ini bermaksud menengah-nengahi antara sekte
Khawarij yang berpendapat bahwa pelaku dosa besar termasuk kafir, sedangkan
sekte Murjiah berpendapat bahwa pelakunya tetap dikategorikan orang mukmin.
Dalam pandangan al-Mu’tazilah, pelaku dosa besar tidak kafir dan tidak mukmin,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
akan tetapi dia berada dalam posisi tengah-tengah, sehingga jika tidak taubat
maka dia kekal dalam neraka.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Wa’d
wa al-Wa’id</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut al-Mu’tazilah, Allah
wajib menepati janji-Nya memasukkan orang mukmin ke dalam surga dan
mencampakkan orang kafir dan orang berdosa besar ke dalam neraka.
Konsekwensinya pelaku dosa besar tidak mendapatkan syafaat, tidak mengeluarkan
penghuninya dari neraka.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Oleh karena itu, manusia bertanggung jawab penuh atas segala tindakannya. Jika
manusia memilih untuk beriman dan berbuat baik maka dia dijanjikan pahala masuk
surga dan jika ingkar dan berbuat dosa maka dimasukkan ke dalam neraka.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Amr
bi al-Ma’ruf wa al-Nahy ‘an al-Munkar</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.85pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
prinsip al-Mu’tazilah, setiap muslim wajib menegakkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amr ma’ruf nahy munkar. </i>Menyebarkan dakwah Islam, memberi petunjuk
kepada orang yang sesat. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amr ma’ruf nahy
munkar </i>dilaksanakan dengan hati jika cukup, dengan seruan jika hati tidak
cukup, dengan tangan (kekuasaan) jika belum cukup bahkan dengan pedang
(paksaan) atau kekerasan jika memang diperlukan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Berdasarkan pancadasar (<i>ushul al-khamsah</i>) al-Mu’tazilah
tersebut,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
ada berbagai macam sekte yang dapat dikategorikan sebagai sub-golongan al-Mu’tazilah
karena memiliki kesamaan satu sama lain meskipun tidak sepenuhnya sama, antara
lain: </span><b><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jahmiyah, dinamakan demikian karena Jahmiyah
lebih dahulu muncul, juga karena Mu’tazilah sependapat dengan Jahmiyah dalam
beberapa hal dan karena di awal kemunculannya Mu’tazilah menghidupkan
prinsip-prinsip Jahmiyah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Qadariyah (kelompok yang menolak iman kepada
taqdir), dinamakan demikian karena mereka juga mengingkari taqdir dan
berpendapat manusialah yang menciptakan perbuatannya sendiri sebagaimana
pendapat Qadariyah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Mu’thilah
(kelompok yang meniadakan), dinamakan demikian karena mereka meniadakan
sifat-sifat Allah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tsanawiyah dan Qadariyah, dinamakan demikian
karena Mu’tazilah berpendapat bahwa perbuatan baik itu dari Allah dan perbuatan
jelek itu dari manusia. Ini menyerupai Tsanawiyah dan Qadariyah yang meyakini
adanya dua tuhan, yaitu tuhan kebaikan dan tuhan kejahatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Wa’idiyah,
dinamakan demikian karena mereka berpendapat bahwa Allah harus menyiksa pelaku
dosa yang belum bertaubat sebelum matinya.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Ahl
‘Adl Wat Tauhid Wal ‘Adalah (kelompok yang bertauhid dan menegakkan keadilan).
Ini nama yang mereka akui berdasar aqidah lima pokok mereka dan senang dijuluki
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ahl al-tauhid</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Firqah
Najiyah (kelompok yang selamat). Ini juga nama yang mereka sematkan untuk
mereka sendiri.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Al-Munazihun
Lillah (orang-orang yang mensucikan Allah). Ini juga nama yang mereka klaim
untuk kelompok mereka sendiri.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Al-Haraqiyah, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka berpendapat bahwa orang kafir tidak
disiksa dalam api neraka kecuali sekali saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Al-Mufaniyah,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka berpendapat bahwa neraka dan surga itu
tidak kekal.</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Al-Lafzhiyah, mereka berpendapat bahwa lafazh-lafazh
Al-Qur’an itu adalah makhluk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Al-Qabriyah, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka berpendapat bahwa adzab kubur itu tidak
ada.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tokoh-tokoh
al-Mu’tazilah</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Aliran al-Mu’tazilah melahirkan banyak
pemuka dan tokoh penting. Karena pusat pengembangan al-Mu’tazilah berada di
Bashrah dan di Bagdad, maka para pemukanya pun terbagi dalam dua kelompok
berdasarkan dua madrasah besar yang menjadi pusat pengkaderan dan penyebaran
ide-ide mereka. Bashrah dengan pimpinannya Washil dan Baghdad dengan
pimpinannya Bisyr bin Mu’tamar.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Ya’qub</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">An-Nazzam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Aswary</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">al-‘Allaf</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hisyam
al-Fuwathy</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Madrasah Bashrah</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibrahim
al-Madani</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">‘Amr
Ibn Ubaid</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Washil
Ibn ‘Atha’</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hafsh
Ibn Salim</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Khalid </span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Usman
al-Thawil</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Bakar al-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ashm</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Untuk lebih jelasnya, berikut bagan kedua
madrasah dengan tokoh-tokohnya: </span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muammar Ibn Abbad</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Tokoh Bagdad)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Jahiz</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ubbad
Ibn Sulaiman</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bisyr
Ibn al-Mu’tamar</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ja’far
Ibn Harb</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu
Musa al-Murdar</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ahmad
Ibn Abi Daud</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sumamah Ibn al-Asyras </span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ja’far
Ibn Mubassyir</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Madrasah
Bagdad</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Khayyath</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu
al-Qasim al-Balkhy</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu
Ja’far al-Iskafy</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Isa
Ibn al-Hutsaim </span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muammar
Ibn Abbad</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Jubba’i</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Guru al-Asy’ary)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bisyr
Ibn al-Mu’tamar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Tokoh
Bagdad)</span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Namun dengan keterbatasan dan berbagai
alasan, tokoh-tokoh tersebut diatas tidak dapat dicantumkan seluruhnya dalam
makalah ini,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>
penulis hanya menjelaskan biografi tokoh-tokoh al-Mu’tazilah yang berjasa besar
mengembangkan dan membidani kelahiran serta kelangsungan hidup sekte ini,
antara lain yang terkenal adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Washil bin Atha’ (80-131 H./699-748 M.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Washil bin ‘Atha’, lahir pada tahun 80 H, di Madinah,
belajar pada Imam Hasan al-Bashri di Bashrah, kemudian memisahkan diri dalam
kasus hukum bagi pelaku dosa besar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Meninggal pada
tahun 131 H. Ajaran-ajarannya antara lain:</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Pelaku
dosa besar berada di manzilah bain manzilatain (posisi antara dua posisi yang
ada).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Paham
Kadariyah yang diajarkan oleh Ma’bad dan Ghailan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Paham ini mengajarkan bahwa manusialah yang menciptakan segala perbuatannya,
baik maupun buruk dan Allah bersifat adil, tidak mungkin berbuat jahat dan
bersifat zalim. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Peniadan
sifat-sifat Allah dalam arti bahwa apa yang disebut sifat Allah sebenarnya
Esensi Allah itu sendiri.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-‘Allaf (135 – 235 H./753-850 M.) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Al-‘Allaf bernama lengkap Abu al-Huzail Muhammad Ibn
Huzail al-‘Allaf. Dia termasuk tokoh al-Mu’tazilah yang paling berpengaruh pada
Madrasah al-Basharah. Lahir pada tahun 135 H., tepatnya tiga tahun
pascaterbentuknya pemerintahan al-abbasiyah dan wafat pada tahun 235 H., yaitu
pada awal pemerintahan al-Mutawakkil.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>
ia seorang pemikir dan ahli kalam Mu’tazilah serta banyak mengetahui filsafat
Yunani sehingga memudahkannya menyusun ajaran al-Mu’tazilah yang bercorak
filsafat. Lahir dan belajar di Bashrah kemudian pindah ke Baghdad. Di antara
pemikirannya yang berbeda dengan tokoh-tokoh al-Mu’tazilah adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Allah
itu ‘Alim (Maha Mengetahui) dengan dzat-Nya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Allah itu Qadir (Maha Berkuasa) dan Qudrah Allah adalah dzat-Nya,
demikian seterusnya. Singkatnya dia meniadakan seluruh sifat selain dzat Allah
sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh Wasil akan tetapi dia lebih mendalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Alam
memiliki cakupan dan batasan karena alam adalah hal yang baru, termasuk surga
dan neraka. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Manusia
terbebani taklif (kewajiban) yang mampu dibedakan oleh akal antara yang baik
dan yang buruk meskipun tanpa syariat atau wahyu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Ajaran
<i>al-shalah wa al-ashlah </i>(Allah wajib berbuat baik dan terbaik).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Nazzam (185-231 H./801-846 M.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Al-Nazzam nama lengkapnya adalah Ibrahim bin Sayyar
Ibn Hani’ al-Nazzam al-Bashry. Dia murid Abu Huzail al-‘Allaf. Keahliannya yang
paling dominan adalah sastra dan theologi. Dia tumbuh di Bashrah dan pernah tinggal
di Bagh<b>d</b>ad sampai meninggal pada tahun 231 H. dalam usia yang sangat
mudah yaitu 36 tahun. Di antara pendapatnya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Allah
tidak mempunyai sifat qudrah (mampu) atas perbuatan jahat dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maksiat. Artinya seluruh perbuatan jahat itu
berasal dari manusia semata, manusialah yang menciptakannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Kemukjizatan
al-Qur’an terletak pada informasi tentang alam gaib, sedangkan susunan, aturan
dan gaya bahasanya mampu ditiru oleh manusia andaikan Allah berkenan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Menempatkan
akal pada tempat yang paling tinggi. Akibatnya dia menghujat para sahabat Nabi,
meletakkan mereka pada level yang sama dengan manusia yang lain serta
mengkritisi proses politik sahabat dan pemahaman fiqhi mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Jubbai (w. 303 H./916 M.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Jubbai bernama lengkap Muhammad Ibn Abd Wahhab Ibn Salam Abu
Ali al-Jubbai. Dia salah seorang tokoh al-Mu’tazilah yang terkenal dalam bidang
ilmu filsafat dan theologi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dia merupakan guru Abu Hasan al-Asy’ary, pendiri aliran asy’ariyah. Pendapatnya
yang paling masyhur antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kalam Allah sebagaimana pendapat an-Nazam</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Allah tidak mempunya sifat akan tetapi esensi sebagaimana
pendapat al-‘Allaf. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kewajiban manusia terbagi dua, yaitu: <i>wajibah
al-Aqliyah </i>(kewajiban manusia yang diketahui melalui akal) dan <i>wajibah
syar’iyah </i>(kewajiban manusia yang dibawa oleh Rasul atau Nabi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Daya akal manusia yang sangat besar karena dapat
mengetahui Tuhan dan bersyukur kepada-Nya dan mengetahui baik dan buruk.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perkembangan
Aliran al-Mu’tazilah dan Pengaruhnya dalam Dunia Islam</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Al-Mu’tazilah lahir pertama kali di kota
Bashrah, namun berkembang dengan cepat di Baghdad. Sekte ini dianut oleh
khalifah Yazid bin al-Walid dan Marwan bin Muhammad dari pemerintahan Umawiyah.
Sekte ini semakin berkembang pada masa pemerintahan Abbasiyah dan mencapai
puncaknya keemasannya pada rentang waktu 100-255 H. Sekte al-Mu’tazilah berkembang
menjadi sebuah gerakan pemikiran yang menyibukkan dunia Islam dalam rentang
waktu yang panjang pada masa pemerintahan Abbasiyah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Sekte Mu’tazilah lahir pada akhir masa
pemerintahan Umawiyah, sebab antara al-Mu’tazilah dengan pemerintahan Umawiyah
tidak terjalin hubungan yang harmonis, bahkan cenderung saling membenci satu
sama lain.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Al-Mu’tazilah tumbuh sebagai sebuah sekte
dengan keluarnya Washil bin ‘Atha’ dari pengajian Imam Hasan al-Basri. Ia hidup
pada masa Abdul Malik bin Marwan dan Hisyam bin Abdul Malik. Namun diawal
kemunculannya, aliran tidak mendapat simpati umat Islam, khususnya di kalangan
masyarakat awam karena ajaran mereka yang bersifat rasional dan filosofis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Pada masa pemerintahan al-Makmun (198-218
H./813-833 M.) di masa khilafah Abbasiyah, al-Mu’tazilah menjadi sekte yang
memegang peranan penting dalam pemerintahan dan mendapatkan dukungan yang luas,
karena khalifah menganut sekte ini. Pada masa itu para pemimpin al-Mu’tazilah
seperti Bisyr al-Muraisy, Tsumamah bin Asyras dan Ibnu Abi Du’at menjadi
penasehat-penasehat al-Makmun karena ajaran al-Mu’tazilah menjadi madzhab yang
resmi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada masa inilah timbul fitnah yang terkenal dengan nama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mihnah khalq al-Qur’an</i> (pengujian kemakhlukan al-Qur’an) di mana
para ulama Ahl al-Sunnah yang menolak mengakui al-Qur’an itu makhluk akan dipenjarakan
dan disiksa, semisal imam Ahmad. Hal ini berlangsung sampai pada pemerintahan
al-Mu’tashim dan al-Watsiq.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Pada masa pemerintahan al-Mutawakkil pada
tahun 232 H, keadaan kembali normal dengan sikap khalifah yang menganut aqidah
Ahlus Sunnah dan dibebaskannya para Ulama setelah selama 14 tahun berjuang
keras melawan al-Mu’tazilah yang memaksakan aqidahnya melalui strukrur Negara. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Pada masa pemerintahan bani Buwaih di
Persia, tahun 334 H, terjalin hubungan yang erat antara al-Mu’tazilah dengan
pemerintah yang berkuasa yang menganut ideologi Rafidhah. Pemimpin Mu’tazilah,
Abdul Jabbar, diangkat menjadi qadhi di daerah Ra’i sejak tahun 360 H, atas
perintah Shahib bin ‘Ibad menteri Muayyid Daulah. Shahib ini menurut Imam
adz-Dzahabi adalah seorang Syi’i Mu’tazili Mubtadi’. Menurut Imam al-Mu’tazi,
di bawah perlindungan daulah Buwaihiyah inilah Mu’tazilah bisa berkembang di
Iraq, Khurasan dan negeri-negeri di belakang sungai atau Biladu ma wara-a nahr
(Uzbekistan saat ini).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Selama berabad-abad kemudian,
al-Mu’tazilah tersisih dari panggung sejarah, tergeser aliran ahl al-sunnah wa
al-jama’ah. Yang mempercepat hilangnya aliran atau sekte ini antara lain adalah
karya-karya mereka tidak dibaca lagi dan dipelajari di perguruan Islam. Kaum
al-Mu’tazilah telah tak berwujud kecuali dalam sejarah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kemudian pada awal abad ke-20 berbagai karya al-Mu’tazilah ditemukan kembali dan
dipelajari di perguruan-perguruan tinggi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Diakui atau tidak, kaum al-Mu’tazilah
adalah peletak pertama atau paling tidak mempunyai peran yang sangat besar
dalam meletakkan dasar-dasar ilmu kalam, ilmu balaghah, ilmu debat dan diskusi.
Sekte ini pulalah yang pertama kali menghubungkan antara filsafat Islam dengan
filsafat Yunani, sebab tokoh-tokoh merekalah yang pertama kali menjadikan
filsafat Yunani dalam mengkaji dan mendalam berbagai aspek dalam Islam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-Mu’tazilah telah memberikan pengabdiannya yang sangat penting dalam
perjalanan sejarah Islam. Sekte ini telah mempertahankan Islam dari berbagai
rongrongan theologi dan politik, bahkan kemunculan ilmu kalam yang dipelopori
Abu al-Hasan al-Asy’ari merupakan anak dari sekte ini. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">Diantara metode peninggalan al-Mu’tazilah
yang paling berkesan adalah keraguan dan pengujian. Sehingga dapat melahirkan
keyakinan akan kemampuan akal, kebebasan bertindak tetapi bertanggung jawab,
kebebasan penelitian dan perdebatan, tidak membawa qadar sebagai penanggung
jawab, dll, bahkan Ahmad Amin berpendapat bahwa musibah terbesar yang menimpa
umat Islam adalah kematian al-Mu’tazilah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu al-Hasan Ahmad Ibn Faris
Ibn Zakariya, <i>Mu’jam Maqayis al-Lugah, </i>Bairut: Dar al-Fikr, 1423 H./2002
M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Amin, <i>Dhuha al-Islam,</i> Cairo:
Maktabah al-Nahdhah al-Mishriyah, Cet. VIII, 1973 M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">___________, <i>Fajr al-Islam, </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Cet. XI, 1975 M.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Ibn Abd Halim Ibn Taimiyah
al-Harani, <i>Majmu’ al-Fatawa, </i>dikutip dari al-Maktabah al-Syamilah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad Mahmud Subhi, <i>Fi ‘Ilm al-Kalam, </i>Kairo, 1969. M. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ali Muhammad al-Shallaby, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Daulah al-Umawiyah ‘Awamil al-Izdihar wa
Tada’iyat al-Inhiyar,</i> dikutip dari al-Maktabah al-Syamilah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Nasysyar, <i>Nisy’ah al-Fikr
al-Falsafi fi al-Islam, </i>Kairo: tp, 1966 M. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Atabik Ali, A. Zuhdi Muhdhor, <i>Kamus Kontemporer Arab
Indonesia, </i>Yogyakarta: Multi Karya Grafika, 1998 M. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Azyumardi Azra, dkk, <i>Ensiklopedi
Islam, </i>Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve, 2005 M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dirasatul Firaq; <i>Kajian tentang
Aliran-Aliran Sesat dalam Islam</i>, Solo: Tin Ulin Nuha Ma’had ‘Aly an Nur, t.
thn.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Galib Ibn Ali ‘Awaji, <i>Firaq
Mu’asharah al-Tsalitsah, </i>dikutip dari al-Maktabah al-Syamilah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Harun Nasution, <i>Teologi Islam
Aliran-aliran Sejarah Analisa Perbandingan, </i>Jakarta: UI Press, Cet. I, 2002
M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, <i>Tarikh
al-Islam, </i>Bairut: Dar al-Jail, 1416 H./1996 M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, <i>al-Tafsir
wa al-Mufassirun, </i>Maktabah Mus’ab Ibn Umar al-Islamiyah, 1424 H./2004 M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad Ibn Abd Karim
al-Syahrastānī, <i>al-Milal wa al-Nihal,</i> Bairut: Dar al-Ma’rifah, 1404 H.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muhammad Ibn Mukrim Ibn
Manzur al-Mishri, <i>Lisan al-‘Arab, </i>Bairut: Dar Sadir, t. th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nurcholish Majid, <i>Islam Doktrin dan Peradaban, </i>Yayasan
Waqaf Paramadina, Jakarta, cet. II, 1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yayasan Penyelenggara
Penterjemah al-Qur’an, <i>Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahnya, </i>Jakarta: Departemen
Agama RI, 1983 M.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ab</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ū</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> al-Hasan Ahmad Ibn F</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ris
Ibn Zakariy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i>Mu’jam Maq</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yis
al-Lugah, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Bairut: D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">r
al-Fikr, 1423 H./2002 M.) Jilid 4 h. 251.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Yayasan Penyelenggara Penterjemah al-Qur’an, <i>Al-Qur’an
dan Terjemahnya, </i>(Jakarta: Departemen Agama RI, 1983) h. 810.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Muhammad Ibn Mukrim Ibn Manz</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ū</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">r
al-Mi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ș</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">r</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ī</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i>Lis</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ā</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n al-‘Arab, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Bairut: D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">r </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Șā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dir, t. th.) Jilid 11 h. 440.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Atabik Ali, A. Zuhdi Muhdhor, <i>Kamus Kontemporer Arab
Indonesia, </i>(Yogyakarta: Multi Karya Grafika, 1998 M.) h. 214 dan 589. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Alasan Washil adalah “Iman itu ungkapan terhadap berbagai
macam kebaikan sehingga iman itu pada dasarnya adalah pujian, sementara orang
fasik (orang yang melakukan dosa besar) tidak bisa diberikan pujian dan hak
iman akan tetapi tidak bisa juga dikatakan kafir sebab dia telah mengucapkan
dua kalimat syahadat dan masih banyak juga kebaikan yang ada padanya, sehingga
jika meninggal tanpa taubat dia akan masuk neraka meskipun siksaannya tidak
seberat orang kafir. Lihat Muhammad Ibn Abd Karim al-Syahrast</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ī</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i>al-Milal wa al-Nihal,</i> (Bairut: D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">r al-Ma’rifah, 1404 H.) Jilid 1 h. 45.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Harun Nasution, <i>Teologi Islam,</i> h. 40.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ahmad Mahmud Subhi, <i>Fi ‘Ilm al-Kalam, </i>Kairo, 1969 h.
75. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ahmad Amin, <i>Fajr al-Islam, (</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Cet. XI, 1975 M.) h. 290.<i> </i></span></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Golongan yang
menjauhkan diri </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam peristiwa tersebut </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memang dijumpai dalam buku-buku sejarah. Al-Thabari
misalnya menyebutkan bahwa sewaktu Qais Ibn Sa’ad sampai di Mesir sebagai Gubernur
dari ‘Ali Ibn Abi Thalib, ia menjumpai pertikaian di sana, satu golongan ikut
padanya dan satu golongan lagi menjauhkan diri ke Kharbita (<i>i’tazalat ila
Kharbita</i>). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nasution,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Teologi Islam, h. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">41. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nurcholish Majid, <i>Islam Doktrin dan Peradaban, </i>Yayasan
Waqaf Paramadina, Jakarta, 1995. cet. II, hlm. 17. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dalam masalah theologi, terjadi persamaan yang sangat sulit
untuk dibedakan antara al-Mu’tazilah dengan Syiah kecuali pada persoalan imamah
dan keterpeliharaannya, sedangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam
masalah politik, al-Mu’tazilah cenderung sama yakni siapa saja berhak menjadi
imam atau penguasa. Untuk lebih jelasnya antara hubungan al-Mu’tazilah, Syiah
dan Khawarij lihat: Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, <i>Tarikh al-Islam, </i>Jilid 1 h.
343-347.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pendapat ini dibantah oleh Ali Sami al-Nasysyar yang
mengatakan bahwa golongan Mu’tazilah kedua timbul dari orang-orang yang
mengasingkan diri untuk ilmu pengetahuan dan ibadah, bukan dari golongan
Mu’tazilah pertama yang disebut kaum netral politik. Lihat: Al-Nasysyar, <i>Nisy’ah
al-Fikr al-Falsafi fi al-Islam, </i>(Kairo; tp. 1966). Jilid I, hlm. 429-430.
(dikutip dari: Abdul Rozak dan Rosihon Anwar, <i>Ilmu Kalam, Untuk IAIN, STAIN,
PTAIS, </i>(Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2003 M.) h. 79.). </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Seseorang tidak bias dikatakan seorang yang beraliran al-Mu’tazilah
kecuali jika dia sudah mengakui lima ajaran pokok tersebut dan meyakini
kebenarannya sebagaimana yang diungkakan Abu al-Hasan al-Khayyat, tokoh
al-Mu’tazilah abad ke-3 Hijriyah. Lihat: Galib Ibn Ali ‘Awaji, <i>Firaq
Mu’asharah al-Tsalitsah, </i>dikutip dari al-Maktabah al-Syamilah, Jilid 1 h.
206. dan Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, <i>al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, </i>Jilid 1
h. 263.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ali Muhammad al-Shallaby, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Daulah al-Umawiyah ‘Awamil al-Izdihar wa Tada’iyat al-Inhiyar,</i>
dikutip dari al-Maktabah al-Syamilah, Jilid 3 h. 385. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Oleh karena itu, menurut al-Mu’tazilah, ayat-ayat yang
mengarah pada penyamaan khaliq dengan makhluq-Nya harus dita’wil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Azyumardi Azra, dkk, <i>Ensiklopedi Islam, </i>Jilid 5 h.
96. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, <i>Tarikh al-Islam, </i>Jilid 1 h.
342.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ahmad Ibn Abd Halim Ibn Taimiyah al-Harani, <i>Majmu’
al-Fatawa, </i>dikutip dari al-Maktabah al-Syamilah, Jilid 13 h. 386.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh
al-Islam, </i>Jilid 1 h. 342, Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, </i>Jilid 1 h. 263. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Azyumardi Azra, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ensiklopedi
Islam, </i>Jilid 5 h. 96.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, </i>Jilid 1 h. 263, Harun Nasution, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teologi Islam, </i>h.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>57.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pada dasarnya, masih banyak ajaran-ajaran furu’ (cabang)
al-Mu’tazilah yang terkait dengan theologis dan politik yang berbeda satu sama
lain. Untuk lebih jelasnya, lihat: Ahmad Amin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dhuha al-Islam, </i>Jilid 3 h. 100-197 dan Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, </i>Jilid 1 h.
263. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Galib Ibn Ali ‘Awaji, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Firaqun
Mu’ashirah 3, </i>Jilid 2 h. 823. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, </i>Jilid 1 h. 262.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Azyumardi Azra, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ensiklopedi
Islam, </i>Jilid 5 h. 96.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dirasatul Firaq;</i> <i>Kajian
tentang Aliran-Aliran Sesat dalam Islam</i>, (Solo: Tin Ulin Nuha Ma’had ‘Aly
an Nur, t. thn.) Jilid 2 h. 824-825.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid. </i>h. 128).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ahmad Amin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dhuha
al-Islam, </i>Jilid 3 h.100-197. Dan Azyumardi Azra, <i>Ensiklopedi Islam, </i>Jilid
5 h. 97.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Untuk mengetahui biografi tokoh-tokoh tersebut dan
ajaran-ajarannya, lihat: Ahmad Amin, <i>Dhuha al-Islam, </i>Jilid 3 h. 90-170,
dan Azyumardi Azra, <i>Ensiklopedi Islam, </i>Jilid 5 h. 97-98.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Paham itu diperoleh Washil melalui Abu Hasyim Abdullah Ibn
Muhammad al-Hanafiyah, bahkan konon Washil pernah bertemu langsung dengan
Ghailan. Lihat: Harun Nasution, <i>Teologi Islam, </i>h. 45.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>. h. 45.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ahmad Amin, <i>Dhuha al-Islam,</i> Jilid 3 h. 98.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Azyumardi Azra, <i>Ensiklopedi Islam, </i>Jilid 5 h. 97.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, <i>al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, </i>Jilid
1 h. 275.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Azyumardi Azra, <i>Ensiklopedi Islam, </i>Jilid 5 h. 97.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, a<i>t-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, </i>Jilid
1 h. 241-242. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ahmad Amin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dhuha
al-Islam,</i> Jilid 3 h. 90</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ensiklopedi Islam, </i>Jilid 5 h. 95.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dirasatul Firaq,</i>
h. 131.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Harun Nasution, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teologi
Islam, </i>h. 57.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Muhammad Husain al-Dzahabi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassirun, </i>Jilid 5 h. 96.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ahmad Amin, <i>Dhuha al-Islam,</i> Jilid 3 h. 95. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: yellow;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Arabic","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid,</i> h. 207.</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-14749667567738697292013-01-24T17:38:00.000-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.022-07:00Dinasti Mamluk<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNQoMUaS9hRTIEpWE4lfY616O-2aKv56YaO_mZerjqsUD_dQkgpREJG96HorN1AbMP9GaRXtbdwVvdI3eYXRLj8nk-cuzeEMdnnss87VRbblcHoEp-_9fqiuPPreGR9Ga7D6fuKK_QC-w/s1600/Gambar+Animasi+Bergerak+Lucu.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNQoMUaS9hRTIEpWE4lfY616O-2aKv56YaO_mZerjqsUD_dQkgpREJG96HorN1AbMP9GaRXtbdwVvdI3eYXRLj8nk-cuzeEMdnnss87VRbblcHoEp-_9fqiuPPreGR9Ga7D6fuKK_QC-w/s1600/Gambar+Animasi+Bergerak+Lucu.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DINASTI MAMLUK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sejarah Terbentuknya Dinasti Mamluk</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mamluk
adalah sebuah rezim yang dikendalikan oleh pasukan budak, inemerintah Mesir,
Suria, Asia kecil tenggara dan A:ab barat (hijaz).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinasti Mamluk di Mesir adalah adalah
dinasti terakhir di dunia Arab untuk abad pertengahan 1 250-1800 M). Philip K.
Hitti menyebutkan bahwa dinasti Mamluk adalah dinasti yang luar biasa karena
dinasati di dihimpun dan budak-budak yang berasal dan berbagai ras yang dapat
membentuk suatu </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pemerintahan oligarki di suatu negara yang bukan tumpah darah
mereka.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sultan-sultan yang berasal dan budak-budak mi pantas diacungi jempol karena
keberhasilannya mendirikan suatu kerajaan yang kokoh dan kuat. Dinasti Mamluk
di Mesir rnulai bangkit bersamaan dengan runtuhnya kekuasaan Islam di Bagdad
dan pengunduran Islam di Spanyol. Dinasti mi dikenal pula dengan nama Daulat
al-Atrak yang pada perkembangan selanjutnya, wilayah kekuasaannya meiiputi
Mesir dan Syiria.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kaum
Mamluk adalah para imigran Mesir yang pada awalnya merupakan budak-budak yang
datang dan daerah pegunungan Kaukasus dan laut Kaspia. Mereka ditempatkan di
barak-barak militer pulau Raudoh di sungai Nil untuk dilatih dan dididik secara
baik. Ditempat inilah mereka diajari membaca, menulis dan pengetahuan
kemiliteran, bahkan diberi pendidikan agama.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kaum Mamluk yang ditempatkan di sungai Nil disebut Mamluk al-Bahriyun dan kaum
Mamluk yang ditempatkan di benteng-benteng istana di kota Kairo disebut Mamluk
al-B urjiyun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terbentuknya
dinasti Mamluk di Mesir tidak dapat dipisahkan dan dinasti Ayyubiyah ketika terjadi
perebutan kekuasaan antara al-Malik as-Shalih dan al-Malik al-Kamil. Dalam
perebutan kekuasaan ini, para tentara yang berasal dan suku Kurdi memihak kepada
al-Malik al-Kamil, sementara para budak yang tergabung dalam Mamluk Bahri
mendukung al-Malik as-Shalih. Dalam perebutan kekuasaan ini, al-Malik as-Shalih
mampu mengalahkan al-Malik al-Kamil. Sejak saat itulah kaum Mamluk rnempunyai
pengaruh yang besar dalam bidang kemiliteran dan pemerintahan. Perhatian
al-Malik as-Shalib begitu besar kepada kaum Mamluk sehingga banyak di antara
mereka ditempatkan pada kelompok-kelompok elit yang terpisah dan masyarakat
atau kelompok meliter lainnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Perlakuan mi sebenarnya menguntungkan kedua belah pihak karena kehadiran kaum
Mamluk memberikan jaminan bagi berlangsungnya kekuasaan al-Malik as-Shalib,
sedangkan periakuan yang istimewa terhadap budak-budak itu bisa membenikan
kemudahan dalam peningkatan karir mereka dan imbalan-imbalan materil lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Malik
as-Shalih rneninggal pada 1429 M setelah menderita sakit dan timbul
kekacauan-kekacauan di berbagai daerah. Kematian as-Shalih dirahasiakan oleh
isterinya (Syajarat al-Dur), kemudian putera mahkota as-Shalih yang bernama
Turansyah memegang tampuk kekuasaan. Namun, kaum Mamluk Bahri menganggap bahwa
Turansyah bukan orang yang dekat dengan mereka. Selain itu, Turansyah juga
dianggap tidak tepat untuk rnenduduki pucuk kekhalitàhan karena lebih banyak
bermukim di Euprat. Oleh karena itu ia dianggap tidak menguasai seluk beluk
Mesir secara keseluruhan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Setelah itu diangkatlah Syajarat al-Dur sebagai Sultan mereka. Dan sinilah awal
terbentuknya dinasti Mamluk di Mesir yang dipimpin oleh seorang budak dan
berakhirlah dinasti Ayyubiyah menguasai Mesir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para
budak mengangkat Syajarat al-Dur sebagai pemimpin mereka dengan pertimbangan
sama-sama berdarah budak dan diharapkan akan membela kepentingannya. Alasan
lain pengangkatan Syajarat al-Dur karena adanya pertentangan atau persaingan di
kalangan kaum Mamluk itusendiri. Sebenarnya terdapat beberapa orang yang
berambisi untuk menjadi sultan, seperti Aybak, Baybar dan Qutuz. Dengan dukungan
para Amir Aybak disepakati meijadi wakil al-Dur dalam mengendalikan tugas-tugas
pemerintahannya. Namun, dikemudian dan Aybak pun mengawini al-Dur dan bertindak
sebagi Sultan dengan gelar al-Muiz al-Din. Tetapi akhirnya Aybak dibunuh di
kamar mandi oleh al-Dur karena ia ketahuan ingin menyingkirkan al-Dur sendiri.
Kemudian kekuasaan berpindah ke tangan anak Aybak yang bernama Ali bin Aybak
dalam usia yang sangat muda, akan tetapi kekuasaannya hanya sekedar mengisi
kekosongan karena yang memegang kendali pemerintahan adalah Qutuz yang
bertindak sebagai wakil sultan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Akhirnya Ali bin Aybak pun mengundurkan din karena merasa tidak mampu untuk
menduduki jabatannya dan secara otomatis Qutuzlah yang menjadi pengu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">as</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dimasa
pemerintahan Qutuz, dinasti Mamluk mendapat ancaman dan tentara Mongol. Mereka
telah menghancurkan Bagdad dan maju ke sungai Euprat menuju Syiria dan
selanjutnya melintasi gurun Sinai menuju Mesir. Sebelum menyerbu Mesir, tentara
Mongol yang dipimpin Kitbuga meminta kepada Qutuz untuk menyerah kepada Hulagu
di Bagdad, akan tetapi Qutuz menolak perrnintaan itu bahkan membunuh utusannya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Tentara Mongol dengan diperkuat oleh Armenia dan Georgia melintasi Yordania
menuju Galilea, tentara Mamluk di bawah komando Qutuz dan l3aybar bergerak ke
arah teuggara menghadang tentara Mongol sampai kemudian terjadilah perang di
Ainjalut yang berakhir dengan kekalahan tentara Mongol. Peristiwa di Ainjalut
mi sekaligus menghapus mitos bahwa tentara Mongol tidak dapat dikalahkan.
Kemenangan di Ainjalut juga membangkitkan semangat Islam di wilayah-wilayah
lain untuk melawan tentara Mongol di sekitarnya. Sejak saat itu, nama dinasti
Mamluk membumbung tinggi di mata dunia Islam sehingga penguasa-penguasa di
Syiria ketika itu menyatakan kesetiaannya kepada dinasti Mamluk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun
sultan-sultan yang pernah menjadi penguasa dinasti Mamluk adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinasti Mamluk Bahri</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thn. Pemerintah dlm Hijriyah</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sultan-Sultan Mamluk</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pemerintah dlm Masehi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">648</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Syajar
al-Dur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1250</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">648</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muiz
Aybak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1250</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">655</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nur
Al-Din Ali</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1257</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">657</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Syaf
al-Din Qutuz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1259</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">658</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Zahir
Bayabars</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1260</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">678</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baraka
Khan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1277</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">678</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bar
al-Din Salamish</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1279</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">678</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mansur
Qalawun</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1279</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">689</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asyraf
Khalil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1290</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">693</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasir
al-Din Muhammad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1293</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">984</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Zayn
al-Din Kitbugh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1294</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">696</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Husam
al-Din Lajim</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1296</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">698</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasir
Muhammad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1298</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">14</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">708</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rukh
al-Din Baybar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1308</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">709</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasir
Muhammad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1309</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">16</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">741</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayf
al-Din Abu Bakar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1340</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">17</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">742</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shihab
al-Din<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ahmad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1342</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">18</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">742</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Imad
al-Din Ismail</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1342</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">19</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">746</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayf
al-Din Sya’ban</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1345</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">20</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">747</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayf
al-Din Hajji</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1346</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">21</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">748</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasir
al-Din Hassan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1347</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">22</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">752</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah
al-Din Shalih</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1351</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">23</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">755</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasir
Hassan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1354</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">24</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">762</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mansur
Muhammad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1361</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 25;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">25</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">764</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ashraf
Sya’ban</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1363</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 26;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">26</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">778</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">‘Ala
al-Din Ali</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1367</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 27;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">27</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">783</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah
al-Din Hajji</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1381</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 28;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">28</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">784</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barquq</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1382</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 29; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">29</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">791-792
H</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah
al-Hajji</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1389-1309
M</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinasti Mamluk Burjiy</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thn. Pemerintah dlm Hijriyah</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sultan-Sultan Mamluk</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pemerintah dlm Masehi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">784</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayf
al-Din Barquq</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1382</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">801</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasir
Faraj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1398</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">808</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mansur
Abd. Azis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1405</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">809</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasir
Faraj</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1405</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">815</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Musta’in</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1412</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">815</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muayyad
Shaukh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1412</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">824</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muzaffar
Ahmad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1421</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">824</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Safy
al-Din Attar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1421</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">824</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasir
al- Din Muhammad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1421</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">825</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayf
al-Din Barsbay</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1422</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">842</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jamal
al-Din</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1433</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">842</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Syaf
al-Din Jaqmafy</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1433</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fakrul
al-Din Ahmad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1460</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">14</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">857</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayf
al-Din Inal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1453</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">865</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shihab
al-Din Ahmad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1460</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">16</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">865</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayf
al-Din Khushaq</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1461</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">17</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">872</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayf
al-Din Bilbey</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1468</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">18</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">872</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Zahir
Timurbugha</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1468</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">19</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">873</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sayf
al-Din Qait Bay</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1478</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">20</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">901</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasir
Muhammad</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1495</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">21</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">904</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Zahir
Qansuh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1498</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">22</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">905</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asgraf
Janbalat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1499</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">23</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">905</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Qunsuh
al-Ghuri</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 24; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.75pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">24</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.35pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">922-923</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tuman
Bay</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.45pt;" valign="top" width="161"><div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1516-1517</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kemajuan yang tercapai oleh Dinasti Mamluk.</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah
Qutuz meninggal, Baybar dinobatkan menjadi sultan Mamluk. Dinasti Mamluk pada
masa Baybar mi mencapai puncak kejayaannya sehingga dikatakan bahwa Baybar
sebagai pembangun hakiki dinasti Mamluk dan sultan yang terbesar. Di antara
kemajuan yang dicapai adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -10.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bidang
Kemiliteran dan Pemerintahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
rangka menagkis ancaman dan dalam dan luar negeri, Baybar secara
sungguh-sungguh melakukan konsolidasi di bidang kemiliteran dan pemerintahan. Kaum
elit militer ditempatkan pada kelompok politik elit dan jabatan-jabatan penting
dipegang oleb anggota militer yang berprestasi. Ia mengetahui benar bahwa
masyarakatnya yang rnayoritas sunni menginginkan kesultanannya mendapat pengesahan
keagamaan dan khalifah. Untuk itu, ia melakukan baiat terhadap AlMuntasir,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
khalifah keturunan Abbas yang berhasil melarikan diri ke Syiria ketika Khulagu
menghancurkan Bagdad.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baiat
Bayhar terhadap khalifah ternyata mengundang simpati penguasa Islam lainnya.
Selain itu, Baybar juga mengikuti jejak dinasti Ayyubiyah yaitu dengan cara
menghidupkan mazhab sunni dan dengan sendirinya ía mendapat simpati masyarakat
Mesir yang mayoritas sunni. Dalam pemerintahannya, Baybar menjalin hubungan
erat dengan negara-negara tetangga seperti Konstantinopel, Sycilia dan
negara-negara Iainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
bidang kemiliteran, Baybar diakui senagai panglima yang tangguh. Dalam kurun
waktu 6 tahun ia habiskan waktunya untuk menghancurkan sebagian besar kekuatan
salib di sepanjang pantai laut tengah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pemberontakan kaum Asasin di pegunungan Syiria dapat dilumpuhkan. Nubia dan
sepanjang pantai laut merah ditaklukkannya bahkan kapal-kapal Mongol di
Anatolia pun dirampasnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bidang
Ekonomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemajuan
dalam bidang ekonomi yang dicapai o!eh dinasti Mamluk lebih besar diperoleh dan
sektor perdagangan dan pertanian. Di sektor perdagangan, pemerintah dinasti
Mamluk memperluas hubungan dagang yang telah dibina sejak masa Fatimiyah,
misalnya dengan membuka jalur dagang dengan Italia dan Prancis. Setelah
jatuhnya Bagdad, Kairo menjadi kota yang penting dan strategis karena jalur
perdagangan dan Asia Tengali dan Teluk Persia hampir dipastikan me1ui Bagdad.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Keadaan mi menjadikan berlimpahnya devisa negara terutama dan sektor
perdagangan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk
mendukung kelancaran sektor ini, dinasti Mamluk memperbaiki sarana transportasi
untuk memperlancar perjalanan pedagang-pedagang terutama antara Kairo dan
Damaskus. Dalam sektor pertanian, pemerintah mengambil kebijakan pasar bebas
kepada petani, artinya petani diberi kebebasan untuk memasarkan sendiri hasil
pertaniannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -10.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bidang
Ilmu Pengetahuan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ilmu
pengetahuan mengalami kemajuan yang sangat besar pada masa dinasti Mamluk. Hal ini
disebabkan jatuhnya kota Bagdad yang mengakibatkan sebagian ahli ilmu pengetahuan
melarikan diri ke Mesir. Adapun ilmu-ilmu yang banyak berkembang pada saat itu
adalah sejarah, kedokteran, astronomi, matematika dan ilmu agama. Dalam ilmu
sejarah tercatat nama-nama besar, seperti Ibnu Khalikan, lbnu Tagribirdi, Abu
al-Fida dan Ibnu Khaldun. Dalarn bidang astronomi dikenal nama Nasir al-Din
al-Tusi seorang ahli observatorium dan Abu al-Faraz al-Gibni dalarn bidang
rnaternatika.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ilmu
kedokteran mangalami kemajuan dengan adanya penemuan baru. Ibnu al-Nafis
dikenal sebagai penemu susunan dan peredaran darah dalam paru-paru manusia.
Dalam karyanya Syarh Tasyrih al-Qanun; di dalamnya Ia memaparkan konsepsi yang
jelas tentang fungsi paru-paru sebagai sirkulator darah. Kemudian Abdul Mu’min
Dimyati seorang dokter ternama dalam ilmu kedokteran hewan menulis buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fadl al-Khail</i> (keunggulan pasukan
berkuda), psikoterapi yang dirintis oleh al-Razi dikembangkan oleb al-Juma’i di
Mesir yang mengarang buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Irsyad li
Masalih a!Anfas wa al-Ajsad</i> (Petunjuk untuk Kesehatan Jiwa dan Raga), lalu
lbnu Abi Mahasin dan Salahuddin beserta lbnu Yusuf mengembangkan ilmu
optalmologi (ilmu tentang penyakit mata).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalarn
bidang ilmu agarna, pada saat itu muncul ulama-uama besar, antara lain Ibnu
Taymiyah yang dikenal sebagai reformer pemikiran Islam yang bermazhab Hambali.
Selain itu, muncul pula orang-orang ternama seperti as-Suyuti dengan tulisannya
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Itqan fi Ulum al-A qur‘an</i> dan Ibnu
Hajar al-Asqalani yang termasyhur dalam bidang penulisan ilmu hadis.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dinasti Mamluk juga berhasil membangun sekolah-sekolah, mesjid-mesjid yang
indah sebagai pusat ilmu pengetahuan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bidang
Arsitektur</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Devisa
negara yang melimpah pada masa dinasti Mamluk memungkinkan mereka untuk
mendirikan bangunan-bangunan yang indah dan megah. Sejak masa pemerintahan
Qalawun, sultan-sultan Mamluk telah terbiasa memperindah bangunannya dengan
batu-batu benteng, batu kapur dan batu api yang diambil dan dataran tinggi
Mesir, terutama dalam bentuk kuburan-kuburan dan kubah-kubah mesjid yang terdiri
atas bebatuan tersebut. Hampir semua macam kerajinan yang berkembang saat itu
berhubungan erat dengan bangunan, khususnya bangunan yang bercorak religius.
Seperti hiasan perunggu pada pintu-pintu mesjid, kotak al-Qur’an yang terbuat
dan emas bertabur mutiara, mosaik-mosaik yang indah pada lengkung-lengkung
bangunan, karya seni dan kayu pada mimbar yang cukup rumit pembuatannya, yang
kesemuanya menunjukkan perkembangan seni dan kerajinan saat itu.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Di
antar karya-karya seni terapan itu, yang menjadi ciri Khas Mesir-Mamluk adalab
seni dekorasi kitab suci. Bidang kesenian ini mendapatkan kedudukan terhormat
karena berhubungan dengan “firman Allah” dan tingkat tingkat kesulitannya juga
jauh tebih tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karakter mewah dan halus dalam
berkesenian tidak hanya diterapkan pada objek-objek yang dianggap suci.
Berbagai perlengkapan rumah tangga seperti cangkir, mangkok, baki, pedupaan
juga rnerupakan gambaran hidup mewah sebagaimana dilukiskan oleh para penulis
kronik kontemporer. Di samping yang telah disebutkan tadi, masih banyak
karya-karya seni yang lain yang berkembang pada masa dinasti Mamluk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyebab Kemundiran dan Kehancuran
Dinasti Mamluk</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seperti
halnya dinasti-dinasti yang lain, dinasti Mamluk juga mengalami pasang surut.
Setelah mengalami kemajuan dalam berbagai bidang, dinasti ini mengalami masa
kemunduran yang pada akhirnya membawa pada masa kehancuran. Faktor-faktor yang
menyebabkan dinasti mi mengalarni kemunduran dan kehancuran di antaranya adalah
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perebutan
Kekuasaan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
masa penierintahan Qalawun, sultan Mamluk ke-8 melakukan perubahan dalam
pemerintahan, yaitu pergantian sultan secara turun menurun dan tidak lagi memberikan
kesempatan kepada pihak meliter untuk memilih sultan sebagai pemimpin mereka.
Di samping itu, Qalawun juga telah mengesampingkan kelompok Mamluk Bahri
sehingga makin lama pejabat dan Mamluk Bahriy semakin berkurang dan digantikan
oleh Mamluk Burjiy.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Perpindahan kekuasaan ke tangan Marniuk Burjiy membawa banyak perubahan gaya
pernerintahan dalam dinasti ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem
baru yang diterapkan Qalawun ternyata telah menimbulkan kericuhan dalam
pemerintahan. Pada masa ini Qalawun mengalami dua kali turun tahta karena
perebutan kekuasaan dengan Kitbuga dan Najim al-Mansur Hisamudin. Pada 1382 M.
Barquk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Dzahir Saef al-Din</i> dan
Mamluk Burjiy berhasil merebut kekuasaan dan tangan as-Salih Salahuddin, sultan
terakhir dan keturunan Qalawun. Sejak saat itulah mulai periode kekuasaan Mamluk
Burjiy.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meskipun
sultan-sultan Mamluk Burjiy menerapkan kembali sistem pemerintahan secara
oligarki seperti yang diterapkan Mamluk Bahriy sebelumnya, kekacauan tetap
berlanjut sehingga situasi mi dimanfàatkan oleh para amir untuk saling berebut
kekuasaan dan memperkuat posisinya di pemerintahan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Di samping itu, sultan yang memerintah dar tahun 1412 sampai 1421 M adalah
seorang pemabuk. Sultan inilah yang melakukan berbagai perbuatan yang melampaul
batas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada
pula seorang sultan yang lain yang tidak dapat berbahasa Arab sama sekali.
Adapun sultan yang memerintah pada tahun 1453 adalah orang yang tithk pandai
membaca dan menulis. Bahkan ada di antara sultan Mamluk l3urjiy yang bukan saja
buta huruf melainkan juga gila. Seorang sultan lainnya yang dibeli seharga
linia puluh dinar, telah mengorek mata dan dipotong lidahnya karena gagal mengubah
logam rongsokan menjadi emas.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemewahan
dan Korupsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sejak
pemerintahan Qalawun, pola hidup mewah telah menjalar di kalangan penguasa
istana, hahkan di kalangan para amir. Hal mi membuat keuangan negara sernakin
merosot dan untuk mengatasinya, pendapatan dan sektor pajak dinaikkan sehIngga
penderitaan rakyat semakin bertambah. Di samping itu, perdagangan pun semakin
sulit, seperti komoditi utama dan Mesir yang selama mi yang selama mi
diperjualhelikan bebas oleh para petani, diambil alih oleh sultan-sultan dan
keuntungannya digunakan untuk berfoya-foya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Korupsi, baik banyak maupun sedikit tidak hanya dilakukan oleh para sultan,
namun para pejabat rendahan pun melakukan hal yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Situasi
ekonomi kerajaan yang sangat buruk diperparah oleh kebijakan politik para
sultan yang mementingkan din sendiri. Para sultan menaikkan pajak yang tinggi,
baik pada orang-orang muslim maupun non muslim, sebab pajaklah satu-satunya
jalan untuk mendapatkan penghasilan yang banyak guna membiayai kegiatan
pemerintahan, menggaji pegawai-pegawai, melengkapi istana-istana dengan
berbagai kemewahan dan membangun bangunan monumental.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Merosotnya Perekonomian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sikap
penguasa dinasti Mamluk yang memeras pedagang dan membelenggu kebebasan petani
menyebabkan luntumya gairah dan Semangat kerja mereka. Keadaan mi semakin
memperburuk musim kemarau panjang dan wabah penyakit yang menjalar di negeri ini.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjelang
akhir periode Mamluk, faktor-faktor internasional memberikan kontribusi
terhadap meluasnya kemisikinan dan kesengsaraan negeri itu. Pada 1498, pelaut
Vasco Da Gama dan Portugis menemukan rute perjalanan di sekitar Tanjung Harapan.
ini merupakan peristiwa penting dalam sejarah kerajaan Suriah-Mesir. Tidak
hanya serangan armada Portugis dan negara Eropa lain semakin semakin sering menimpa
kapal-kapal muslim di laut Merab dan perairan India, tetapi juga secara
bertahap lalu lintas rempah-rempah dan produk-produk tropis lain dan India dan
Arab dialihkan dan pelabuhan-pelabuhan Suniah dan Mesir.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Akibatnya, salah satu sumber pendapatan nasional hancur sebab hal ini berdampak
besar terhadap pendapatan devisa negara yang selanjutnya melemahkan
perekonomian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
Serangan dan Turki Utsmani.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyebab
Iangsung runtuhnya dinasti Mamluk adalab terjadinya peperangan dengan tentara
Turki Utsmani yang terjadi dua kali.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada tahun 1516 M, terjadilah peperangan di Aleppo yang berakhir dengan
kekalahan total tentara Mamluk. Setelah menang di Aleppo, tentara Turki (Jasmani
malanjutkan perjalanannya untuk masuk ke daerah Mesir yang dalam perjalanan mi terjadi
lagi pertempuran yang sengit antara tentara Turki Utsmani dengan tentara
Mamluk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pertempuran mi terjadi ketika Mamluk
diperintah oleh Tuman Bay II (al-Asyrof) yang merupakan sultan terakhir dinasti
Mamluk. Dengan demikian, berakhirlah kekuasaan dinasti Mamluk di Mesir yang
berlangsung cukup lama dan sebagai akibatnya tampuk pemerintahan kekhalifahan dipindahkan
dan Kairo ke Istambul. Kairo yang sebelumnya menjadi ibi kota kerajaan,
sekarang tidak lebih dan sebuah kota protinsi dan kesultanan Turki Utsmani.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAF TAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ajid Thohir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perkembangan Feradaban di Kawasan Dunia Islam</i> Cet. I; Jakarta: RajaGrafindo
Persada, 2004.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Au Mufradi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islam di Kawasan Budaya Arab</i> Cet. I; Jakarta: Logos, 1977.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Badri Yatim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Peradahan Islam</i> Cet. VII; Jakarta: PT. Raja Gratindo
Persada,, 1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">________<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Peradahan Islam</i> Cet. X; Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafmdo Persada.,
2000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Carl Brockelman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Syu ‘ub al-Islamiyah</i>, Beirut: Dar Jim li al-Malayin,
1974.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C.E. Bosworth, The islamic Dinasties.
Diterjernahkan oleh Ilyas Hasan dengan judul “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dinasti-dinasti Islam</i>” Cet. I; Bandung: Mizan, 1993.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dewan Redaksi Ensikiopedi Islam, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ensikiopedi Islam</i> Cet. I; Jakarta: PT’.
Ikhtiyar Baru Van Hoeve, 1993.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hassan Ibrahim Hassan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islamic History and Culture From 632-1968.</i>
Diterjemahkan oleh Djahdan Human dengan judul “Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam
632-1968”, Edisi I Cet. I; Yogyakarta: Kota Kembang, 1989</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ira M. Lapidus, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A History of Islamic Societies</i>. Diterjemahkan oleh Ghufron A. Mas’udi
dalam Sejarah Sosial Ummat Islam. Bagian I dan II Cet. I; Jakarta: RajaGrafindo
Persada, 1999.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Joesoef Souyb, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Daulah Abbasiyah III</i> Cet. I; Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1978.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Musyrifah Sunanto, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Islam Klasik</i> Cet. I; Bogor: Kencana, 2003.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Philip K. Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of the Arabs</i> Cet. I; Jakarta: PT. Serambi ilmu Semesta,
2008. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">_________<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Arab Short a History</i>. Diterjemahkan oleh Ushuluddin Hutagalung
dan O.D.P. Sihombing dengan judul “Dunia Arab Sejarah Singkat” Bandung: Sumut,
1970.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim Penyusun Teks Books, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam</i>. Jilid 11,
(Ujung Pandang Proyek Dirjen Pendidikan Islam RI, Proyek Pembinaan dan
Perguruan Tinggi Agama lAIN Alauddin, 1982/1983</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Dewan Redaksi Ensikiopedi Islam, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ensiklopedi
Islam</i> (Cet. I; Jakarta: PT. Ikhtiyar Baru Van floeve, 1993),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 339</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Philip K. Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of
the Arabs</i> (Cet. I; Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2008), h. 859.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ajid Thohir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perkembangan Peradaban di
Kawasan Dunia Islam</i> (Cet. I; Jakarta: Graha Gratindo Persada, 2004), 124.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid. </i>h. 125</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Badri Yatini, Sejarah Peradaban Islam (Cet. VII; Jakarta: PT.
RajaGrafindo Persada, 1998), h. 125</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Musyrifah Sunaiito, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Islam Klasik</i>
(Cet. I; Bogor: Kencana, 2003),h. 210.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
C.E. Boswortli, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Islamic Dinasties</i>.
Diterjemahkan oleh Ilyas Hasan dengan judul “Dinasti-diasti Islam (Cet. I;
Bandung: Mizan, 1993), h. 91.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ajid Thohir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op.cil</i>., II. 128.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Joesoef<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Souyb. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Daulah Abbasi ah III</i> (Cet. I; Jakarta: Bulan Bintang,
1978), h. 311.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Philip K. Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Arab Short a
History. Diterjemahkan</i> oleh Ushuluddin Kutagalung dan O.D.P. Sihombing
denganjudul “Dunia Arab Sejarah Singkat” (Bandung: Surnut, 1970), h. 679.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Badri Yatim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah
Peradaban lslam</i> (Cet. X; Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2000), h. 123.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Philip K. Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Arab Short a History</i>,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> op.cit</i>., h. 283.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Carl Broekelman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Syu‘ub
al-Islamiyah</i>, (Beirut: Dar tim Ilm al-Malayin, 1974), h. 369.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Philip K. Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of the Arabs</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op.cit.</i>, h. 886.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Tim
Penyusun Teks Books, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Kebudayaan
Islam, op. cit.</i>, h. 9.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ajid Ihohir,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Op.cil,</i> h. 130.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Philip K. Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of theArabs</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op.cit</i>, h. 891.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Philip K. Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of theArabs</i>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op.cit</i>, h. 695.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Philip K. Hitti, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of the Arabs,
op.cit</i>., h. 891</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
C.E. Bosworth. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op.cit</i>.. h. 92.</span><br />
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LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-26688156954969487462013-01-22T16:17:00.001-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.033-07:00Khalifah Ali Bin Abi Thalib<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">KHALIFAH ALI BIN ABI THALIB</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Profil Ali ibn Abi Thalib</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Nama lengkapnya adalah Abu Hasan Ali
ibn Abi Thalib ibn Abdul Muththalib al-Hasyimi al-Qurasyi. Sewaktu lahir beliau
bernama Haydar (al-Hayadarah) oleh ibunya yang bernama Fatimah binti As’ad,
namun kemudian diganti oleh ayahnya yang bernama Abu Thalib ibn Abd Muththalib
dengan nama Ali. Beliau juga gelar Abu Thurab (Si Bapak debu-tanah) oleh nabi
karena pernah dijumpai tidur diatas tanah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<a name='more'></a>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 48.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Saudara sepupu dan putra angkat nabi
ini lahir di dalam Ka’bah pada 600 M., tahun 23 sebelum hijrah. Beliau
tergolong generasi pertama yang memeluk islam setelah Khadijah binti Khuwailid,
sesaat setelah al-Qur’an memerintahkan nabi untuk memberi peringatan kepada
kerabat-kerabatnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 35.45pt 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sejak memeluk
islam, beliau selalu bersama dengan rasulullah saw. Taat kepadanya dan banyak
menyaksikan proses turunnya wahyu. Sebagai anak asuh yang dibesarkan di rumah
nabi. Sejak kecilnya beliau sangat disayangi sehingga tatkala tiba usia dewasa,
beliau dinikahkan dengan putri nabi yang bernama Fatimah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ali dikenal sangat z<i>ahid</i>
dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tidak tampak perbedaan dalam kehidupan rumah
tangganya antara sebelum dan sesudah diangkat sebagai khalifah. Kehidupan
sederhana itu bukan hanya diterapkan pada dirinya, melainkan juga kepada
putra-putrinya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ali
adalah sahabat yang sangat disegani karena kepiawaiannya dalam banyak macam
ilmu pengetahuan, baik soal hukum, rahasia ketuhanan maupun segala persoalan
keagamaan secara teoritis dan praktis. Rasulullah sendiri memujinya sebagaimana
sabdanya: Aku adalah gudangnya ilmu dan Ali adalah kuncinya<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Disamping
cerdas, Ali juga dikenal sebagai panglima perang yang gagah perkasa. Keberaniannya
menggetarkan hati lawan-lawannya. Beliau mempunyai sebilah pedang warisan dari
rasululullah saw.bernama “Zul Fiqar”<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Beliau turut serta pada hampir semua peperangan yang terjadi pada masa
rasulullah saw. dan selalu menjadi andalan di barisan terdepan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">B.<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ali ibn Abi Thalib: Khalifah, Perjuangan</i><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="mso-ansi-font-style: italic;"><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Tantangan</i>.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
saat Abu Bakar menjadi khalifah di usianya yang keenam puluh, Ali saat itu
adalah sudah menjadi tokoh muda yang energik yang baru berusia tiga puluh
tahunan, namun orang-orang disekitarnya selalu meminta pandangan-pandangannya
dalam berbagai hal. Ali tetap menyatakan kesetiaannya kepada ketiga khalifah
dan mengakui abilitas dan integritasnya. Ali memiliki kontribusi yang besar
dalam usaha konsolidasi kekuatan islam, yang sedang menghadapi berbagai
tantangan sepeninggal rasululullah saw. meskipun beliau dianggap salah seorang
yang paling pantas untuk menggantikan rasulullah, beliau tidak menampilkan diri
untuk menjadi kandidat khalifah. Beliau malah menolak tawaran yang diajukan
oleh Abbas (paman nabi), dan Abu Sofyan yang secara sukarela menyatakan
dukungan dan kesetiaannya pada Ali untuk menjadi khalifah. Beliau ditempatkan
oleh banyak kalangan dalam sederetan negarawan ulung yang ditandai dengan sikap
legowo, setia mendukung Abu Bakar, Umar, Utsman sebagai khalifah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Posisi
terhormat Ali ibn Abi Thalib tergambar dari kebijakan Umar bin Khattab atas
pengangkatannya dalam komisi Syura “Komisi Pemilih” di penghujung usianya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Komisi ini bertugas memilih khalifah penerus tonggak kepemimpinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
masa pemerintahan Utsman bin Affan Ali ibn Abi Thalib senantiasa memberi
nasehat agar beliau bersikap tegas terhadap kaum kerabatnya yang melakukan
penyelewengan yang mengatas namakan dirinya, namun nasehat-nasehat tersebut
tidak ditanggapi. Akibatnya, orang-orang yang tidak setuju kepadanya
melancarkan protes dan huru-hara. Utsman bin Affan memimpin kekhalifahan selama
12 tahun namun para sejarawan mencatat bahwa tidak seluruh masa kepemimpinannya
meraih kesuksesan. Enam tahun pertama merupakan masa pemerintahan yang baik
enam tahun berikutnya masa pemerintahan yang buruk.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Paruh terakhir kepemimpinan khalifah Utsman menghadapi banyak pemberontakan dan
oposisi sebagai bentuk protes ummat islam atas kebijakan pemerintahannya yang
cenderung terlalu mengakomodir kepentingan-kepentingan Bani Umayyah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ketidak puasan yang membara itu meledak dalam bentuk pemberontakan
pada tahun 35 H./656 M., ketika rombongan pemberontak dari Bashrah dan Mesir
bergerak ke Madinah di bawah kepemimpinan para Qurra(oposisi kaum shaleh).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam keadaan terdesak, Utsman meminta bantuan kepada Ali. Ketika itu Ali
berupaya memadamkan kekacauan sekuat mungkin, tetapi keadaan sangat sulit.
Ketika rumah Utsman dikepung oleh kaum pemberontak, Ali memerintahkan kedua
putranya, Hasan dan Husein untuk bersiaga di rumah Utsman dan melindunginya
dari kerumunan orang. Akan tetapi karena pemberontak berjumlah besar dan sudah
kalap, mereka didesak dan didorong ke samping oleh massa, sehingga nyawa
khalifah Utsman tidak dapat diselamatkan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dalam suasana keruh menyusul pembunuhan khalifah Utsman, pandangan
orang mulai mengarah kepada Ali ibn Abi Thalib. Banyak yang menyebutkan posisi
dan keutamaan beliau.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kaum muslimin di Madinah didukung oleh ketiga-tiga pasukan yang datang dari
Mesir, Basrah dan Kufah, meminta kesediaan Ali untuk dibai’at menjadi khalifah.
Mereka beranggapan bahwa tidak ada lagi selain Ali yang patut menduduki kursi
khalifah setelah Utsman.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Pada saat itu, stabilitas keamanan di kota Madinah menjadi rawan,
disaat yang sama kebingungan melanda kota, penduduk dihantui perasaan takut dan
tidak tenang, hukum tidak berlaku, para sahabat bertebaran di berbagai kota,
apalagi pada waktu itu bertepatan dengan musim haji, banyak diantara
sahabat-sahabat terkemuka yang menunaikan ibadah haji, diantaranya adalah
Aisyah r.a. Kecuali beberapa diantaranya yang tetap berada di Madinah di bawah
pimpinan Thalhah bin Ubaidillah dan Zubair bin Awwam. Sedangkan mereka itu
tidak semuanya menyokong Ali.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Walaupun demikian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ali tetap dibai’at
sebagai khalifah keempat oleh mayoritas sahabat yang ada di Madinah, termasuk
didalamnya Thalhah bin Ubaidillah dan Zubair bin Awwam serta para pemberontak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peristiwa pembai’atan ini
terjadi pada hari Jum’at,13 Dzul Hijjah 35 H./23 Juni 656 M di Mesjid Nabawi,
seperti pembai’atan para khalifah sebelumnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ali sendiri sesungguhnya
tidaklah terlalu berambisi dengan jabatan itu, pada awalnya beliau menampik<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
dengan mengatakan bahwa Thalhah dan Zubairlah yang lebih cocok untuk menempati
posisi kekhalifahan tersebut. Hanya karena terus-menerus didesak, kemudian
dukungan yang datang makin gencar, akhirnya beliau menerima jabatan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seperti halnya ketiga
khalifah sebelumnya, sesaat setelah terpilih, khalifah Ali juga menyampaikan
pidato sambutan khalifah yang diawali dengan ucapan syukur dan puja-puji kepada
Allah swt. Diiringi dengan shalawat kepada Nabi dan keluarganya, kemudian
dilanjutkan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Hadirin
saudaraku, kalian telah membai’at saya sebagaimana yang telah kalian lakukan
terhadap khalifah-khalifah sebelum saya. Saya hanya boleh mengelak sebelum
jatuh pilihan, tetapi kalau pilihan telah dijatuhkan , maka saya tak dapat lagi
menolak. Imam atau pemimpin harus teguh dan rakyat mesti patuh. Bai’at terhadap
diri saya ini adalah bai’at yang rata dan umum. Barang siapa yang ingkar
darinya terpisahlah ia dari agama Islam.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Kaum
muslimin sekalian, sesungguhnya Allah ta’ala telah menurunkan al-Qur’an yang
didalamnya terdapat petunjuk-petunjuk tentang kebaikan dan keburukan. Maka
ambillah yang baik niscaya kalian akan memperoleh petunjuk yang benar, dan
jauhilah yang jelek agar kalian terhindar dari akibat buruknya.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Allah
ta’ala mengharamkan sesuatu dan ada pula yang dihalalkannya. Perhatikanlah
sungguh-sungguh dan kerjakanlah yang halal itu serta tinggalkanlah yang haram,
pasti kalian akan diantar ke surga. Taatilah perintah Allah dan janganlah
berbuat maksiat. Suatu pekerjaan hendaklah ditunaikan secara ikhlas. Seorang
muslim ialah mereka yang tidak menyakiti sesamanya, baik dengan lidah (kata)
maupun dengan anggota tubuhnya ( sikap dan perbuatan). Tidak boleh mengambil
harta bendanya tak juga boleh mencela perangainya, kecuali dengan alasan yang
benar.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Hendaklah
kalian saling berpacu dalam memperbanyak perbuatan kebajikan untuk kepentingan
masyarakat. Janganlah takut menghadapi kematian, karena bagaimanapun juga
kematian pasti bakal datang menjemput dimana saja. Jagalah ketakwaan kamu
kepada Allah swt. Dan jangan menentangnya. Hindarilah mengambil harta orang
lain, sebab kamu nanti akan ditanyai Allah apa saja yang kamu kerjakan, walau
urusan terhadap hewan sekalipun. Kalau melihat kebaikan hendaklah kalian
lakukan dan jika tampak olehnya kejahatan, maka jauhi dan tinggalkanlah.”<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Segera setelah dibai’at,
khalifah Ali mengambil langkah-langkah politik<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>,
yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memecat para pejabat yang
diangkat oleh Utsman, termasuk didalamnya beberapa gubernur lalu menunjuk
penggantinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengambil tanah yang telah
dibagikan Utsman kepada keluarga dan kaum kerabatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memberikan kepada kaum muslimin
tunjangan yang diambil dari bait al-mal, seperti yang pernah dilakukan oleh Abu
Bakar, pemberian dilakukan secara merata, tanpa membedakan sahabat yang lebih
dulu memeluk agama Islam atau yang belakangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Meninggalkan kota Madinah dan
menjadikan kota Kufah sebagai pusat pemerintahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">1. Tantangan dari Thalhah cs</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Masa pemerintahan Khalifah Ali bin
Abi Thalib diwarnai dengan berbagai pemberontakan. Tidak berselang lama setelah
mengambil kebijakan-kebijakan, beliau menghadapi tantangan dari berbagai pihak
diantaranya Thalhah bin Ubaidillah, Zubair bin Awwam dan Aisyah. Mereka-mereka
inilah yang menuntut khalifah agar segera menghukum para pembunuh Utsman. Dan
yang sangat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disayangkan, pihak-pihak
yang terlibat langsung menyaksikan terjadinya tragedi tersebut juga ikut
menuntut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ada juga yang berpendapat bahwa
pemberontakan itu dilatar belakangi oleh keinginan Thalhah dan Zubair untuk
merebut jabatan khalifah, akan tetapi mereka tidak mempunyai cukup dukungan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sementara itu Aisyah ikut terlibat
karena diminta oleh anak angkatnya yang juga keponakannya sendiri, Abdullah bin
Zubair yang juga berambisi menjadi khalifah. Dan juga, konon Aisyah dari dulu tidak
akur dengan Ali. Thalhah dan Zubair bertemu dengan Aisyah dalam perjalanannya
ke Mekkah dengan alasan pergi Haji.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Akan tetapi tuntutan mereka sangat
sulit dikabulkan oleh khalifah dengan alasan: <i>pertama</i>, karena tugas
utama yang mendesak dilakukan dalam situasi kritis yang penuh intimidasi
seperti saat itu adalah memulihkan ketertiban dan mengkonsolidasikan kedudukan
kekhalifahan. <i>Kedua</i>, menghukum para pembunuh bukanlah perkara mudah
sebab khalifah Utsman tidak dibunuh oleh satu orang saja, melainkan banyak
orang dari Mesir, Irak, dan Arab yang secara langsung terlibat dalam perbuatan
makar tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sementara itu, di Mekkah telah
berkumpul para tokoh oposisi yang menginginkan agar hukuman segera dijatuhkan
kepada para pembunuh utsman, gubernur-gubernur yang diangkat pada masa utsman
yang berasal dari Bashrah dan Yaman telah membawa semua dana yang mampu mereka
bawa ke Mekkah ketika mereka dinyatakan dipecat dari jabatannya oleh khalifah
Ali. Lalu uang tersebut mereka pergunakan untuk mempersenjatai kekuatan mereka
yang direncanakan untuk menghajar Bashrah, setelah itu mereka kemudian mencari
dukungan dari Aisyah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Namun khalifah Ali mendengar rencana
mereka itu, dengan cepat beliau mempersiapkan pasukannya dan menyusul mereka ke
Bashrah. Sesampai disana, khalifah tidak segera menyerang, tetapi berupaya
untuk berdamai dengan mengirim surat kepada Thalhah dan Zubair agar mereka mau
berunding. Namun tampaknya penyelesaian damai sulit dicapai sehingga kontak
senjata yang dahsyat pun tidak dapat dielakkan lagi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peperangan yang terjadi pada tahun
36 H.di Khuraibah (seputar kota Bashrah) terkenal dengan nama “Perang Unta” (<i>jamal</i>),
karena dalam peperangan itu Aisyah menunggangi unta. Peperangan tersebut
memakan banyak korban, kurang lebih 20.000 kaum muslimin gugur dalam peristiwa
perang tersebut. Peperangan itu berhasil dimenangkan oleh Khalifah. Thalhah dan
Zubair ikut terbunuh ketika hendak melarikan diri, sementara Aisyah berhasil
ditawan dan dikawal kembali ke Madinah dengan penuh penghormatan sebagai Ummul
Mu’minin, sedangkan beliau tetap berada diatas untanya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Segera setelah menyelesaikan gerakan
Thalhah cs, pusat kekuasaan Islam dipindahkan ke kota Kufah. Madinah Sejak saat
itu berakhir menjadi ibu kota kedaulatan Islam, dan tidak ada lagi khalifah
yang berkuasa berdiam disana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2. Tantangan dari Mu’awiyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seperti halnya Thalhah cs,
kebijakan-kebijakan khalifah Ali juga mengakibatkan timbulnya pemberontakan
dari Mu’awiyah selaku gubernur Damaskus(Syiria) yang diangkat oleh Utsman,
Mu’awiyah enggan menyerahkan jabatannya kepada pejabat baru. Namun sikap
pembangkangan ini tidak ditindaki dengan tegas oleh khalifah Ali, khalifah hanya
mengirim surat undangan untuk datang menghadap kepada khalifah dan sekaligus
menyatakan kesetiaannya pada Ali sebagai khalifah. Tetapi Mu’awiyah menolak
hingga akhirnya berkobar lagi pertempuran antar sesama muslim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Khalifah Ali beserta pasukannya
bergerak meninggalkan Kufah menuju Syam.Mendengar berita kedatangan mereka,
Mu’awiyah dan pasukannya bersiap-siap menghadang diluar kota. Kedua pasukan
bertemu di suatu tempat yang bernama Siffin<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Yang kemudian menjadi nama atas perang tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada peperangan yang terjadi pada
tanggal 1 shafar 37 H./657 M. di dekat sungai Eufrat tersebut, khalifah
mengerahkan 50.000 pasukan. Setelah perang berlangsung beberapa hari, pasukan
Mu’awiyah terdesak dengan gugurnya 7.000 pasukannya dan tanda-tanda kemenangan
terlihat dipihak Khalifah Ali.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada saat Mu’awiyah dan tentaranya
terdesak Amr bin Ash sebagai penasehat Mu’awiyah yang dikenal cerdik dan pandai
berunding, meminta agar Mu’awiyah memerintahkan pasukannya mengangkat mushaf
al-Qur’an di ujung tombak sebagai isyarat berdamai dengan cara <i>tahkim</i>
(arbitrase) dengan demikian Mu’awiyah terhindar dari kekalahan total.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mendengar tawaran itu, para imam
yang berada di pihak khalifah mendesak agar tawaran pihak Mu’awiyah itu
diterima. Dengan demikian, dicarilah jalan damai dengan mendakan
hakam(perundingan damai). Perundingan berlangsung pada bulan Ramadhan, dimana
masing-masing pihak menunjuk wakil yang akan menjadi hakim (juru penengah).
Dari pihak Mu’awiyah ditunjuk Amr bin Ash sedang dari pihak khalifah Ali
ditunjuk Abu Musa al-Asy’ari.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kedua hakim itu mempunyai watak dan sikap yang sangant berbeda. Amr bin Ash
dikenal pandai berpolitik sementara Abu Musa al-Asy’ari adalah orang yang
lurus, rendah hati dan mengutamakan kedamaian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seusai perundingan, Abu Musa sebagai
yang tertua dipersilahkan untuk berbicara lebih dahulu. Sesuai dengan
kesepakatan sebelumnyata antara mereka berdua, Abu Musa menyatakan
pemberhentian Ali dari jabatannya sebagai khalifah dan menyerahkan urusan
penggantiannya kepada kaum muslimin. Tetapi ketika tiba giliran Amr bin
Ash,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ia menyatakan persetujuannya atas
pemberhentian Ali<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan menetapkan jabatan
khalifah bagi Mu’awiyah. Ternyata Amr bin Ash menyalahi kesepakatan semula yang
dibuat bersama Abu Musa. Sepak terjangnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam peristiwa ini merugikan pihak Mu’awiyah.Ali menolak keputusan <i>tahkim</i>
tersebut, dan tetap mempertahankan kedudukannya sebagai khalifah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">3. Tantangan dari Khawarij</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sikap khalifah Ali yang menerima
tawaran berdamai dari pihak yang semula menyikong beliau dalam menumpas
pemberontakan Mu’awiyah itu kemudian keluar dari barisan dan bahkan berbalik
memusuhinya. Oleh sebab itu mereka dinamai kaum “Khawarij”(orang-orang yang
keluar). Dalam keyakinan mereka yang setuju ber-tahkim telah melanggar ajaran
agama. Menurut mereka, hanya tuhan yang berhak menentukan hukum, bukan manusia.
Semboyan mereka adalah <i>“La Hukma Illa Billah”</i> (tiada hukum kecuali bagi
Allah). Ali dan pasukannya dinilai telah berani membuat keputusan hukum, yaitu
berunding dengan lawan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelompok Khawarij menyingkir ke
Harurah, sebuah desa dekat Kufah. Disana mereka mengangkat pemimpin sendiri,
Syibis bin Rubi’it al-Tamimi sebagai panglima angkatan pereang dan Abdullah bin
Wahan al-Rasibi sebagai pemimpin keagamaan. Setelah itu mereka segera menyusun
kekuatan untuk menggempur khalifah dan orang-orang yang menyetujui <i>tahkim</i>,
termasuk didalamnya Mu’awiyah, Amr bin Ash dan Abu Musa al-Asy’ari.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk
menghadapi situasi itu, khalifah terpaksa berangkat dengan tentaranya untuk
menghadapi Khawarij. Mula-mula khalifah berpidato mengajak mereka supaya taat
dan kembali ke barisannya. Akan tetapi mereka enggan dan menjawab:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">“ Kami telah menjadi kafir karena
ber-tahkim kepada manusia oleh karena itu kami bertobat kepada Allah dan
kembali kepada Islam. Kini akuilah bahwa dirimu juga telah menjadi kafir,karena
itu hendaklah bertobat kepada Allah dan kembali kepada Islam, sebagaimana yang
telah kami lakukan.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Khalifah Ali mencela tuntutan mereka yang
begitu rendah, karena itu beliau berkata kepada mereka:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">“Apakah sesudah aku beriman,berhijrah dan
berjihad bersama Rasulullah lalu aku mengakui diriku menjadi kafir? Diriku tak
pernah kembali kepada kekafiran sekejap pun semenjak aku beriman kepada Allah.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kemudian mereka menjawab:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">“Kami tak hendak berbicara denganmu selain
ini. Hanya peranglah yang akan menentukan antara kami dan kamu.”<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Mendengar pernyataan ini, khalifah segera mengatur
pasukan-pasukannya dan bersiap-siap untuk memerangi mereka. Posisi khalifah
saat itu serba sulit. Di satu pihak, Beliau ingin menghancurkan Mu’awiyah yang
semakin kuat di Syam, sementara di pihak lain kekuatan Khawarij akan menjadi
sangat berbahaya jika tidak segera ditumpas. Akhirnya khalifah mengambil
keputusan untuk menumpas kekuatan Khawarij terlebih dahulu, kemudian menyerang
Syam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pertempuran sengit antara pasukan khalifah dan pasukan Khawarij
terjadi di Nahrawan (di sebelah timur Baghdad) pada tahun 38 H. dan berakhir
dengan kemenangan di pihak khalifah. Kelompok Khawarij berhasil dihancurkan
dalam waktu singkat, hanya sebagian kecil yang dapat meloloskan diri. Pemimpin
mereka Abdullah bin Wahab al-Rasibi ikut terbunuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sejak itu kaum Khawarij menjadi lebih radikal. Kekalahan di Nahrawan
menumbuhkan dendam di hati mereka, sehingga secara diam-diam mereka mereka
merencanakan pembunuhan terhadap tiga orang yang dianggap sebagai biang keladi
perpecahan umat. Tiga orang yang dimaksud adalah Ali bin Abi Thalib, Amr bin
Ash dan Mu’awiyah. Pelaksana tugas atas rencana pembunuhan tersebut terdiri
dari tiga orang pula, yaitu: Abd. Rahman bin Muljam ditugaskan untuk membunuh
khalifah di Kufah, Barak bin Abdillah al-Tamimi ditugaskan untuk membunuh
Mu’awiyah di Syam, dan Amr bin Abu Bakar al-Tamimi ditugaskan untuk membunuh
Amr bin Ash di Mesir. Namun diantara mereka, hanya Abd.Rahman bin Muljam saja
yang berhasil menunaikan tugasnya. Ia menusuk khalifah Ali dengan pedang
beracun ketika beliau hendak shalat subuh di Mesjid Kufah. Dua hari kemudian
khalifah Ali menghembuskan nafas terakhirnya yaitu pada tanggal 19 Ramadhan 40
H./ 25 Januari 661 M. Dalam usia 63 tahun.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Al-Baidzuri, <i>Futuhul buldan<b>,</b></i>
jilid V, Cet.III; Mesir: Maktabah an-Nahdhah, t.th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Arsyad, M.Natsir, <i>Seri Buku Pintar Islam III<b>: </b>Seputa<b>r
</b>Sejarah dan Muamalah</i> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cet.I;
bandung: al-Bayan , 1993</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">As-Salus, Ali Ahmad, <i>Aqidah al-Imamah ‘inda
as-Syi’ah al-Isna ‘Asyariyah<b> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></i>diterjemahkan
oleh Asmuni Solihan Zamakhsyari dengn judul <i>Imamah dan Khalifah Dalam
Tinjauan Syar’I</i>, Cet. I; Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 1997.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dewan redaksi ensiklopedi islam, <i>“Ali ibn Abi
Thalib,” Ensiklopedi Islam</i>, Jilid I; <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jakarta:
Ichtiar baru van houve, 1994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Glasse, Cyril,<b><i> </i></b><i>The Concise
Ensyclopedia Of Islam</i>, diterjemahkan oleh Ghufron A.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Mas’adi dengan judul <i>Ensyclopedi Islam,</i>
Cet.II ; Jakarta: PT.Raja Grafindo <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>persada,
1999.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hassan, Hassan Ibrahim, <i>Tarikh al-Islam al-Siyasi
wa al-Tsaqafi wa al-Ijtima’<b>,</b></i> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>diterjemahkan
oleh H.A.Bahauddin dengan judul <i>Sejarah dan Kebudayaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Islam,</i> jilid 1 Cet.I; Jakarta, Kalam
Mulia, 2002.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Iqbal, Afzal, <i>Diplomacy in early Islam,</i>
diterjemahkan oleh Samason Rahman, <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Diplomasi
Islam</i> Cet.I; Jakarta: Pustaka al-Kautrar, 2000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Khalid, Khalid Muhammad, <i>Khulafa al-Rasul</i>,
diterjemahkan oleh Zaid Husein al-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hamid
dengan judul <i>Kehidupan Para Khalifah teladan</i> , Cet. I; Jakarta: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pustaka Amani,1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kieraha, Meth,<b><i> </i></b><i>Awal dan Sejarah
Perkembangan Islam Syi’ah: Dari Saqifah <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sampai
Imamah<b> </b></i>Cet. II; Bandung: Pustaka Hidayah, 1995. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Mas’udi, Masdar F. <i>Islam Agama
Keadilan</i>, Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus, 1991.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Syalabi, Ahmad, <i>Mausu’ah al-Tarikh al-Islami</i>,
diterjemahkan oleh Mukhtar Yahya <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dan
M. Sanusi Latief dengan judul <i>Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam</i>, Cet. III; <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jakarta: PT.al-Husna Zikra, 1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Syazali, Munawir, <i>Islam dan Tata Negara</i>,
Jakarta: UI Press, 1991.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Yatim, Badri, <i>Sejarah Peradaban </i></span>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Dewan redaksi ensiklopedi islam, “<i>Ali ibn Abi Thalib</i>,” <i>Ensiklopedi
Islam,</i> Jilid I (Jakarta: Ichtiar baru van houve, 1994), H.111</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Khalid Muhammad Khalid, <i>Khulafa al-Rasul</i>, diterjemahkan oleh
Zaid Husein al-Hamid dengan judul <i>Kehidupan Para Khalifah teladan</i> (Cet.
I; Jakarta: Pustaka Amani,1995), h. 346 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span>
Cyril Glasse, <i>The Concise Ensyclopedia Of Islam</i>, diterjemahkan oleh
Ghufron A. Mas’adi dengan judul <i>Ensyclopedi Islam</i>, Cet.II (Jakarta:
PT.Raja Grafindo persada, 1999), h. 20</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> M.Natsir Arsyad, Seri Buku Pintar Islam III: Seputar Sejarah dan
Muamalah (Cet.I; bandung: al-Bayan , 1993), h. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Ensiklopedi Islam, <i>op. cit</i>., h. 112</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Afzal Iqbal, <i>Diplomacy in early Islam</i>, diterjemahkan oleh
Samason Rahman, <i>Diplomasi Islam</i> (Cet.I; Jakarta: Pustaka al-Kautrar,
2000), h. 203</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span>
Masdar F. Mas’udi, <i>Islam Agama Keadilan</i> (Jakarta: Pustaka Firdaus,
1991), h. 154</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Al-Baidzuri, <i>Futuhul buldan</i>, jilid V (Cet.III; Mesir: Maktabah
an-Nahdhah, t.th.), h. 26</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Munawir Syazali, <i>Islam dan Tata Negara</i> (Jakarta: UI Press,
1991), h.32</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Meth kieraha, <i>Awal dan Sejarah Perkembangan Islam Syi’ah: Dari
Saqifah Sampai Imamah</i> (Cet. II; Bandung: Pustaka Hidayah, 1995), h. 131 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <i>Ibid</i>., h. 132</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ali Ahmad as-Salusi, <i>Aqidah</i> <i>al-Imamah ‘inda as-Syi’ah
al-Isna ‘Asyariyah</i> diterjemahkan oleh Asmuni Solihan Zamakhsyari dengn
judul <i>Imamah dan Khalifah Dalam Tinjauan Syar’I</i> (Cet. I; Jakarta: Gema
Insani Press, 1997), h. 31</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Ensiklopedi Islam, <i>op. cit</i>., h.112</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span>
Hassan Ibrahim Hassan, <i>Tarikh al-Islam al-Siyasi wa al-Tsaqafi wa al-Ijtima’</i>,
diterjemahkan oleh H.A.Bahauddin dengan judul <i>Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam</i>,
jilid 1 (Cet.I; Jakarta, Kalam Mulia, 2002), h.505</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span>
<i>Ibid.,</i> h. 508</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span>
M. Natsir Arsyad, <i>op. cit</i>, h. 93</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span>
<i>Ibid.,</i> h. 93-94</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span>
Ensiklopedi Islam, <i>op. cit.,</i> h. 112-113</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span>
M. Natsir Arsyad, <i>op. cit.</i>, h. 85 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span>
<i>Ibid.,</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span>
Badri Yatim, Sejarah Peradaban Islam (Jakarta: PTRaja Grafindo Persada, 1993),
h. 40</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span>
<i>Ibid.,</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span>
<i>Ibid.,</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span>
Ensiklopedi Islam, <i>loc. cit.,</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""></a><i><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US"> Ibid.,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></span>
<i>Ibid.,</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span>
Ahmad Syalabi, <i>Mausu’ah al-Tarikh al-Islami</i>, diterjemahkan oleh Mukhtar
Yahya dan M. Sanusi Latief dengan judul <i>Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam</i>
(Cet. III; Jakarta: PT.al-Husna Zikra,1995), h. 318<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span>
Ensiklopedi Islam<i>, loc. cit</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span></span></span>
M.Natsir Arsyad, <i>loc. Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-3793998027197232332013-01-22T16:02:00.001-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.041-07:00Ilmu dan Pertimbangan Nilai<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwfxFusjOvRKEshTK5zPa0p59sOP7HH5ecyoYpUnnqMhzsq6LZ4tiGIGEVKieT_MbVsAkSg2es8hZRvorVIyOVhVIXPnFPI4YNuhnezvlhkRfhXdX_FWF3a6D-l2RJV6l1Y_QZi7RbBmI/s1600/474.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwfxFusjOvRKEshTK5zPa0p59sOP7HH5ecyoYpUnnqMhzsq6LZ4tiGIGEVKieT_MbVsAkSg2es8hZRvorVIyOVhVIXPnFPI4YNuhnezvlhkRfhXdX_FWF3a6D-l2RJV6l1Y_QZi7RbBmI/s200/474.gif" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ILMU DAN PERTIM BANGAN NILAI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian Ilmu</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata ilmu berasal dari bahasa Arab : <i>‘alima – ya’lamu – ‘ilman, </i>dengan
wazan – <i>fahima yafhamu</i> yang berarti : mengerti, memahami, memahami
benar-benar. Asmu’i telah memahaminya dengan bahasa filsafat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam bahasa
Inggris <i>science, </i>dari bahasa latin disebut <i>scientia </i>(Pengetahuan),
<i>scire </i>(mengetahui). Sinonim yang paling dekat dengan bahasa Yunani
adalah <i>episteme.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></a>
</i>Sedangkan dalam kamus bahasa Indonesia, pengertian ilmu adalah pengetahuan
tentang bidang yang disusun secara bersistem </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>menurut metode-metode tertentu,
yang dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan gejala-gejala tertentu di bidang
(pengetahuan) itu.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun menurut para ahli, definisi ilmu, antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mulyadi Kartanegara<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>,
ilmu didefinisikan sebagai pengetahuan tentang sesuatu sebagaimana adanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mohammad Hatta
: ilmu adalah pengetahuan yang teratur tentang pekerjaan kausal dalam suatu
golongan masalah yang sama tabiatnya, maupun menurut tampak dari luar, maupun
menurut bagian dari dalam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembahasan tentang ilmu, sumber (asal) dan cara memperoleh ilmu
merupakan pembahasan panjang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan amat
penting dalam filsafat. Cabang filsafat yang secara khusus membahas masalah ini
adalah <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">epistemologi</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Istilah epistemologi berasal dari bahasa Yunani, terdiri dari dua
suku kata, <i>episteme</i> yang berarti pengetahuan (<i>knowledge</i>)<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>, <i>logos</i>
berarti teori<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>,
pengetahuan, informasi<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>,
uraian atau ulasan<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Sehingga dapat dikatakan teori tentang pengetahuan, atau pengetahuan tentang
pengetahuan. Jhon. M. Echols dan Hassan Sadily, mengartikannya sebagai bagian
filsafat yang membahas tentang asal.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara terminology, epistemology menurut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Langeveld :
Teori pengetahuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang membicarakan tentang
hakikat pengetahuan, unsur-unsur pengetahuan dan susunan berbagai jenis
pengetahuan, pangkal tumpuannya yang pundamental, metode-metode dan
batasan-batasannya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jujun S.
Sumantri : Pembahasan secara mendalam segenap proses yang terlihat dalam usaha
memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Harun Nasution,
dalam bukunya <i>Filsafat Agama</i>: ilmu yang membahas apa pengetahuan itu dan
bagimana memperolehnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paul Monroe’s: <i>the
theory or doctrine of knowledge, more especially, an account of the possibility
of true or valid knowledge, of its nature and extent or limits.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari pengertian diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengertian
epistemology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah teori pengetahuan
tentang bagimana memperoleh pengetahuan dengan melalui proses tertentu sehingga
apa yang telah didapatkan dapat diterapkan dan diakui bahwa itu adalah suatu
ilmu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumber dan Cara pengambilan
Ilmu</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam hidup dan kehidupannya, manusia melihat masalah, lalu
memikirkannya dan melakukan observasi dengan cermat kemudian menghubung-hubungkan
hasil pengamatannya itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut para ahli ilmu pengetahuan, sumber ilmu pengetahuan
didasarkan pada:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Empiric/Indrawi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Empirik berasal dari bahasa Yunani <i>empiria</i>, yang berarti<i>
pengalaman<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></b></span></span></span></a>.
</i>Dari sini memunculkan istilah <i>empirisme </i>yaitu faham yang mengatakan
bahwa penginderaan adalah pengetahuan manusia berasal dari pengalaman manusia
itu sendiri, melalui dunia luar yang ditangkap oleh panca indera.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut M. Baqir Al-shadr, teori empirical/empirisme berpendapat
bahwa satu-satunya yang membekali<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akal
manusia dengan konsepsi-konsepsi dan gagasan-gagasan, dan (bahwa potensi akal
budi) adalah potensi yang tercerminkan dari berbagai persepsi inderawi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jadi, ketika menginderawi sesuatu, kita dapat memiliki suatu konsepsi
tentangnya, yakni <i>from</i> dari sesuatu itu dalam akal budi. Adapun
gagasan-gagasan yang tidak terjangkau oleh indera, tidak dapat diciptakan oleh
jiwa, tidak pula dapat dibangun secara esensial dan dalam bentuk berdiri
sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagi teori empirisme, pengalaman inderawi adalah satu-satunya
sumber penjamin kepastian kebenaran pengetahuan. Adapun metode yang digunakan
adalah metode verifikasi-induktif.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tokoh-tokoh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>utama empirisme
yang paling berpengaruh diantaranya adalah David Hume, Jhon Lucke, dan Bishop
Barkeley. Jhon Lucke misalnya adalah penentang utama teori rasionalisme dan
merupakan lawan dari Descartes dengan mengatakan bahwa ide bawaan adalah omong
kosong.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasio/Akal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasio atau akal adalah sumber pengetahuan. Oleh sebab itu, dari
pahaman ini menimbulkan pemahaman rasionalisme, yaitu paham yang
mengemukakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa sumber pengetahuan
manusia adalah pikiran, rasio/akal, dan jiwa.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Rasionalisme menekankan akal sebagai sumber utama pengetahuan manusia dan
pemegang otoritas terakhir bagi penentuan kebenaran. Manusia dengan akalnya
memiliki kemampuan untuk memiliki struktur dasar alam dunia ini secara <i>apriori</i>.
Pengetahuan diperoleh tanpa melalui pengalaman inderawi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> Singkatnya,
kaum rasionalisme mengatakan bahwa sumber pengatahuan manusia adalah akal atau
ide. Mereka tidak mendapatkan alasan munculnya sejumlah gagasan dan persepsi
dari indera, karena memang ilmu bukan konsepsi-konsepsi inderawi maka ia harus
digali secara esensial dari libuk jiwa.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tokoh utama dari teori ini adalah Rene Descartes (1596-1650) dan
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kedua tokoh ini sangat mendewakan akal budi, sehingga melahirkan paham
intelektualisme dalam dunia pendidikan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rasionalisme menekankan bahwa sumber satu-satunya dari pengetahuan
manusia adalah rasionya. Bagi paham ini, rasio mampu mengetahui kebenaran alam
semesta yang tidak mungkin dapat diketahui dengan melalui observasi. Paham ini
membantah paham empirisme, yakni pengalaman tidak mungkin dapat menguji
kebenaran “hukum sebab akibat”, sebab peristiwa yang banyak tak terhingga itu
tidak mungkin dapat diobservasi. Pengalaman hanya sampai menggambarkan, tetapi
tidak dapat dibuktikan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intuisi/hati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kata intuisi berasal dari bahasa inggris <i>intuition</i> yang
berarti gerak hati<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>,
langsung melihat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pentingnya pengetahuan yang diperoleh dengan intuisi adalah bahwa pengetahua
itu bukanlah pengetahuan yang berasal dari luar diri kita yang bersifat
dangkal, melainkan dari dalam diri kita.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari sini melahirkan paham intuisionisme, yaitu paham yang
berpendapat bahwa manusia mempunyai kemampuan khusus, yaitu cara khusus untuk
mengetahui yang tidak terikat kepada kemampuan indera maupun penalaran.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengetahuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>intuitif adalah
jenis pengetahuan yang memuat pemahaman secara cepat. Menurut Archie Bahm
adalah nama yang kita berikan pada cara pemahaman kesadaran ketika pemahaman
itu berwujud penampakan langsung.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ia menegaskan bahwa tidak ada pengintuisian tanpa melibatkan kesadaran, begitu
juga sebaliknya. Sedangkan Murtadha Muthahhari mempersamakan intuisi dengan
fislsafat akhlak/etika.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wahyu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wahyu adalah pengetahuan yang disampaikan oleh Tuhan (Allah) kepada
manusia lewat para Nabi dan Rasul-rasul-Nya. Wahyu ini dikondifikasikan dalam
tiga buah kitab suci yaitu; Taurat, Injil, dan Al-qur’an.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wahyu Tuhan
(agama) berisikan pengetahuan baik mengenai kehidupan seseorang yang terjangkau
oleh empirik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maupun yang mencakup
permasalahan yang transcendental, seperti latar belakang dan tujuan penciptaan
manusia, dunia dan segenap isinya serta kehidupan diakhirat nanti. Pengetahuan
ini berdasarkan kepercayaan atau keimanan kepada Tuhan sebagai sumber
pengetahuan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Murtadha Muthahhari, semua sumber ilmu pengetahuan telah
disampaikan oleh Al-qur’an sebagai wahyun dari Tuhan, baik itu yang empiris,
rasio/akal, maupun sesuatu yang melampaui keduanya. Hal ini digambarkan dalam
Al-qur’an</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt;">وَاللَّهُ
أَخْرَجَكُمْ مِنْ بُطُونِ أُمَّهَاتِكُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ شَيْئًا وَجَعَلَ
لَكُمُ السَّمْعَ وَالْأَبْصَارَ وَالْأَفْئِدَةَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahannya:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dan Allah
mengeluarkan dari perut ibumu dalam keadaan tidak mengetahui sesuatu apapun,
dan Dia member kamu pendengaran, pengelihatan dan hati, agar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kamu bersyukur. (Q.S. an-Nahl: 78)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam ayat ini Allah SWT telah menganugerahi manusia untuk mengkaji
alam dan telah member hati nurani/akal dan daya analisis agar manusia dapat
meneliti realitas-realitas segala sesuatu untuk mengetahui segala hukum-hukum
yang segala sesuatu itu.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam ayat ini, masih menurutnya, pendengaran dan pendengaran adalah dua alat
indera yang sangat penting untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan primer yang tidak
mendalam. Sedangkan hati/akal secara teknis digambarkan sebagai alat untuk
memperoleh pengetahuan yang mendalam dan logis. Dan juga Al-qur’an mengakui
ketakwaan dan kesucian jiwa sebagai sarana untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt;">يَا
أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ تَتَّقُوا اللَّهَ يَجْعَلْ لَكُمْ فُرْقَانًا
وَيُكَفِّرْ عَنْكُمْ سَيِّئَاتِكُمْ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ ذُو الْفَضْلِ
الْعَظِيمِ</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahannya:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hai orang-orang
beriman, jika kamu bertaqwa kepada Allah, kami akan memberiakan kepadamu
Furqan. Dan akan kami jauhkan dirimu dari kesalahan-kesalahanmu dan mengampuni
dosa-dosamu. Dan Allah mempunyai karunia besar. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(QS:
al-Anfal: 29)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ilmu dan Pertimbangan Nilai (Aksiologi)</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembahasan tentang nilai sebuah ilmu filsafat dibahas dalam cabang
filsafat yang disebut aksiologi. Aksiologi berasal dari perkataan <i>axios</i> (Yunani)
yang berarti layak, pantas. Dan <i>logos</i> berarti ilmu, teori.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam bahasa inggris <i>axsiology</i> artinya teori umum tentang nilai, norma,
martabat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun beberapa
defenisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aksiologi secara terminilogy
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jujun S. Sumantri: teori nilai yang berkaitan dengan kegunaan dari
pengetahuan yang diperoleh.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Loren’s Bagus,
mencatat beberapa pengertian dalam bukunya <i>Kamus Filsafat</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aksiologi merupakan analisis nilai-nilai. Maksudnya ialah membatasi
arti, ciri-ciri, asal, tipe, criteria dan status epistemologis dari nilai-nilai
itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aksiologi merupakan studi yang menyangkut teori umum tentang nilai atau
suatu studi yang menyangkut segala yang bernilai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aksiologi adalah studi filsofis tentang hakikat nilai-nilai.
Pertanyaan mengenai hakikat nilai ini dapat dijawab dengan tiga cara: 1) nilai
sepenuhnya berhakikat subjektif. Dari sudut pandang ini, nilai-nilai merupakan
reaksi-reaksi yang diberikan oleh manusia sebagai pelaku. Pengikut teori
idealisme subyektif (positivisme logis, emotivisme analisis linguistic dan
etika) menganggap nilai sebagai pengungkap perasaan psikologis, sikap subyektif
manusia kepada objek yang dinilainya. 2) nilai-nilai merupakan kenyataan namun
tidak terdapat dalam ruang dan waktu. Nilai-nilai merupakan esensi-esensi logis
dan dapat diketahui akal. 3) nilai-nilai merupakan unsur-unsur objektif yang
menyusun kenyataan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aksiologi: teori nilai, penyelidikan mengenai kodrat, kriteria dan
status metafisik dari nilai dalam pemikiran filsafat Yunani, studi mengenai
nilai ini mengedepankan dalam pemikiran Plato mengenai idea tentang kebaikan
atau lebih dikenal <i>summum Bonum.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lapie
dalam bukunya <i>Logique de La Volonte </i>dan F. Von Hartman dalam bukunya <i>Grundrider
Axiologie</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
Teori tentang nilai dibagi menjadi: a) nilai etika, b) nilai estetika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Istilah etika berasal dari kata <i>ethos (</i>Yunani) yang artinya
adat kebiasaan. Dalam istilah lain, para ahli istilah menyebutnya dengan <i>moral</i>.
Walaupun antara kedua istilah itu ada perbedaannya, namun para ahli tidak
membedakannya secara tegas, bahkan cenderung untuk memberi arti yang sama
secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>praktis. <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Estetika </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Estetika merupakan nilai-nilai yang berhubungan dengan kreasi seni,
dengan pengalaman-pengalaman yang berhubungan dengan seni dan kesenian.
Kadang-kadang estetika diartikan sebagai filsafat seni, dan kadang-kadang
dinyatakan sebagai hakikat keindahan. Tetapi sesungguhnya konsep keindahan
hanya satu saja dari sejumlah konsep dalam filsafat seni.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Problem utama aksiologi
berkaitan dengan empat factor penting sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kodrat nilai
berupa problem mengenai; apakah nilai itu berasal dari keinginan (Voluntarisme:
Spinoza), kesenangan (Hedonisme: Epicurus, Bentham, Meinong), kepentingan
(Terry), pereferensi (Martniea), keinginan rasio murni (Kant), pemahaman
kualitas tersiar (Santanaya), pengalaman sineptik kesatuan kepribadian
(Personalisme: Green), berbagai pengalamman yang mendorong semangat (Nieztche),
relasi benda-benda sebagai sarana untuk mencapai tujuan, atau konsekuensi yang
sungguh amat dijangkau (Pragmatisme: Deway).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jenis-jenis
nilai menyangkut perbedaan pandangan antara nilai intrinsik, ukuran untuk
kebijaksanaan nilai itu sendiri. Nilai-nilai instrumental yang menjadi penyebab
(baik barang-barang ekonomis atau peristiwa-peristiwa alamiah) mengenai nilai
intrinsik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kriteria nilai,
artinya ukuran untuk menguji nilai yang dipengaruhi sekaligus oleh teori psikologi
atau logika. Penganut hedonisme menemukan ukuran bahwa ukuran nilai terletak
pada kenikmatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang atau masyarakat. Penganut
institusionis menonjolkan suatu wawasan yang paling akhir dalam keutamaan.
Beberapa penganut idealis mengakui system obyektiif norma-norma rasional atau
norma-norma ideal sebagai kriteria. Penganut naturalis menemukan keunggulan
biologis seukuran standar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Status metafisika nilai mempersoalkan tentang
bagaimana hubungan terhadap fakta-fakta yang diselidiki melalui ilmu-ilmu
kealaman, kenyataan terhadap keharusan pengalaman manusia tentang nilai pada
realitas kebebasan manusia.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari problem-problem di atas melahirkan
tiga jawaban penting yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subyektifitas menganggap bahwa nilai merupakan suatu yang terkait
pada pengalaman manusia seperti halnya hedonisme, naturalisme, dan positivisme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obyektifitas
logis menganggap bahwa nilai merupakan hakikat atau subsistensi logis yang
bebas dari keberadaan yang diketahui. Tanpa status eksistensi atau tindakan
dalam realitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subyektifitas
metafisik menganggap bahwa nilai norma adalah integral, obyektif dan
unsur-unsur aktif kenyataan metafisik seperti yang dianut oleh theisme,
absolutism, realisme.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ahmad
W. Munawwir,<i> Al-Munawwir: Arab-Indonesia, </i>(Yogyakarta: PP. Al-Munawwir
Krapyak, 1994) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Amsal
Bahtiar, <i>Filasafat Ilmu, </i>(Cet. I; Jakarta: P.T. Raja Grafindo Persada,
2006)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Armai
Arief, <i>Pengantar Ilmu dan Metodologi Pendidikan Islam, </i>(Cet. I; Jakarta:
Press, 2002)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Burhanuddin
Salam, <i>Logika Material; Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan, </i>(Cet. I; Jakarta:
Rineka Cipta, 1997)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Darmawati
Hanafi, <i>Teori-Teori Epistemologi; Rasionalisme Kritik, Fenomenologi, dan
Intutionisme,</i> dalam jurnal Wawasan Keislaman fakultas<i> </i>ushuluddin;
Sulasena, Vol. I, 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Donny
Gahral Adian,<i> Menyoal Obyektivisme Ilmu Pengetahuan: </i>Dari David Hume
sampai Thomas Khan, (Cet. I; Jakarta: teraju, 2002)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jaques
Ellul, <i>The Technologica</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">l Society,
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(New York: Afired Knof, 1964)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jhon
M. Echols, Hassan Sadliy, <i>Kamus Inggris-Indonesia, </i>(Cet. VIII; Jakarta:<i>
</i>Gramedia, 1996)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Juhaya
S. Praja, <i>Aliran-Aliran Filsafat Dan Etika, </i>(Cet. II; Jakarta: Kencana,
2005)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jujun
S. Sumantri, <i>Filsafat Ilmu; Sebuah Pengantar Populer, </i>(Cet. I; Jakarta:
Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1998)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 125px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="125" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>, <i>ilmu dalam prespektif, </i>(Cet.
IX; Jakarta: Yayasan Otor Indonesia, 1991)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Loren’s
Bagus, <i>Kamus Filsafat, </i>(Cet. III; Jakarta: Gramedia, 2002)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mochtar
Efendi, <i>Ensiklopedi Agama dan Filsafat, </i>Jilid I (Cet. I; Palembang:
Universitas Sriwijaya, 2000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ahmad
W. Munawwir , <i>Al-Munawwir</i>: <i>Arab Indonesia</i>, (Yogyakarta: PP.
Al-Munawwir Krapyak, 1994), h. 1036. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jujun
S. Sumantri, <i>Filsafat Ilmu; Sebuah Pengantar Populer,</i> (Cet. I; Jakarta :
Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1998), h. 324.<i> </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wihadi
Atmojo, et.al. <i>Kamus Bahasa Indonesia, </i>(Cet. I; Jakarta: Balai Pustaka,
1998), h. 324. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mulyadi
merumuskan definisi ilmu setelah mengkaji berbagai perdebatan istilah <i>science
</i>dan <i>knowledge</i>. Lihat Muliadi Kartanegara, <i>Loc. Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
Subari Yanto, <i>Loc. Cit</i>., Burhanuddin Salam , <i>Logika Material;
Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan, (</i>Cet. I; Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1997), h. 97.
Armai Arief, <i>Pengantar Ilmu dan Metodologi Pendidikan Islam, </i>(Cet. I:
Jakarta: Ciputat Press, 2002), h. 4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Armai
Arif, <i>Loc. Cit., </i>Burhanuddin Salam, <i>Loc. Cit</i>., Juhaya S. Praja, <i>Aliran-Aliran
Filsafat dan Etika, </i>(Cet. II; Jakarta: Kencana, 2005),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 87.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
Loren’s Bagus,<i> Kamus Filsafat, </i>(Cet. III; Jakarta: Gramedia, 2002), h.
212. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
Armai Arief, <i>Loc. Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jhon
M. Echols, Hassan Sadily,<i> Kamus Inggris-Indonesia,</i> (Cet. XIII; Jakarta:
Gramedia, 1996), h. 217. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Burhanuddin
Salam,<i> Loc. Cit.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
jujun S. Sumantri, <i>Ilmu dan Perspektif,</i> (Cet. IX; Jakarta: Yayasan Otor
Indonesia, 1991), h. 217. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Armai
Arief, <i>Op. Cit.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
Paul Monroe’s, <i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Education,</i> Vol. I (New
Delhi: Cosmo Publication, 2001), h. 250. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
Donny Gahral Adian, <i>Menyoal Obyektivisme Ilmu Pengetahuan: Dari David Hume
Sampai Thomas Khan, </i>(Cet. I: Jakarta: Teraju, 2002), h. 48.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
Armie Arief, <i>Op. Cit. </i>h. 5. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
M. Baqir al-shadr, <i>Op. Cit</i>., h. 31-32. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Donny
Gahral Adian, <i>Op. Cit.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat<i>
ibid.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Armai
Arief, <i>Loc. Cit.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Donny
G. Adian, <i>Op. Cit., h. 43-44.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">M.
Baqir al-shadr, <i>Op. Cit., h. 29-30.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
<i>ibid.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Burhanuddin
Salam, <i>Op. Cit., </i>h. 101 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
Darmawati, <i>Op. Cit., h. 25.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Burhanuddin
Salam,Op. Cit., h. 102. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat<i>
Ibid.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
<i>Ibid.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subri
Yanto, <i>Op</i>. <i>Cit., </i>h. 19. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Burhanuddin
Salman, <i>Op. Cit., </i>h. 103. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Murtadha
Muthahhari, <i>Falsafah Ahklak,</i> diterjemahkan oleh Faruq bin Dhiya’ dengan<i>
filsafat ahklak; Kritik atas konsep Moralitas Barat,</i> (Cet. I; Bandung:
Pustaka Hidayah, 1995), h. 89.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat<i>
ibid.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat Murtadha Muthahhari, <i>Man and Universe, </i>diterjemahkan oleh Ilyas
Hasan dengan judul <i>Manusia dan Alam semesta; Konsepsi Islam tentang Jagad
Raya, </i>(Cet. IV; Jakarta: 2006), h. 183-185.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat
<i>ibid.</i> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Loreng Bagus, <i>Kamus Filsafat, Op. Cit, </i>h. 33.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat Mochtar Effendi,<i> Ensiklopedi Agama dan Filsafat, </i>Jilid I (Cet. I;
Palembang: Universitas Sriwijaya, 2000), h. 145.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Lihat
Jujun S. Sumantri, <i>Filsafat Ilmu…, Op. Cit., h. 234</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat Loreng Bagus, <i>OP. Cit., h. 33-34.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat Subari Yanto, <i>Op, Cit., h. 20.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat <i>ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid
</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid
</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Subari Yanto, <i>Op. Cit., h. 20-22</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid
</i></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-48623275235826807242013-01-22T15:58:00.001-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.045-07:00Hakekat Ilmu Pengetahuan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HAKIKAT ILMU PENGETAHUAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FILSAFAT ILMU</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">A. <i>Hakikat Ilmu Pengetahuan Dalam Perspektif
Filsafat Ilmu Berdasarkan Landasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ontologi</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Untuk
menhindari terjadinya kesalahpahaman dalam makalah ini maka perlu diuraikan apa
yang dimaksud dengan ilmu pengetahuan, dan ontologi.</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ilmusecara
etimologi, term “ ilmu “ berasal dari bahasa arab yang terdiri atas tiga huruf
yakni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(علم ) ع<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ل<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>م</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">mengenal, memberi tanda dan
petunjuk.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ilmu </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>secara terminologi adalah pengetahuan secara mutlak tentang sesuatu yang
disusun secara sistematis menurut metode-metode tertentu dan dapat digunakan
untu merenungkan gejala-gejala tertentu di bidang pengetahuan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pengertian ini mengidentifikasikan bahwa ilmu itu memiliki corak tersendiri
menurut suatu ketentuan yang terwujud dari hasil analisis-analisis secara
sistematis.<br />
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Pengetahuan ( Knowledge ) adalah ilmu yang
merupakan hasil produk yang sudah sistematis. Jadi ilmu bagian dari
pengetahuan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kata Ontologi berasal dari
perkataan yunani: On = being, dan Logos = logis jadi ontologi adalalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Theori of being qua being</i> (Teori
tentang keberadaan sebagai keberadaan</span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> Sehingga dapat dipahami bahwa ontologi adalah
hakikat atau eksitensi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Menurut Jujun S. Suria Sumantri
dalam pengantar ilmu dalam perspektif mengatakan, ontologi membahas apa yang
ingin kita ketahui, sebarapa jauh kita ingin tahu atau dengan perkataan lain
suatu penkajian mengenai teori tentang “ada”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pendapat ini sangat sejalan dengan pendapat
para filosof.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Untuk mengetahui hakikat ilmu pengetahuan
dalam pespektif filsafat ilmu menurut tinjauan ontologi maka pertanyaan yang
harus dijawab adalah apakah ilmu pengetahuan itu? Pertanyaan ini membutuhkan
jawaban berupa hakikat ( isi arti hakiki, yaitu berupa pengetahuan subtansional
mengenai ilmu pengetahun).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut
maka iilmu pengetahuan itu harus ditinjau dari beberapa aspek yaitu aspek
abstraknya, aspek potensinya, dan aspek konkretnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Menurut aspek abstraknya, pluralitas
ilmu pengetahuan berada dalam suatu kesatuan sifat universal, yaitu filsafat.
Menurut segi potensinya pluralitas ilmu pengetahuan barada dalam perbedaan
tetapi tetap dalam suatu kepribadian yaitu sifat ilmiah. Sedangkan dalam aspek
konkret pluralitas ilmu pengetahuan berada dalam perubahan dan perkembangan,
karena itu cenderumg berbeda dan terpisah-pisah, tetapi juga tetap terkait
dalam satu kesatuan fungsi, yaitu implementasinya yang bertujuan untuk menjaga
kelangsungan kehidupan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jadi hakikat ilmu pengetahuan dalam perspektif filsafat ilmu berdasarkan
landasan ontologi sangat memiliki sifat yang terbuka yakni ilmu pengetahuan itu
sangat bersifat umum tergantung ilmu pengetahuan yang di dalaminya, akan tetapi
ilmu pengetahuan itu dapat dinilai dari kepribadian seseorang. Ilmu pengetahuan
yang dimiliki seseorang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sangat
menentukan kehidupannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Jenis-jenis ilmu pengetahuan menurut
objeknya yaitu ilmu pengetahuan humaniora dengan objek kajiannya adalah
manusia, ilmu pengetahuan sosial dengan objek kajiannya adalah masyarakat, ilmu
pengetahuan alam debgan objek kajiannya benda-benda alam, ilmu pengetahuan
agama dengan objek kajiannya adalah Tuhan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Dari konsentrasi pemikiran mengenai objek materi pluralitas
ilmu pengetahuan sedemikian itu, pada akhirya dapat ditemukan arah yang pasti
mengenai hakikat ilmu pengetahuan yaitu bahwa pluralitas ilmu pengetahuan itu
berada cdalam suatu sistem hubungn yang integral. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Dalam kehidupan ini untuk mengenal
sesuatu kadang-kadang kita mengenal dengan memperhatikan ciri-ciri dan
sifat-sifatnya, oleh karena itu untuk mengetahui hakikat ilmu pengetahuan akan
diuraikan ciri-ciri ilmu pengetahuan itu sendiri. Adapun ciri-ciri ilmu
pengetahuan mengandung pengertian bahwa pengetahuan yang diperoleh itu
berdasarkan pengamatan (observation) atau percobaan (eksprimen).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Demikian penelaan terhadap gejala-gejala dan kehidupan maupun gejala-gejala
mental kemasyarakatan kini semuanya sudah pasti menjadi ilmu-ilmu fisis,
biologi, pikologi, dan ilmu-ilmu sosial yang berdiri sendiri.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Ciri sistematis suatu ilmu berarti
bahwa keterangan dan data yang tersusun sebagai kumpulan pengetahuan itu
mempunyai hubungan dan teratur.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam artian bahwa ilmu pengatahuan itu harus saling terkait sehingga menjadi
satu kesatuan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Ciri objektif suatu ilmu berarti
bahwa ilmu itu bebas dari prasangka perseorangan dan kepentingan pribadi. Darri
ciri-ciri ilmu pengetahuan tersebut maka hakikat ilmu pengetahuan dapat lebih
jelas.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">B. <i>Ilmu Pengetahuan dalam Perspektif Filsafat Ilmu
Berdasarkan Landasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Epistimolgi</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Epistimologi
atau teori pengetahuan adalah cabang filsafat yang berurusan dengan hakikat dan
lingkup pengetahuan pengandaian dan dasar-dasar serta pertanggungjawaban atas
pernyataan mengenai pengetahuan yang dimiliki.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dengan demikian dapat dipahami bahwa ilmu pengetahuan dalam perspektif filsafat
ilmu berdasarkan landasan epistimologi adalah bagaimana cara memperoleh ilmu
pengetahuan itu, dengan melalui proses untuk mendapatkan ilmu pengetahuan itu
maka dapat dipertanggungjawabkan atas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ilmu pengetahuan yang dimilikinya.</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Pada
dasarnya ilmu pengetahuan yang diperoleh oleh manusia melalui akal dan indra
sehingga mempunyai metode tersendiri dalam teori pengetahuan yaitu metode
induktif, metode deduktif, metode positifisme, metode kontenplatif dan metide
dialektis.</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Metode
induktif</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Induksi
yaitu suatu metode yang menyimpulkan peryataan hasil observasi disimpulkan
dalam suatu peryataan yang lebih umum.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Metode
Deduktif</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deduktif
adalah suatu metode yang menyimpulkan bahwa data-data empirik diolah lebih
lanjut dalam suatu sistem peryataan yang runtut.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Metode ini biasanya dalam bentuk perbandingan logis antara
kesimpulan-kesimpulan itu sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
Metode Positivisme</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Metode ini dikelurkan oleh Agust Comte
(1798-1957). Metode ini berpangkal apa yang telah diketahui yang faktual<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan positif.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jadi metode ini lebih cendrung kepada fakta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">4. Metode Kontenplatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode
ini mengatakan bahwa adanya keteerbatasan indra dan akal manusia untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memperoleh pengetahuan sehinnga objek yang
dihasilkan pun akan berbeda-beda sehingga dikembangkan suatu kemampuan akal
yang disebut dengan intuisi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Intuisi dalam tasawuf disebut dengan ma’rifat yaitu pengetahuan yang datang
dari Tuhan melalui pencerahan dan penyinaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.
Metode Dialektis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 30.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
filsafat, diialektika mula-mula berarti metode tanya jawab untuk mencapai
kejernihan filsafat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dengan kata lain metode dialektis juga disebut </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">metode diskusi<span style="color: red;">. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Melalui kelima metode tersebut maka epistimolgi ilmu pengetahuan dalam
perspektif filsafat ilmu tidak terlepas dari bagaimana cara memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan
itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">C. <i>Ilmu Pengetahuan Dalam Perspektif Filsafat Ilmu
Berdasarkan Tinjauan Aksiologi</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Aksiologi menurut bahasa berasal
dari bahasa yunani "axios" yang berarti bermanfaat dan 'logos'
berarti ilmu pengetahuan atau ajaran. Secara istilah, aksiologi adalah ilmu
pengetahuan yang menyelidiki hakikat nilai yang ditinjau dari sudut
kefilsafatan.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> Sejalan dengan itu, Sarwan
menyatakan bahwa aksiologi adalah studi tentang hakikat tertinggi, realitas,
dan arti dari nilai-nilai (kebaikan, keindahan, dan kebenaran).</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> Dengan demikian aksiologi adalah
studi tentang hakikat tertinggi dari nilai-nilai etika dan estetika. Dengan
kata lain, apakah yang baik atau bagus itu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoTitleCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi lain
mengatakan bahwa aksiologi adalah suatu pendidikan yang menguji dan
mengintegrasikan semua nilai tersebut dalam kehidupan manusia dan menjaganya,
membinanya di dalam kepribadian peserta didik.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dengan demikian aksiologi adalah
salah satu cabang filsafat yang mempelajari tentang nilai-nilai atau
norma-norma terhadap sesuatu ilmu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbicara
mengenai nilai itu sendiri dapat kia jumpai dalam kehidupan seperti kata-kata
adil dan tidak adil, jujur dan curang. Hal itu semua mengandung penilaian
karena manusia yang dengan perbuatannya berhasrat mencapai atau merealisasikan
nilai.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nilai yang dimaksud adalah sesuatu
yang dimiliki manusia untuk melakukan berbagai pertimbangan tentang apa yang
dinilai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitleCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara singkat
dapat dikatakan, perkataan "nilai" kiranya mempunyai macam-macam
makna seperti (1) mengandung nilai, artinya berguna; (2) merupakan nilai,
artinya baik atau benar, atau indah; (3) mempunyai nilai artinya merupakan
obyek keinginan, mempunyai kualitas yang dapat menyebab-kan orang mengambil
sikap menyetujui, atau mempunyai sifat nilai tertentu; (4) memberi nilai
artinya, menanggapi sesuatu sebagai hal yang diinginkan atau sebagai hal yang
menggambarkan nilai tertentu.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nilai ini terkait juga dengan
etika dan nilai estetika. Nilai etika adalah teori perbuatan manusia yang
ditimbang menurut baik atau buruk dan tentang hak dan kewajiban moral.
Sedangkan nilai estika adalah telaah filsafat tentang keindahan serta
keindahan, dan tanggapan manusia terhadapnya.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Di dalam etika, nilai kebaikan
dari tingkah laku manusia menjadi sentral persoalan karena menyangkut tanggung
jawab, baik tanggung jawab pada diri sendiri, masyarakat, alam maupun terhadap
Tuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoTitleCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu pengetahuan
pun mendapatkan pedoman untuk bersikap penuh tanggung jawab, baik tanggungjawab
ilmiah maupun tanggungjawab moral.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Tanggungjawab ilmiah adalah
sejauhmana ilmu pengetahuan melalui pendekatan metode dan sistem yang
dipergunakan untuk memperoleh pendekatan metode dan sistem yang dipergunakan
untuk memperoleh kebenaran obyektif, baik secara korehen-idealistik,
koresponden realistis maupun secara pragmatis-empirik. Jadi berdasarkan
tanggungjawab ini, ilmu pengetahuan tidak dibenarkan untuk mengejarkan
kebohongan, dan hal-hal negatif lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Berdasar dari apa yang telah diuraikan dipahami ilmu pengetahuan
mengandung nilai, dan kebenaran nilai ilmu pengetahuan yang dikandungnya bukan
untuk kebesaran ilmu pengetahuan semata yang berdiri hanya mengejar kebenaran
obyektif yang bebas nilai melainkan selalu terikat dengan kemungkinan
terwujudnya kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan umat manusia</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Bahtiar
Amsal<i>, Filsafat Ilmu</i> Edisi VII; Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada,
2009.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Departemen Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, <i>Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia</i>. Cet. IV; Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1990.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Fibleman, Lih. James K., <i>Ontologi</i>
dalam<i> Dagoberto Runesled Dictionary Philosiphy</i>. Totowa New Jersef :
Liffle Adam & Co, 1976.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gazalba, Sidi. <i>Sistemetika
Filsafat</i>. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1991</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gie, The Liang.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Pengantar Filsafat Ilmu</i>. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Edisi II;Cet I,
Yogyakarta: Liberty, 1991.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">HB, Sarwan. <i>Filsafat Agama</i>.
Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 1994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jalaluddin dan
Abdullah Idi<i>, Filsafat Pendidikan</i>. Jakarta: Baya Madya Pratama1997.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kattsoff, Louis
O. <i>Element of Philosophy</i> diterjemahkan oleh Soejono Soemargono dengan
judul <i>Pengantar Filsafat</i>. Cet. V; Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana, 1992.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Munawwir , Ahmad Warson<i>. Kamus Arab
Indonesia</i> Edisi II; Yogyakarta: Pustaka Progressif, 1997.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -1.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">SJ, N. Drijakarta <i>Percikan Filsafat</i>.
Cet. IV; Jakarta: PT. Pembangunan, 1981.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Suhartono,
Suparlan. <i>Dasar-dasar Filsafa.</i>Cet. I; Yogyakarta: al-Russ, 2004.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">_________________. <i>Filsafat
Ilmu Pengetahuan Persoalan Eksistensi dan Hakikat Ilmu Pengetahuan</i>. Cet.I;
Yogyakarta: Arruz Media, 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Sumantri,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jujun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Surya. <i>Ilmu dalam Perspektif</i> . </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Cet. IX;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">_____________, <i>Tentang Hakikat Ilmu Dalam Perspektif</i>. Cet. V;
Jakarta: Gramedia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim Dosen Filsafat Ilmu, <i>Filsafat
Ilmu</i>. Yogyakarta: Liberty, 1996.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Titus, Harold H.
et. al. <i>The Living Issues of Fhilosophy,</i> diter. H. M. Rasyidi dengan
Judul <i>Persoalan-Persoalan Filsafat</i>. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1984.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">William, DW.
<i>Histiry of Epistemology, The Encycilepedia of Philosophy</i>; Vol 3. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hal 9. 1967. </span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Ahmad Warson Munawwir<i>, Kamus Arab Indonesia</i> ( edisi II;
Yogyakarta: Pustaka Progressif, 1997 ), h. 965.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Departemen Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, <i>Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia</i> ( Cet. IV; Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1990 ), h. 324.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Lih. James K. Fibleman, <i>Ontologi</i> dalam<i> Dagoberto Runesled
Dictionary Philosiphy</i>, ( Totowa New Jersef : Liffle Adam & Co, 1976),
h. 219.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Jujun S. Suria Sumantri, <i>Tentang
Hakikat Ilmu Dalam Perspektif</i>, (Cet. V; Jakarta: Gramedia,), h. 5.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Suparlan Suhartono, <i>Filsafat Ilmu
Pengetahuan Persoalan Eksistensi dan Hakikat Ilmu Pengetahuan</i> ( Cet.I;
Yogyakarta: Arruz Media, 2008), h.24. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">TheLiang Gie, <i>Pengantar Filsafat Ilmu</i> (Edisi II;Cet I,
Yogyakarta: Liberty,1991), h.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span><i>Ibid</i>
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span>DW.
William, <i>Histiry of Epistemology, The Encycilepedia of Philosophy</i>;1967
Vol 3. Hal 9.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span>Tim
Dosen Filsafat Ilmu, <i>Filsafat Ilmu</i>, (Yogyakarta: Liberty, 1996), h. 109.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span>
<i>Ibid </i></span><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> Amsal Bahtiar<i>, Filsafat Ilmu</i>
(Edisi VII; Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2009), h. 14.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span>Sidi
Gazalba, <i>Sistemetika Filsafat</i> ( Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1991), h. 125 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Louis O.
Kattsoff, </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt;">Element of
Philosophy</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt;">
diterjemahkan oleh Soejono Soemargono dengan judul <i>Pengantar Filsafat</i>
(Cet. V; Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana, 1992), h. 327.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.7pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt;">Sarwan HB, <i>Filsafat Agama</i>
(Jakarta: PT. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Raja Grafindo Persada, 1994), h.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>22.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Jalaluddin dan Abdullah
Idi<i>, Filsafat Pendidikan</i> (Jakarta: Baya Madya Pratama. 1997), h.
69.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">N. Drijakarta
SJ, <i>Percikan Filsafat</i> (Cet. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">IV; Jakarta: PT. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Pembangunan,
1981), h.36.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 19.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.7pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Louis O.
Kattsoff, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>op. cit., </i>h. 332. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Lihat kembali
uraiannya lebih lanjut dalam <i>ibid., </i>h. 327. Bandingkan dengan Ali
Mudhafir "Pengenalan Filsafat" dalam Tim Penyusun Fakultas Filsafat
UGM, <i>Filsafat Ilmu sebagai Dasar Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan </i>(Cet. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">I; Yogyakarta: Intan Pariwara, 1997), h. 19.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Suparlan Suhartono, <i>Dasar-dasar Filsafat</i> (Cet. I; Yogyakarta:
al-Russ, 2004), h. 164.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-37438391648637863722013-01-17T07:46:00.000-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.039-07:00Etika Agama<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">PERTIMBANGAN ETIKA AGAMA </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">DALAM
APLIKASI ILMU</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Definisi
Etika, Agama, dan Ilmu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Definisi Etika</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara etimologi,<i> etika</i> berasal
dari bahasa Yunani yaitu <i>ethikos</i>, <i>ethos</i> (adat, kebiasaan,
praktek). Sebagaimana digunakan Aristoteles istilah ini mencakup ide “karakter”
dan “disposisi” (kecondongan). Kata moralis diperkenalkan ke dalam kosa kata
</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">filsafat oleh Cirero. Baginya kata ini ekuivalen dengan kata</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><i> ethikos</i>
yang diangkat oleh Aristoteles. Kedua istilah itu menyiratkan hubungan dengan
kegiatan praktis.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]<i> </i></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sedangkan secara terminologi, beberapa
ahli menguraikan definisi etika sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mulyadhi Kartanegara:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“<i>Etika
adalah filsafat moral atau ilmu akhlak, tidak lain daripada ilmu atau “Seni”
hidup (the art of living) yang mengajarkan bagaimana cara hidup bahagia, atau
bagaimana memperoleh kebahagiaan. Etika sebagai seni hidup etika sebagai
pengobatan spiritual.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ahmad Amin:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“<i>Etika
adalah suatu ilmu yang menjelaskan arti baik dan buruk, menerangkan apa yang
seharusnya dilakukan oleh sebagian manusia kepada lainnya, menyatakan tujuan
yang harus dituju oleh manusia di dalam perbuatan mereka dan menunjukkan jalan
untuk melakukan apa yang harus diperbuat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Poedjawiyatna mengatakan bahwa:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Tindakan
mungkin juga dinilai sebagai baik atau lawannya, ialah buruk. Kalau tindakan
manusia dinilai atas baik-buruknya, tindakan itu seakan-akan keluar dari
manusia, dilakukan dengan sadar atas pilihan, dengan satu perkataan: sengaja</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <i>Faktor kesengajaan ini mutlak untuk
penilaian baik-buruk, yang disebut etis atau moral.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sudarsono:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>“Etika
adalah ilmu yang membahas perbuatan baik dan perbuatan buruk manusia sejauh
yang dapat dipahami oleh pikiran manusia. Etika disebut pula akhlak atau
disebut pula moral. Apabila disebut “akhlaq” berasal dari bahasa arab. Apabila
disebut “moral” berarti adat kebiasaan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Definisi Agama</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara etimologi, agama berasal dari kata Sanskrit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ada yang berpendapat bahwa kata itu terdiri
atas dua kata, a berarti tidak dan gam berarti pergi, jadi agama artinya tidak
pergi; tetap ditempat; diwarisi turun temurun. Agama memang mempunyai sifat
yang demikian. Pendapat lain mengatakan bahwa agama berarti teks atau kitab
suci. Selanjutnya dikatakan bahwa <i>gam</i> berarti tuntunan. Agama juga
mempunyai tuntunan, yaitu kitab suci. Istilah agama dalam bahasa asing
bermacam-macam, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Religion,
religio, religie, godsdienst, dan al-din.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan secara terminologi,
beberapa ahli menguraikan definisi agama sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">J.G.
Frazer:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“<i>Agama adalah penyembahan
kepada kekuatan yang lebih agung dari pada manusia, yang dianggap mengatur dan
menguasai jalannya alam semesta.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mehdi
Ha’iri Yazdi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>“Agama adalah kepercayaan
kepada yang Mutlak atau kehendak Mutlak sebagai keperdulian tertinggi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Musthafa
Abd Raziq:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“<i>Agama terjemahan dari kata din
yang berarti peraturan-peraturan yang terdiri atas kepercayaan-kepercayaan yang
berhubungan dengan keadaan-keadaan suci.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.M.
Saefuddin:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“<i>Agama merupakan kebutuhan paling
esensial manusia yang bersifat universal. Karena itu, agama adalah kesadaran
spiritual yang di dalamnya ada satu kenyataan di luar kenyataan yang tampak ini,
yaitu bahwa manusia selalu mengharap belas kasih-Nya, bimbingan tangan-Nya,
serta belaian-Nya, yang secara ontologism tidak diingkari, walaupun oleh
manusia yang paling komunis sekalipun.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sutan
takdir Alisyahbana:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Agama adalah suatu sistem kelakuan dan perhubungan yang berpokok
pada perhubungan manusia dengan rahasia kekuasaan dan kegaiban yang tiada
terhingga luas, dalam dan mesranya di sekitarnya, dan dengan demikian memberi
arti kepada hidupnya dan kepada alam semesta yang mengelilinya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Max Muller berpendapat bahwa definisi agama secara lengkap belum tercapai
karena penelitian terhadap agama terus dilakukan dan para ahli agama masih
menyelidiki asal usul agama. Jadi, definisi yang pasti dan lengkap tentang
agama (dalam istilah mantiqnya jami ‘wa mani’) belum terealisir.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kendati Max Muller mengatakan bahwa
definisi agama belum lengkap. Namun, dari definisi di atas beberapa unsur pokok
dalam agama telah terungkap, yaitu masalah yang gaib, adanya hubungan baik
dengan kekuatan gaib tersebut,, respon emosional dari manusia, baik respon
dalam bentuk rasa takut, atau perasaan cinta, dan adanya yang suci, seperti
kitab suci atau tempat suci.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agama dalam ajaran Islam dikenal
dengan istilah <i>al-din</i> atau <i>din al-haqq</i> seperti yang dijumpai
dalam Q.S. al-Shaff/61: 9, Q.S. al-Fath/48: 28 dan Q.S. al-Maidah/5: 3<i>. Din</i>
dalam ayat tersebut berlaku bagi agama Islam yang meliputi aspek Islam, Iman, dan
Ihsan. Akan tetapi, din juga dapat diartikan sebagai “lembaga ilahi” <i>(wadh’lahiy)</i>
yang memimpin manusia untuk keselamatan di dunia dan di akhirat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Definisi Ilmu</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘<i>Ilm</i> dari segi
etimologi berarti kejelasan, karena itu segala yang terbentuk dari akar katanya
mempunyai ciri kejelasan. Ilmu adalah pengetahuan yang jelas tentang sesuatu.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut az-Zubardi, terjadi perdebatan panjang tentang istilah ‘<i>ilm </i>sehingga
sekelompok pakar berpendapat bahwa <i>‘ilm</i> tidak dapat didefinisikan karena
kejelasannya. Ada pula yang mengatakannya karena sulitnya (mendefinisikannya).
Demikian pula dengan pendapat-pendapat lain, dengan segala kelebihan dan
kekurangannya, seperti disebutkan oleh Imam Abul hasan al-Yusi dalam kitab <i>Qanun
ul-‘Ulum.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Manawi dalam kitab <i>at-Taiqif</i> berkata, “ilmu adalah keyakinan
kuat yang tetap sesuai dengan realita. Bisa juga berarti sifat yang membuat
perbedaan tanpa kritik. Atau, ilmu adalah tercapainya bentuk sesuatu dalam
akal.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imam Raghib al-Ashfahani dalam kitabnya, <i>Mufradat al-Qur’an</i>,
berkata, “ilmu adalah mengetahui sesuatu sesuai dengan hakikatnya. Ia terbagi
dua: pertama, mengetahui inti sesuatu itu (oleh ahli logika dinamakan <i>thasawwur</i>).
Kedua, menghukum adanya sesuatu pada sesuatu yang ada, atau menafikan sesuatu
yang tidak ada (oleh ahli logika dinamakan <i>tashdiq</i>, maksudnya mengetahui
hubungan sesuatu dengan sesuatu).</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Raghib al-Ashfahani membagi ilmu dari sisi lain, yakni menjadi ilmu
teoritis dan aplikatif. Ilmu teoritis berarti ilmu yang hanya membutuhkan
pengetahuan tentangnya. Jika telah diketahui berarti telah sempurna, seperti
ilmu tentang keberadaan dunia. Sedangkan, ilmu aplikatif adalah ilmu yang tidak
sempurna tanpa dipraktekkan, seperti limu tentang ibadah, akhlak, dan
sebagainya.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selanjutnya ar-Raghib menjelaskan, dari sudut pandang lainnya ilmu dapat
pula dibagi menjadi dua bagian: Ilmu rasional dan doktrinal. Ilmu rasional
adalah ilmu yang didapat dengan akal dan penelitian, sedangkan ilmu doktrinal
merupakan ilmu yang didapat dengan pemberitaan wahyu.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pertimbangan
Etika Agama dalam Aplikasi Ilmu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etika Agama</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berbicara tentang etika dalam Islam tidak
dapat lepas dari ilmu akhlak berbagai salah satu cabang ilmu pengetahuan agama
Islam. Oleh karena itu etika dalam Islam (bisa dikatakan) identik dengan ilmu
akhlak, yakni ilmu tentang keutamaan-keutamaan dan bagaimana cara
mendapatkannya agar manusia berhias dengannya; dan ilmu tentang hal yang hina
dan bagaimana cara menjauhinya agar manusia terbebas dari padanya. Etika, di
lain pihak, seringkali dianggap sama dengan akhlak. Persamaannya memang ada,
karena keduanya membahas masalah baik-buruknya tingkah laku manusia, akan
tetapi akhlak lebih dekat dengan “kelakuan” atau “budi pekerti”</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> yang bersifat aplikatif, sedangkan etika
lebih cenderung merupakan landasan filosofinya, yang membahas ilmu tentang apa
yang baik dan apa yang buruk.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oleh karena itu, pada sebagian pandangan
ethics yang dalam beberapa literatur Islam disebut sebagai falsafah akhlaqiyyah
sering terabaikan dari perhatian sarjana, sejarawan, dan budayawan Islam.
Pandangan semacam itu jelas didasari suatu keyakinan muslim, bahwa seluruh
kandungan al-Qur’an merupakan etos muslim, sehingga seluruh disiplin ilmu dalam
Islam bersumber dari padanya, yang oleh karenanya seluruh ilmu tersebut
dianggap mengandung unsur-unsur akhlak.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Namun pandangan lain menguraikan upaya
perumusan etika dalam sejarah Islam dilakukan oleh beberapa pemikir dari
berbagai cabang pemikiran-termasuk di dalamnya ulama hukum (syariat atau
eksoteris), para teolog, para mistikus, dan para filosof. Berikut ini
dikemukakan ciri-ciri etika dalam filsafat Islam:</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam berpihak pada teori tentang etika
yang bersifat fitri. Dalam sebuah hadis Nabi Saw pun mengajarkan agar
mengetahui baik buruknya sebuah perbuatan, kita menanyai hati nurani kita.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Moralitas dalam Islam didasarkan kepada
keadilan, yakni menempatkan segala sesuatu pada porsinya.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tindakan etis itu sekaligus dipercayai
pada puncaknya akan menghasilkan kebahagiaan bagi pelakunya.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tindakan etis bersifat rasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan etika dalam pandangan filsafat
adalah “ideal” yang sama bagi seluruh manusia di setiap waktu dan tempat,
menentukan ukuran tingkah laku yang baik dan yang buruk sejauh yang dapat
diketahui oleh akal manusia. Pola hidup yang diajarkan Islam bahwa seluruh
kegiatan peribadatan, hidup, dan mati adalah semata-mata dipersembahkan kepada
Allah, maka tujuan terakhir dari segala tingkah laku manusia menurut pandangan
etika Islam adalah keridhaan Allah.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aplikasi Ilmu</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aplikasi ilmu-ilmu apa yang dianjurkan Islam, telah
merupakan pokok penting yang mendasar sejak hari-hari pertama Islam; apakah ada
bentuk ilmu khusus yang harus dicari? Sebagian ulama besar Islam hanya
memasukkan cabang-cabang ilmu yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan agama.
Sedangkan tipe-tipe ilmu lain, mereka menyerahkan kepada masyarakat untuk
menentukan ilmu mana yang paling esensial untuk memelihara dan menyejahterahkan
diri mereka. Hadis “Mencari ilmu itu wajib bagi setiap muslim” telah melahirkan
berbagai pembahasan, seperti ilmu apa yang harus dicari oleh seorang muslim.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selanjutnya dapat dicatat bahwa Islam
mengutamakan baik ilmu rasional maupun ilmu empiris. Tiada dogma, bagaimanapun
keramat dan tuanya, dapat diterima dalam “ Islam dan bagi umat Islam, kecuali
jika ia tahan uji rasio. Berulangkali al-Qur’an menantang kaum penganut
kepercayaan yang palsu “untuk menunjukkan buktu-bukti tentang kebenarannya.”</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an menganggap begitu pentingnya
bukti dan kesahihan, sehingga menasihatkan orang-orang yang beriman agar tidak
menerima sesuatu yang berada di luar pengetahuan mereka. Ayat sucinya yang
berbunyi, <i>“Janganlah menuruti sesuatu</i> <i>yang engkau tidak tahu apa-apa
tentangnya. Sesungguhnya, telinga, mata, dan akal harus bertanggung jawab untuk
itu.”</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Objek ilmu</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Objek ilmu menurut ilmuwan muslim
mencakup alam materi dan nonmateri. Tentu ada tata cara dan sarana yang harus
digunakan untuk meraih pengetahuan tentang hal tersebut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="93" src="file:///C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="544" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Dan
Allah mengeluarkan kamu dari perut ibumu dalam keadaan tidak mengetahui
sesuatupun, dan Dia memberi kamu pendengaran, penglihatan dan hati, agar kamu
bersyukur.” (Q.S. Al-Nahl/16: 78).</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ayat
ini mengisyaratkan penggunaan empat sarana yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendengaran, mata (penglihatan) dan akal,
serta hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Trial
and error (coba-coba), pengamatan, percobaan, dan tes-tes kemungkinan
(probability) merupakan cara-cara yang digunakan ilmuwan untuk meraih
pengetahuan. Hal itu disinggung juga oleh al-Qur’an, seperti dalam ayat-ayat
yang memerintahkan manusia untuk berfikir tentang alam raya, melakukan
perjalanan, dan sebagainya, kendatipun hanya berkaitan dengan upaya manusia
alam materi.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: right;">
<b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">قُلِ انظُرُواْ مَاذَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ
وَالأَرْضِ</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Katakanlah:
"Perhatikanlah apa yang ada di langit dan di bumi.” (Q.S. Yunus/10: 101).</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="93" src="file:///C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="544" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya: <i>Maka apakah mereka tidak
memperhatikan unta bagaimana dia diciptakan,. Dan langit, bagaimana ia
ditinggikan?. Dan gunung-gunung bagaimana ia ditegakkan?. Dan bumi bagaimana ia
dihamparkan? (Q.S. al-Ghasyiyah/88: 17-20).</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="46" src="file:///C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="544" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Dan
apakah mereka tidak memperhatikan bumi, berapakah banyaknya Kami tumbuhkan di
bumi itu pelbagai macam tumbuh-tumbuhan yang baik? (Q.S. Al-Syu’araa’/26: 7).</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Di samping mata, telinga, dan fikiran
sebagai sarana meraih pengetahuan, al-Qur’an pun menggarisbawahi pentingnya
peranan kesucian hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wahyu dianugrahkan atas kehendak Allah
dan berdasarkan kebijaksanaan-Nya tanpa usaha dan campur tangan manusia.
Sementara firasat, intiusi, dan semacamnya, dapat diraih melalui penyucian
hati. Dari sini para ilmuwan muslim menekankan pentingnya <i>tazkiyah an-nafs</i>
(penyucian jiwa) guna memperoleh hidayat (petunjuk/pengajaran Allah), karena
mereka sadar terhadap kebenaran firman Allah:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: right;">
<b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">سَأَصْرِفُ عَنْ آيَاتِيَ الَّذِينَ
يَتَكَبَّرُونَ فِي الأَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ وَإِن يَرَوْاْ كُلَّ آيَةٍ لاَّ
يُؤْمِنُواْ بِهَا... </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya: <i>Aku akan memalingkan orang-orang
yang menyombongkan dirinya di muka bumi tanpa alasan yang benar dari
tanda-tanda kekuasaan-Ku. Mereka jika melihat tiap-tiap ayat (Ku),...(Q.S.
Al-A’raf/7: 146).</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Para ilmuwan muslim juga menggarisbawahi
pentingnya mengamalkan ilmu. Dalam konteks ini, ditemukan ungkapan yang dinilai
oleh sementara pakar sebagai hadis Nabi Saw.</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: right;">
<b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">من عمل بما عمل
او رثه الله مالم يعلم</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Barangsiapa mengamalkan yang diketahuinya maka Allah
menganugrahkan kepadanya ilmu yang belum diketahuinya</i>”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebagian
ulama merujuk kepada al-Qur’an surat al-Baqarah ayat 282 untuk memperkuat hadis
tersebut:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">وَاتَّقُواْ
اللّهَ وَيُعَلِّمُكُمُ اللّهُ وَاللّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ ﴿٢٨٢﴾</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>…</span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya: … <i>Dan bertakwalah kepada Allah;
Allah mengajarmu; dan Allah Maha Mengetahui segala sesuatu.</i></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(Q.S. al-Baqarah/2:
282).</span></i><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Atas dasar itu semua, al-Qur’an memandang
bahwa seseorang yang memiliki ilmu harus memiliki sifat dan ciri tertentu pula,
antara lain yang paling menonjol adalah sifat khasyat (takut dan kagum kepada
Allah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasulullah
Saw.menegaskan bahwa:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: right;">
<b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">عن جابر أن رسول
الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: العلم علمان علم فى القلب فذاك العلم النافع وعلم
على اللسان فذاك حبة الله على ابن أدم</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Ilmu
itu ada dua macam, ilmu di dalam dada, itulah yang bermanfaat, dan ilmu sekedar
di ujung lidah, maka itu akan menjadi saksi yang memberatkan manusia.”</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kategori Ilmu</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
khazanah Islam, terdapat dua kategori ilmu pengetahuan: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ilmu-ilmu umum dan ilmu-ilmu agama.
Adanya ilmu-ilmu umum dipahami dari surat Fathir/35:27-28, dan adanya ilmu-ilmu
agama dari surat at-Taubah/9:122.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="93" src="file:///C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" width="544" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya: <i>Tidakkah kamu melihat bahwasanya
Allah menurunkan hujan dari langit lalu Kami hasilkan dengan hujan itu
buah-buahan yang beraneka macam jenisnya. Dan di antara gunung-gunung itu ada
garis-garis putih dan merah yang beraneka macam warnanya dan ada (pula) yang
hitam pekat.” (Q.S. Fathir/35: 27).</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Di dalam ayat ini, Tuhan meminta manusia
agar memperhatikan bagaimana hujan turun dari langit. Hal ini minimal bisa
membuahkan pengembangan ilmu-ilmu meteorology. Pengamatan terhadap hujan yang
menumbuhkan aneka ragam tumbuh-tumbuhan paling kurang dapat memicu
berkembangnya ilmu-ilmu biologi dan kimia. Manusia juga diminta untuk
memperhatikan gunung-gunung, menyangkut struktur dan kelakuannya. Ini bisa
menjadi cikal-bakal pengembangan ilmu-ilmu geologi dan fisika. Ayat tersebut,
dengan demikian, menghendaki pengembangan kelima cabang ilmu alam.</span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam ayat berikutnya:</span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="93" src="file:///C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="544" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya: <i>Dan demikian (pula) di antara
manusia, binatang-binatang melata dan binatang-binatang ternak ada yang
bermacam-macam warnanya (dan jenisnya). Sesungguhnya yang takut kepada Allah di
antara hamba-hamba-Nya, hanyalah ulama. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha perkasa lagi
Maha Pengampun.” (Q.S. Fathir/35: 28).</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam ayat ini, Allah menyuruh manusia
agar mengamati dirinya sendiri, hewan, dan ternak, yang beragam jenisnya. Bila
pengamatan dilakukan, di samping akan mengembangkan ilmu-ilmu alam di atas,
juga akan memajukan ilmu-ilmu sosial, termasuk ilmu ekonomi. Pengamatan terhadap
manusia tentu akan melahirkan ilmu-ilmu budaya (humaniora). Jadi, ayat tersebut
jelas menghendaki pengembangan ilmu-ilmu sosial dan humaniora.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Di
pihak lain, dalam surah at-Taubah/9:122</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="93" src="file:///C:\Users\toshiba\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" width="544" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya: <i>Tidak sepatutnya bagi orang-orang
yang mu'min itu pergi semuanya (ke medan perang). Mengapa tidak pergi dari
tiap-tiap golongan di antara mereka beberapa orang untuk memperdalam
pengetahuan mereka tentang agama dan untuk memberi peringatan kepada kaumnya
apabila mereka telah kembali kepadanya, supaya mereka itu dapat menjaga
dirinya.” (Q.S. at-Taubah/9: 122).</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Allah mencela sikap yang selalu mengejar
dunia saja. Dalam setiap golongan, Allah menghendaki adanya sekelompok orang
yang mendalami agama, menasehati dan memajukan masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengembangan kedua golongan besar ini
harus proporsional. Memang, fungsi ilmu-ilmu umum bagi kemajuan di dunia, tidak
diragukan. Tetapi, hendaknya perlu disadari bahwa ilmu-ilmu agama ikut berperan
dalam membangun kehidupan dunia. Sebab, jika ilmu-ilmu umum membangun ketahanan
fisik, maka ilmu-ilmu agama membekali pelaku pembangunan dengan ketahanan
mental dan moral yang sangat penting bagi kesuksesan pembangunan. Dengan
demikian kedua jenis ilmu tersebut mesti dipelajari dan diperankan secara
seimbang. Kedua ilmuwan di bidangnya masing-masing hendaklah terlibat secara
penuh.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari uraian di atas dapat disimpulkan
bahwa ilmu yang diisyaratkan al-Qur’an dalam banyak hal, meliputi segala
pengetahuan yang bisa menyingkap hakikat segala sesuatu serta dapat
menghilangkan kabut kebodohan dan keraguan dari akal manusia. Obyeknya dapat
berupa alam atau pun manusia, wujud maupun gaib. Demikian pula metode
pengetahuannya, bisa berupa indra dan empiris ataupun akal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari
berbagai uraian pada bab sebelumnya, maka dapat dikemukakan beberapa kesimpulan
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etika adalah filsafat moral atau ilmu
akhlak, tidak lain dari pada ilmu atau “seni” hidup (the art of living) yang
mengajarkan bagaimana cara hidup bahagia, atau bagaimana memperoleh kebahagiaan.
Etika sebagai seni hidup etika sebagai pengobatan spiritual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Agama merupakan kebutuhan paling esensial
manusia yang bersifat universal. Karena itu, agama adalah kesadaran spiritual
yang di dalamnya ada satu kenyataan yang tampak ini, yaitu bahwa manusia selalu
mengharap belas kasih-Nya, bimbingan tangan-Nya, serta belaian-Nya, yang secara
ontologism tidak diingkari, walaupun oleh manusia yang paling komunis
sekalipun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">‘Ilm dari segi etimologi berarti
kejelasan, karena itu segala yang terbentuk dari akar katanya mempunyai ciri
kejelasan. Ilmu adalah pengetahuan yang jelas tentang sesuatu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etika dalam Islam (bisa dikatakan)
identik dengan ilmu akhlak, yakni ilmu tentang keutamaan-keutamaan dan
bagaimana cara mendapatkannya agar manusia berhias dengannya; dan ilmu tentang
hal yang hina dan bagaimana cara menjauhinya agar manusia terbebas daripadanya.
Etika, di lain pihak, seringkali dianggap sama dengan akhlak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Para ilmuwan muslim menggarisbawahi
pentingnya mengamalkan ilmu.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abbas, Zainal Arifin, <i>Perkembangan pikiran
terhadapa Agama</i>, Cet. I; Jakarta: Pustaka Alhusna, 1984.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abdullah, M. Amin, <i>The Idea of Universality of
Ethical Norms in Ghazali and Kant</i>, diterjemahkan oleh Hamzah, <i>Antara
al-Ghazali dan Kant: Filsafat Etika Islam</i>, Cet.. II; Bandung: Mizan
1423/2002.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alisjahbana, Sutan Takdir, <i>Pemikiran Islam dalam
menghadapi Globalisasi</i>, Cet. I; Jakarta: Dian Rakyat, 1992.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Munawwar, Said Agil Husain, <i>Aktualisasi
Nilai-nilai Qur’ani dalam Sistem</i> <i>Pendidikan Islam</i>, Cet. II; Ciputat,
PT. Ciputat Press, 1426/2005.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Amin, Ahmad, <i>Etika (ilmu akhlak),</i> Cet. VII;
Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1993.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagus, Lorens, <i>Kamus Filsafat</i>, Cet. III;
Jakarta: Gramedia, 1996.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hady, Aslam, <i>Pengantar Filsafat Agama</i>, Cet.
I; Bandung: Mizan, 1994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Harun, Salman, Mutiara al-Qur’an, <i>Aktualisasi
Pesan Al-Qur’an dalam kehidupan</i>, Cet. I; Jakarta: Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kartanegara, Mulyadhi, <i>Menembus Batas Waktu:
Panorama Filsafat Islam,</i> Cet. II; Bandung: Mizan, 1426/2005.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mahdi, Ghulsyani, <i>The Holy Quran and the Sciences
of Nature</i>, diterjemahkan oleh Agus Effendi, <i>Filsafat Sains Menurut
Al-Qur’an</i>, Cet. X; Bandung: Mizan, 1419/1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Moeliono, Anton M, (Penyunting Penyelia), <i>Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia</i>, Cet. I; Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1989.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nasution, Harun, <i>Islam Ditinjau dari berbagai
Aspeknya</i>. Cet. I; Jakarta: UI Press,1979.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Poedjawiyatna, <i>Etika Filsafat Tingkah Laku</i>.
Cet. VIII; Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1990.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Qadir, C. A., <i>Phylosophy and Science in the
Islamic World,</i> diterjemahkan oleh Hasan Basri, <i>Filsafat dan Ilmu Pengetahuan
dalam Islam</i>, tc; Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 1988.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Qardhawi, Yusuf, <i>Al-‘Aqlu wa-‘Ilmu fil-Qur’anil
Karim</i>, diterjemahkan oleh Abdul Hayyie al-Kattani, <i>Al-Qur’an berbicara
tentang akal dan Ilmu pengetahuan</i>, Cet. I; Kairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 1416/1996.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Robertson, Ronald, <i>Agama dalam Analisa dan
Interpretasi Sosiologis</i>, Cet. I; Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 1993.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saefuddin, A.M., dkk., <i>Desekularisasi Pemikiran
Landasan Islamisasi</i>, Cet. I; Bandung: Mizan, 1987.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Shihab, Muhammad Quraish, <i>Wawasan al-Qur’an:
Tafsir Maudhu’I Atas Pelbagai Persoalan Umat</i>, Cet. VIII; Bandung: Mizan,
1419/1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sudarsono, <i>Ilmu Filsafat, Suatu Pengantar</i>,
Cet. II; Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2001.</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lorens Bagus, <i>Kamus Filsafat</i>, (Cet. III; Jakarta: Gramedia, 1996), h.
217.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Mulyadhi Kartanehara, <i>Menembus Batas Waktu: Panorama Filsafat Islam</i>,
(Cet. II; Bandung: Mizan, 1426/2005). h. 67.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ahmad Amin, <i>Etika (Ilmu Akhlak),</i> (Cet. VII; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1993), h. 3.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Poedjawiyatna, <i>Etika: Filsafat Tingkah Laku</i>, (Cet. VIII; Jakarta: Rineka
Cipta, 1996), h. 13-14.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Sudarsono, <i>Ilmu Filsafat, Suatu pengantar,</i> (Cet. II; Jakarta: Rineka
Cipta, 2001), h. 1.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Harun Nasution, <i>Islam Ditinjau dari Berbagai Aspeknya</i>, (Cet. I; Jakarta:
UI Press, 1979), h. 9.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Aslam Hady, <i>Pengantar Filsafat Agama,</i> (Cet. I; Bandung: Mizan, 1994), h.
6.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Mehdi Ha’iri Yazdi, <i>Ilmu Hudhuri,</i> (Cet. I; Bandung: Mizan, 1994), h. 169.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Zainal Arifin Abbas, <i>Perkembangan Pikiran terhadap Agama,</i> (Cet. I;
Jakarta: Pustaka Alhusna, 1984), h. 72.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
A.M. Saefuddin dkk., <i>Desekularisasi Pemikiran landasan Islamisasi,</i> (Cet.
I; Bandung: Mizan, 1987), h. 47.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, <i>Pemikiran Islam dalam Menghadapi Globalisasi</i>,
(Cet. I; Jakarta: Dian Rakyat, 1992), h. 48.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ronald Robertson, <i>Agama alam Analisa dan Interpretasi Sosiologis</i>, (Cet.
I; Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 1993), h. 4.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Juhara S. Praja, <i>Filsafat Ilmu</i>, (Cet. I; Bandung: Teraju, 2002), h. 22.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Muhammad Quraish Shihab, <i>Wawasan al-Qur’an: Tafsir Maudhu’I Atas Pelbagai</i>
<i>persoalan Umat</i>, (Cet. VIII; Bandung: Mizan, 1419/1998), h. 434.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Yusuf Qardhawi,<i> Al-‘Aqlu wal-‘ilmu fil-Qur’anil-Karim</i>, diterjemahkan
oleh Abdul Hayyie al-Kattani, <i>Al-Qur’an berbicara tentang akal dan Ilmu
pengetahuan</i>, (Cet. I; Kairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 1416/1996) h. 89.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.,
h. 88. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Anton M. Moeliono (Penyunting Penyelia), <i>Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</i>,
(Cet. I; Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1989), h. 15.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ibid., h. 137.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Suparman Syukur, <i>Etika Religius</i>, (Cet. I; Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar,
2004), h. 3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Amin Abdullah, <i>The Idea of Universality of Ethical Norms in Ghazali and
kant,</i> diterjemahkan oleh Hamzah <i>Antara al-Ghazali dan Kant: Filsafat
Etika Islam,</i> (Cet. II; Bandung: Mizan, 2002), h. 18.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat al-Qur’an (Q.S. Al-Syam/91: 8-9).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Nabi Saw. Pun diketahui secara luas mengajarkan bahwa “urusan yang terbaik
adalah Pertengahannya”.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat al-Qur’an (Q.S. Lukman/31: 5, al-Baqarah/2: 58, al-A’raf/7: 16).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Op.
Cit</i>., h. 4.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ghusyani. Mahdi, <i>The Holy Quran and the Sciences of Nature</i>,
diterjemahkan oleh Agus Effendi, <i>Filsafat Sains Menurut Al-Qur’an,</i> (Cet.
X; Bandung: Mizan, 1419/1998), h. 3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> C.
A. Qadir, <i>Phylosophy and Science in the Islamic World</i>, diterjemahkan
oleh Hasan Basri, <i>Filsafat dan Ilmu Pengetahuan dalam Islam</i>, (tc;
Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 1998), h. 17.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Departemen Agama RI, <i>Op. Cit.,</i> h. 413.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Muhammad Qurais Shihab<i>, Op. Cit</i>., h. 473.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>.,
h. 322.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>
h. 1055.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>.,
h. 572.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>.,
h. 244.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>.,
71.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat, Muhammad Qurais Shihab, <i>Op. Cit</i>., h. 437-439.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Departemen Agama RI, <i>Op. Cit.,</i> h. 699.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>.,
h. 700.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>.,
h. 301.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Salman Harun, <i>Mutiara al-Qur’an, Aktualisasi Pesan Al-Qur’an dalam Kehidupan</i>,
(Cet. I: Jakarta: Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999), h. 87-89.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-35096812158203863612013-01-16T15:57:00.002-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.035-07:00Teori-Teori Epistemologi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Fenomenologi dan
Intuisionisme)</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US">. Fenomenologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kata fenomenologi
berasal dari kata Yunani,<i>Phenomenon</i>, yaitu sesuatu yang tampak yang
terlihat karena berkecakupan, dalam bahasa Indonesia biasa dipakai istilah
gejala. Jadi fenomenologi adalah suatu aliran yang membicarakan suatu fenomena
atau sesuatu yang menampakkan diri.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan <i>Fenomenon</i>
dalam bahasa inggris yang berarti perwujudan, gejala, kejadian natural pada
kejadian alam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jadi fenomenologi adalah suatu aliran yang membicarakan fenomena atau segala
sesuatu yang menampakkan diri atau dapat juga dikatakan sesuatu yang sedang
menggejala.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selanjutnya Hasan
Bakti Nasution menjelaskan istilah fenomenologi mengandung tiga pengertian yang
saling terkait yaitu yang langsung tampak, sesuatu yang menampakkan diri tapi
masih terselubung, dan proses penampakan. Jadi fenomenologi ialah filsafat yang
menyatakan bahwa kebenaran merupakan hasil <i>deskripsi</i> <i>intuitif</i>
manusia <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap suatu obyek sesuai
dengan penampakan diri (fenomena) obyek tersebut.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> Untuk memudahkan pengertian ini, kita ambil contoh, penyakit
Flu, diantara gejalanya adalah pilek dan batuk. Penyakit flu tidak bisa
dikatakan sebagai penyakit flu jika tidak ada gejalanya, yaitu pilek dan batuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut para
penganut fenomenologi suatu <i>fenomenon</i> semata harus diamati dengan
indera, sebab sebab fenomenon juga dapat dilihat/ditilik secara rohani, tanpa
melewati indra. Juga <i>fenomenon</i> tidak perlu suatu pristiwa, karena suatu <i>fenomenon</i>
adalah apa yang menampakkan diri dalam dirinya sendiri, apa yang menampakkan
diri seperti apa adanya, apa yang jelas dihadapan kita.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aliran fenomenologi
berusaha untuk mencapai pengertian yang sebenar-benarnya dengan cara menerobos
semua fenomena yang menampakkan diri menuju kepada bendanya. Usaha ini menggabungkan
antara subyek (manusia) dan obyek (yang diamati) dengan cara pengamatan
intuitif.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dari sekian teori kebenaran tentang pengetahuan, teori fenomenologi
termasuk mampu membuktikan dirinya sebagai salah satu sumber befikir yang
kritis. Pemikiran fenomenologi demikian besar pengaruhnya di Eropa dan Amerika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tokoh sentral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>teori fenomenologi ini adalah Edmund Husserl dan pengikutnya Max
Scheler, Husserl yang lahir di Prostejov, Cekoslowakia pada tahun 1859 dan
wafat tahun 1939 adalah pendiri fenomenologi, pemikirannya terekam dalam tiga
karya pentingnya, yaitu <i>Logiche Untersuchungen</i>
(Penyelidikan-penyelidikan logika), <i>ideen zu Eineer Reinen
Phanomenologischen philosophie</i> (Gagasan-gagasan untuk suatu fenomenologi
murni dan filsafat fenomenologi), dan <i>meditations cartesiennes</i>
(Renungan-renungan Kartesien).diantara pemikiran-pemikiran pentingnya ialah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Teori kebenaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Seperti
disinggung diatas, menurut Husserl kebenaran haruslah digabung antara subyek
dan obyek. Obyek diberi kesempatan memperkenalkan dirinya kepada subyek yang
mengamati, sesuai dengan semboyan <i>zu den schen selbs</i> ( kembali kepada
benda-benda itu sendiri). Kembali kepada “benda-benda” dimaksudkan adalah
“benda-benda” diberi kesempatan untuk berbicara tentang hakekat
dirinya.Pernyataan tentang hakekat “ benda-benda” tidak lagi tergantung kepada
orang yang membuat pernyataan, melainkan ditentukan oleh benda-benda itu
sendiri.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Akan
tetapi “benda-benda” tidaklah secara langsung memperlihatkan hakekatnya
sendiri. Apa yang kita temui pada benda-benda itu dalam pemikiran biasa, bukanlah
hakekat. Benda itu ada dibalik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
kelihatan itu. Karena pemikiran yang pertama(<i>first look</i>) tidak membuka
tabir yang menutupi hakekat, maka diperlukan pemikiran kedua (<i>second look</i>).
Alat yang digunakan untuk menemukan pada pemikiran kedua ini, adalah intuisi
atau wesenchau dari hakekat gejala-gejala.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
usaha melihat hakekat dengan intuisi, Husserl memperkenalkan pendekatan
reduksi. Yang dimaksud dengan reduksi adalah penundaan segala pengetahuan yang
ada tentang obyek sebelum pengamatan intuisi dilakukan. Reduksi juga dapat
diartikan penyaringan atau pengecilan. Istilah lain yang digunakan Husserl
adalah <i>epoche</i>, yang artinya sebagai penempatan sesuatu diantara dua
kurung, maksudnya adalah melupakan pengertian pengertian-pengertian obyek untuk
sementara dan berusaha melihat obyek secara langsung dengan intuisi tanpa
bantuan pengertian-pengertian yang ada sebelumnya. Reduksi ini adalah salah
satu prinsip yang mendasari sikap fenomenologis. Untuk mengetahui sesuatu,
seorang fenomenolog bersikap netral. Tidak menggunakan teori-teori atau
pengertian-pengertian yang telah ada, dalam hal ini obyek diberi kesempatan
“berbicara tentang dirinya sendiri”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jenis-jenis
reduksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Agar
intuisi dapat menangkap gejala-gejala secara benar, maka manusia harus
melepaskan diri dari pengalaman-pengalaman dan gambaran sebelumnya yang
diperoleh dalam kehidupan sehari-hari,dengan cara menggunakan tiga jenis
reduksi, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Reduksi fenomenologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fenomena
apa yang tersebut diatas adalah menampakkan diri. Dalam praktek hidup
sehari-hari, kita tidak memperhatikan penampakan itu. Apa yang kita lihat
secara spontan sudah cukup meyakinkan kita bahwa obyek yang kita lihat adalah
riil atau nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kita
telah meyakininya sebagai realitas diluar kita. Akan tetapi karena yang dituju
fenomenologi adalah realitas dalam arti yang ada diluar dirinya dan ia dapat
dicapai dengan mengalami secara intuitif, maka apa yang kita anggap sebagai
realitas dalam pandangan biasa itu untuk sementara harus ditinggalkan atau
dibuat dalam kurung. Segala subyektifitas disingkirkan, termasuk dalam hal ini
teori-teori, kebiasaan-kebiasaan dan pandangan-pandangan yang membentuk pikiran
kita dalam memandang sesuatu (fenomena), sehingga yang timbul adalah fenomena
itu sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Reduksi Eiditis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Eiditis
berasal dari kata <i>eido</i>, yaitu intisari.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Reduksi eiditis ialah penyaringan atau penempatan didalam kurung. Segala hal
yang bukan <i>eidos</i>. Hasil reduksi kedua ini adalah penilikan realitas.
Dengan reduksi eiditas semua segi, aspek dan profil fenomena yang hanya
kebetulan dikesampingkan, karena aspek dan profil tidak pernah menggambarkan
obyek secara utuh. Setiap obyek adalah kompleks, mengandung aspek dan profil
yang tiada terhingga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Reduksi
eiditas menunjukkan bahwa dalam fenomenologi kriteria koherensi berlaku.
Artinya, pengamatan-pengamatan yang beruntun terhadap obyek harus dapat
disatukan dalam suatu horizon yang konsisten, setiap pengamatan memberi harapan
akan tindakan-tindakan yang sesuai dengan yang pertama atau selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Oleh
karena itu dalam reduksi eiditas, yang harus dilakukan adalah jangan dulu
mempertimbangkan apa yang sifatnya aksidental atau eksistensial itu. Caranya
adalah melalui reduksi eiditas, yakni menunda dalam tanda kurung, sifat-sifat
yang eksistensial dari obyek, perhatian kita sepenuhnya diarahkan pada
esensinya, eidosnya atau hakekatnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 57.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Reduksi Transedental </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Di
alam reduksi ini yang ditempatkan diantara dua kurung adalah eksistensi dan
segala sesuatu yang tidak mempunyai hubungan timbal balik dengan kesadaran
murni, agar dari obyek itu akhirnya orang sampai kepada apa yang ada pada
subyek sendiri. Reduksi ini dengan sendirinya bukan lagi mengenai obyek.
Reduksi ini merupakan pengarahan ke subyek dan mengalami hal-hal yang
menampakkan diri dalam kesadaran, jadi yang tinggal adalah kesadaran diri,
tetapi bukan kesadaran empiris. Kesadaran yang ditemukan adalah kesadaran yang
bersifat murni atau transendental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Ketiga reduksi ini mempunyai hubungan yang koheren, yang
dimulai dari yang pertama, kemudian kedua selanjutnya yang ketiga. Reduksi
ketiga tidak diperoleh tanpa dimulai dari reduksi pertama. Dengan demikian
reduksi berproses secara dinamis dan linear, sehingga tidak ada loncatan
reduksi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">B</span><span lang="EN-US">. Intuisionisme </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aliran intuisi ini
lahir sebagai reaksi kritik terhadap aliran rasionalisme dan empirisme, tokoh
aliran ini adalah Henri Bengson (1854-1941).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam kamus ilmiah
dinyatakan bahwa intuisionisme adalah suatu anggapan bahwa ilmu pengetahuan
dapat dicapai dengan pemahaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>langsung:
anggapan bahwa kewajiban moral tidak dapat disimpulkan sendiri tanpa
pertolongan dari tuhan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Henri Bengson
berpendapat bahwa tidak hanya indra yang terbatas, tetapi akalpun demikian,
objek-objek yang kita tangkap itu selalu berubah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari pendapat
diatas dapat dipahami bahwa indra dan akal memiliki keterbatasan dalam memahami
suatu objek . indra dan akal dapat memahami suatu objek jika ia
mengkonsentrasikan dirinya pada objek tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan menyadari
keterbatasan indra dan akal, Bengson mengembangkan satu kemampuan tingkat
tinggi yang dimiliki manusia, yaitu intuisi. Intuisi merupakan pengetahuan yang
didapatkan melalui proses penalaran tertentu. Ini merupakan hasil evolusi
pemahaman tertinggi dan intuisi tersebut menangkap objek secara langsung tanpa
melalui pemikiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bagi intuisinisme,
terdapat adanya suatu bentuk pengalaman lain (pengalaman bathiniah) disamping
pengalaman yang dihayati melalui indra. Tesa yang dikembangkan oleh faham ini
ternyata memiliki sisi yang memberatkan diantaranya lahirnya pengetahuan yang
intuitif yang hanya dapat dikomunikasikan melalui penerjemahan ke dalam
simbol-simbol, sehingga kita akan berbicara mengenai pengetahuan yang sifatnya
subyektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seseorang yang
sedang terpusat pemikirannya pada suatu masalah tiba-tiba saja menemukan
jawaban atas permalahan tersebut. Tanpa melalui proses berpikir yang berliku,
tiba-tiba saja dia sudah sampai pada sebuah kesimpulan. Jawaban atas
permasalahan yang dipikirkannya muncul dibenaknya atau intuisi ini bekerja
dalam keadaan yang tidak sepenuhnya sadar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suatu masalah yang
sedang kita pikirkan yang kemudian kita tunda karena menemui jalan buntu,
tiba-tiba muncul di benak kita yang lengkap dengan jawabannya. Kita merasa
yakin bahwa memang itulah jawaban yang kita cari namun kita tidak bisa
menjelaskan bagaimana caranya kita sampai disana.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Abidin,
Zainal <i>Filsafat Manusia</i>, Bandung: PT Remaja Rosda Karya, 2003</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bartends,
K. <i>Filsafat Barat Abad XX</i>, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1981</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Drijakara
N. S.J., <i>percikan Filsafat</i>, Cet.V; Jakarta: PT. Pembangunan, 1989</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Echols,
Jhon M. dan Hasan Shadily, <i>kamus bahasa inggris Indonesia</i>, Jakarta: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1990</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Nasution,
Hasan Bakti <i>Filsafat Umum</i> Jakarta: Gaya Media Pratama, 2001</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Partianto
A. dan M. Dahlan al Barry, <i>kamul Ilmiah Populer</i>, Surabaya: Arloka, t.th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Praja,
Juhaya S. <i>Aliran-Aliran Filsafat dan Etika</i>, Cet.II ;Jakarta:kencana,
2005</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sudarsono,
<i>Ilmu Filsafat</i>, Jakarta: PT.Rineka Cipta,2001</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sumantri,
Jujun S. <i>Filsafat Ilmu Sebuah Pengantar Populer</i>, Cet.VI; Jakarta: PT <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gelora Aksara Pratama, 1990</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tafsir,Ahmad,
<i>Filsafat Umum</i>, Cet.IX ; Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 1999.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span>
K.Bartends, <i>Filsafat Barat Abad XX</i> (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
1981) h. 109</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span>
Jhon M.Echols dan Hasan Shadily, <i>kamus bahasa inggris Indonesia</i>
(Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1990) h.42</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span>
N.Drijakara S.J., <i>percikan Filsafat</i> (Cet.V; Jakarta: PT. Pembangunan,
1989) h.117 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span>
Hasan Bakti Nasution, <i>Filsafat Umum</i> (Jakarta: Gaya Media Pratama, 2001)
h.186</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span>
Sudarsono, <i>Ilmu Filsafat</i> (Jakarta: PT.Rineka Cipta,2001) h.340</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span>
Hasan Bakti Nasution, <i>op. cit</i>., h. 187</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span>
Juhaya S.Praja, <i>op. cit</i>., h. 180</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span>
<i>Ibid</i>., h.181</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span>
Zainal Abidin, <i>Filsafat Manusia</i>, (Bandung: PT Remaja Rosda Karya, 2003)
h.147</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span>
Hasan Bakti Nasution, <i>op. cit</i>., h. 188</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span>
Pius A. Partianto dan M. Dahlan al Barry, <i>kamul Ilmiah Populer</i> (
Surabaya: Arloka, t.th.) h.271 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span>
Ahmad Tafsir, <i>Filsafat Umum</i>, (Cet.IX ; Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya,
1999), h. 26 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span>
Jujun S.Sumantri, <i>Filsafat Ilmu Sebuah Pengantar Populer</i> (Cet.VI;
Jakarta: PT Gelora Aksara Pratama, 1990), h. 53</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-15810364452118963482013-01-14T17:05:00.000-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.024-07:00Khalifah Abu Bakar Ash-Shiddiq<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KHALIFAH ABU BAKAR </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Biografi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abu Bakar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama lengkapnya adalah Abdullah Ibn Abi Quhafah
al-Taimiy. Sebelum masuk Islam ia bernama ‘Abd. Al-Ka’bah, kemudian setelah ia
memeluk Islam nama tersebut diganti oleh Rasulullah dengan Abdullah yang Akrab
dipanggil dengan Abu Bakar. Ada pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa gelar tersebut
melekat sebagai nama penggilan karena beliau termasuk orang yang mula-mula
memeluk Islam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan gelar <i>ash-shiddiq</i> merupakan julukan yang diberikan</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> kepadanya
karena ia termasuk orang pertama membenarkan peristiwa Isra Mi’raj Nabi pada
saat sejumlah masyarakat Arab tidak mempercayainya karena mengukur peristiwa
tersebut dengan logika murni.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Bakar dilahirkan pada tahun 573 M. (dua tahun setelah
kelahiran Rasulullah).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Ia termasuk golongan orang
yang memeluk Islam tanpa banyak pertimbangan. Sebelum memeluk Islam, ia
merupakan seorang saudagar kaya yang mempunyai pengaruh yang cukup besar
dikalangan bangsa Arab. Namun setelah ia memeluk Islam, perhatiannya sepenuhnya
dicurahkan kepada Islam sehingga aktivitas perdagangan yang dilakukannya hanya
sekedar memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain daripada itu, beliau juga dikenal sebagai orang
yang jujur dan dermawan serta senang beramal untuk kepentingan perjuangan
Islam. Bukti kedermawanan tersebut sebagaimana dilukiskan dalam sejarah bahwa
ketika Rasulullah SAW. Mempersiapkan pasukan menuju Tabuk, Abu Bakar
menyumbangkan semua harta yang dimilikinya dan tidak ada lagi yang tersisa.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketika terjadi peristiwa hijrah, Abu Bakar merupakan
sahabat yang setia mengawal perjalanan Nabi hingga tiba di Madinah. Penderitaan
yang dialaminya dalam peristiwa tersebut serta ancaman maut yang mengintainya
setiap saat tidak pernah menyurutkan semangat kesetiaannya terhadap Nabi SAW.
Dan agama yang dibawanya. Demikian pula, Abu Bakar senantiasa ikut bertempur
dalam hampir semua peperangan bersama Rasulullah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Proses Pembentukan Khilafah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam Al-Qur’an, Allah menegaskan bahwa setiap makhluk
yang ber</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ny</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">awa pasti mengalami kematian, tak terkecuali
kekasih-Nya sendiri yang bernama Muhammad SAW (QS 3: 144). Namun kematiannya
ternyata disikapi dengan emosional oleh sahabat-sahabatnya yang tidak percaya
akan kematian Nabinya, seakan mereka lupa bahwa Nabi Muhammad SAW adalah
manusia seperti mereka pula. Abu Bakar dengan imannya yang hampir mendekati
sempurna tampil sebagai pemecah kekalutan sekaligus menebarkan ketentraman kaum
muslimin saat itu dengan membacakan firman Allah SWT QS Al-Imran (3): 144
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">£</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">J</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">p</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">C</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">w</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">)</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">×</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">A</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">M</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">z</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">&</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB3; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB3;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">7</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">'</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">*</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">|</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¨</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">@</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">L</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">R</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">N</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">3</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ó</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">4</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">?</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">É</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">§</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Û</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">©</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">\</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">©</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">3</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">f</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">ª</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">û</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ì</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">6</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">¤</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">±</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ê</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Í<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Í</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahannya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhammad itu tidak lain hanyalah seorang rasul, sungguh telah
berlalu sebelumnya beberapa orang rasul. Apakah jika Dia wafat atau dibunuh
kamu berbalik ke belakang (murtad)? Barangsiapa yang berbalik ke belakang, Maka
ia tidak dapat mendatangkan mudharat kepada Allah sedikitpun, dan Allah akan
memberi Balasan kepada orang-orang yang bersyukur</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></i><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ayat itu merupakan bentuk penyadaran yang dilakukan Abu
Bakar untuk menghilangkan keragu-raguan atas wafatnya Rasulullah SAW. Abu Bakar
nampaknya sangat memahami kondisi spritual kaum muslimin saat itu terutama para
sahabat. Sehingga pendekatan retorika yang digunakan adalah pendekatan nash
Al-Qur’an, apalagi pendekatan ditopang oleh pengetahuan para sahabat tentang
Al-Qur’an dan hadis sebagai pedoman hidup umat Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setelah Abu Bakar melantunkan ayat tersebut, Umar Ibn
Khattab puntersungkur dan menyadari kekeliruannya ternyata Muhammad saw adalah
sama dengan Nabi-nabi sebelumnya yang mempunyai hak kematiannya. Demikian juga
dengan para sahabat yang lain seperti Ibn Abbas yang tersentak kesadarannya
jika ayat itu pernah diwahyukan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesadaran para sahabat atas wafatnya Nabi Muhammad SAW
tidak menyebabkan mereka terlalu larut dalam kedukaan. Mereka pun menyadari
bahwa saat ini tidak ada lagi wahyu yang akan turun dan tidak ada lagi hadist
yang terbit dari perkataan dan perbuatan Nabi Muhammad SAW. Sedangkan yang
tersisa hanyalah iman dan menjadi harta diri yang tak ternilai harganya, bahkan
kelak menjadi pemicu dan pemacu keberhasilan perjuangan kaum muslimin dalam
mengembangkan syiar agamanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Naluri ketergantungan pada sesuatu yang superioritas atas
dirinya mendorong kaum A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">shar untuk mengambil prakarsa pembentukan
khilafah dengan menetapkan salah seorang dari mereka sebagai khalifah atau pengganti
peran Nabi SAW. Dalam mengatur Madinah dan upaya pengembangan syiar Islam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sungguh menarik prakarsa pembentukan khilafah justru atas
inisiatif kaum Anshar yang terdiri dari suku Aus dan Khazraj merupakan penduduk
asli Madinah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kondisi demikian disebabkan oleh dua faktor, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pertama</i>, kaum Anshar adalah penduduk asli Madinah yang banyak
menolong Nabi SAW. Dan kaum muslimin dari Mekkah. Sedangkan faktor <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kedua</i> adalah <i>sense of crisis</i>
(kepekaan terhadap Krisis) yang dimiliki kaum Anshar dalam menyikapi kevakuman
kepemimpinan. Kaum Anshar nampaknya menyadari sepenuhnya bahaya dari sebuah
kevakuman yaitu hilangnnya kontrol atau kendali atas pengaruh syiar Islam pada
diri kaum muslimin yang terbesar didalam berbagai suku di kota Mekkah, Madinah
dan sebagian kecilnya Jazirah Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketika kaum Muhajirin dan Anshar berkumpul di Saqifah Ban</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Sa’idah
terjadi perdebatan tentang calon khalifah. Masing-masing mengajukan
argumentasinya tentang siapa yang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">layak
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sebagai khalifah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selanjutnya Abu Bakar menawarkan pola dualisme
kepemimpinan sekedar mewujudkan keadilan di antara keduanya dan demi menjaga
persatuan umat Islam. Semula pendapat ini diterima oleh kaum Anshar, namun Umar
bin Khattab tidak menyetujui adanya dualisme kepemimpinan di kalangan suku
Arab, karena Nabinya bukan berasal dari kaum Anshar. Pendapat Umar bin Khattab
mendapat perlawanan keras dari al-Hubab bin al-Munzir bin al</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jamur (kaum
Anshar), dan sempat terjadi perkelahian kecil diantara keduanya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Di tengah perdebatan
tersebut, Abu Bakar mengajukan dua calon yaitu Abu Ubaidah bin Jahrah dan Umar
bin Khattab. Pengajuan dua calon ternyata menimbulkan kegaduhan dan
perselisihan karena diantara keduanya terdapat perbedaan kualitas, terutama
menyangkut wibawa dan kedudukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tetapi Umar bin Khattab tidak membiarkan perselisihan itu
terus terjadi, maka dengan suaranya yang lantang beliau membaiat Abu Bakar
sebagai khalifah yang diikuti oleh Abu Ubaidah. Kemudian proses pembaitan terus
berlanjut seperti yang dilakukan oleh Basyir bin Sa’ad beserta pengikutnya dan
kaum muslimin dari suku Aus.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Proses pembaitan Abu Bakar sebagai khalifah ternyata
tidak sepenuhnya mulus karena ada beberapa orang yang belum memberikan ikrar
seperti Ali bin Abi Thalib, Abbas bin Abdul Muthalib, Fadl bin al-Abbas, Zubair
bin al-Awwam bin al-As, Khalid bin Sa’id, Miqdad bin Amir, Salman al-farisi,
Abu Zar al-Gifari, Ammar bin Yasir, Bara’bin Azib dan Ubai bin Ka’ab. Telah
terjadi pertemuan sebagian kecil kaum Anshar dengan Ali bin Abi Thalib di rumah
Fatimah mereka bermaksud membaiat Ali, dengan anggapan Ali lebih patut menjadi
khalifah karena Ali berasal dari Bani Hasyim yang berarti <i>Ahlulbait</i>
Rasulullah saw.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keengganan Ali bin Abi Thalib serta kemungkinan adanya
segelintir kaum Muhajirin dari Bani Hasyim ditepis sebagian ahli sejarah dengan
kesaksian Sa’ad bin Zaid tentang tidak adanya orang yang tertinggal dalam
proses pembaitan Abu Bakar sebagai khalifah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setelah Abu
Bakat terpilih menjadi khalifah, Abu Bakar kemudian menyampaikan pidato yang
memuat pernyataan antara, bahwa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dia mengakui<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
bahwa dirinya bukanlah orang terbaik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dia harus dibantu hanya selama dirinya berbuat
baik dan harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diluruskan bila dia
berbuat tidak baik (<i>in asa'tu</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dia akan memberikan hak setiap orang tanpa
membedakan yang kuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan yang lemah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketaatan
kepadanya tergantung pada ketaatannya kepada Allah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dijumpai fenomena menarik dari proses pembaitan Abu
Bakar, bahwa isu menjaga persatuan dan menghindarkan perpecahan di kalangan
umat Islam saat itu menjadi argumentasi Abu Bakar untuk meyakinkan
kekhalifahannya. Argumentasi ini cukup efektif karena kondisi sosial umat Islam
saat itu di ambang krisis persatuan. Hal itu ditandai dengan munculnya
orang-orang murtad, keengganan sejumlah suku membayar zakat dan pajak.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kekhalifahan Abu Bakar </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masa kakhalifahan Abu Bakar merupakan masa kritis
perjalanan syiar Islam karena dihadapkan sejumlah masalah seperti <i>ridat</i>
atau kemurtadan dan ketidaksetiaan. Beberapa anggota suku muslim menolak untuk
membayar zakat kepada khalifah untuk <i>Baitul Mal</i> (perbendaharaan publik).
Kemudian masalah berikutnya adalah munculnya beberapa kafir yang menyatakan
dirinya sebagai Nabi, serta sejumlah pemberontakan-pemberontakan kecil yang
merupakan bibit-bibit perpecahan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semasa hidupnya, Rasulullah saw pernah mengirimkan satu
ekspedisi ke Syria di bawah pimpinan Usamah bin Zaid, putera dari Zaid bin
Harits ra yang gugur pada perang Mut’ah di tahun 8 Hijriah. Pengiriman
ekspedisi ini sempat diusulkan para sahabat untuk ditarik kembali ke Madinah
guna membantu mengatasi masalah dalam negeri seperti memerangi orang-orang
murtad, orang-orang yang enggan membayar zakat dan memadamkan
pemberontakan-pemberontakan kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Namun usulan ini ditolak dengan tegas oleh Abu bakar
karena pengiriman ekspedisi ini merupakan amanah dari Rasulullah saw. Sikap
tegas yang ditunjukkan oleh Abu Bakar kelak membuahkan hikmah tersendiri bagi
usaha penyelesaian konflik sosial di dalam negeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selama 40 hari berperang melawan orang-orang Romawi di
Syria, akhirnya ekspedisi usamah meraih kemenangan. Keberhasilan ini
menimbulkan opini positif bahwa Islam tetap jaya, tidak akan hilang seiring
dengan wafatnya Rasulullah saw. Akhirnya satu persatu suku-suku yang semula
meninggalkan Islam kembali memeluk Islam dan loyal terhadap kekhalifahan Abu
Bakar al-Shiddiq.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kini persoalan dalam negeri yang terakhir dan perlu
segera dipadamkan adalah pemberontakan yang digerakkan oleh nabi-nabi palsu
seperti Aswad ‘Ansi dari Yaman, Tsulaiha dari suku bani Asad di Arab Utara,
Sajah binti al Harits di Suwaid,dan Musailamah al-Kadzdzab, anggota suku Arab
Tengah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Bakar mengirim Khalid bin Walid ra untuk manumpas
pemberontakan-pemberontakan tersebut dan berhasil memadamkannya. Demikian juga
terhadap gerakan kemurtadan dan suku-suku yang enggan membayar zakat dapat
diselesaikan dengan baik oleh Abu Bakar melalui perantaraan panglima perangnya,
Khalid bin Walid ra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setelah permasalahan besar dalam negeri dapat diatasi
dengan baik, abu Bakar memfokuskan pada kebijakan luar negeri yakni
menyelamatnya suku-suku Arab dari penganiayaan pemerintahan Persia. Untuk misi
ini, Abu bakar kembali mengirimkan Khalid bin Walid ra dengan pasukannya ke
Iraq dan akhirnya bertempur dengan tentara Persia di Hafir, pada tahun 12 H
(633 M).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada 15 Dzulqa’idah 12 H, Khalid bin Walid ra, mengalahkan
musuhnya secara total dan menduduki seluruh Iraq Selatan. Ekspedisi berikutnya
adalah ke Syria membantu perjuangan Usamah bin Zaid untuk mengamankan daerah
perbatasan dari serangan orang-orang Romawi. Karena perbatasan merupakan
jalur-jalur perdagangan bangsa Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sekitar bulan Rabi’uts-Tsani 13 H yang bertepatan dengan
31 Juli 634 M. Akhirnya kekaisaran Romawi dapat ditumbangkan melalui perang
Ajnadin.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Padahal dari sekian banyak pertempuran-pertempuran pasukan muslim jauh lebih
kecil dari pasukan lawan. Keberhasilan pasukan muslim mengalahkan pasukan lawan
tidak terlepas dari spiritual yang tinggi kaum muslimin seperti tersirat dalam
opsi yang disampaikan Khalid bin Walid ra maupun utusan-utusan muslim lainnya
kepada Kaisar Persia dan Panglima Perang Romawi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa yang dilukiskan Khalid bin Walid ra tentang kondisi
mental spritual pasukan muslim memang tepat, karena mati syahid adalah dambaan
setiap muslim dengan ganjaran surga dan kekal didalamnya, apalagi kaum muslimin
saat itu yang berada dalam barisan pasukan muslim memiliki kualitas keimanan
yang tinggi dengan kesadaran akhirat yangtak tertandingi, sehingga kematian
bukanlah sesuatu yang menakutkan melainkan sesuatu yang didambakan karena yakin
akan adanya hari perhitungan atas segala amal yang diperbuat dan kehidupan
akhirat setelah kehidupan di dunia ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di saat kemenangan demi kemenangan diraih pasukan muslim
di Ajnadin. Abu Bakar dikabarkan jatuh sakit tepatnya pada tanggal 7 Jumadil
Akhir, 13 H, dan akhirnya meninggal dunia setelah menderita sakit selama dua
minggu. Beliau meninggal dunia pada usia 61 tahun pada hari Selasa, 22 Jumadil
akhir, 13 H (23 Agustus 634 M).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meskipun Abu Bakar menjabat khalifah relatif singkat
yakni dua tahun tiga bulan, beliau berhasil membina dan mempertahankan ekstensi
persatuan dan kesatuan umat Islam yang berdomisili di berbagai suku dan bangsa.
Wibawa umat Islam pun semakin terangkat dengan ditaklukannya dua imperium
terbesar dunia saat itu, yaitu Romawi dan Persia. Kedua imperium ini menjadi
poros kebudayaan dan peradaban dunia. Karena penaklukan atau peletakan
kedaulatan umat Islam di kedua imperium itu menjadi aset yang sangat
berpengaruh bagi pembangunan peradaban dunia Islami. Hal itu terbukti dengan
peradaban Islam yang pernah jaya berabad-abad lamanya di Jaziarh Arab dan benua
Eropa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Implikasi sejarah semacam ini tentu tidak teranalisis
pada masa kekhalifahan Abu Bakar, karena beliau berperang bukan dengan tujuan
kekuasaan melainkan semata-mata menegakkan syariat Islam dan menciptakan
kedamaian di mana pun umat Islam berada, pekerjaan besar semacam ini tentu
menguras energi tenaga dan pikiran yang sangat besar. Usia Abu Bakar yang
mencapai 60 tahun ketika dilantik menjadi khalifah, dan kerja keras yang
dilakukannya beresiko bagi kesehatan fisiknya, Abu Bakar pun jatuh sakit dan
meninggal dunia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prestasi lainnya adalah upaya pengumpulan Qur’an. Dari
dialog Umar bin khattab dengan Abu bakar bahwa begitu banyak para <i>huffaz</i>
Qur’an yang syahid di medan pertempuran sehingga dikhawatirkan oleh Umar dapat
merusak kelestarian Qur’an itu sendiri di masa yang akan datang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melalui kesaksian sejumlah sahabat yang pernah mendapat
pengajaran Al-Qur’an dari Rasulullah saw, dikumpulkan dan disalin kembali oleh
Zaid bin Tsabit ra atas instruksi khalifah Abu Bakar. Akhirnya Qur’an terhimpun
dalam bentuk mushaf yang dikenal dengan nama Mushaf al-Imam (Mushaf Usman).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari sekian prestasi yang terukir pada masa kekhalifahan
Abu Bakar, maka jasa terbesar Abu Bakar yang dapat dinikmati oleh peradaban
manusia sekarang adalah usaha pengumpulan Qur’an yang kelak melahirkan mushaf
Usmani dan selanjutnya menjadi acuan dasar dalam penyalinan ayat-ayat suci
Al-Qur’an hingga menjadi kitab Al-Qur’an yang menjadi pedoman utama kehidupan
umat Islam bahkan bagi seluruh umat yang ada di permukaan bumi ini.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali, K. <i>A Studi of
Islamic History, </i>diterjemahkan oleh Gufran A, Mas’adi dengan judul <i>Sejarah
Islam Mulai dari Awal Hingga Runtuhnya Dinasti Usmani</i>: <i>Tarikh Pra
Modern.</i> Cet. II; Jakarta: Raja Grapindo Persada, 1997.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Departemen Agama RI.<i> Al-Qur’an dan
Terjemahannya.</i> Semarang: CV. Toha Putra, 1989.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Haekal, Muhammad Husain, <i>As-Siddiq Abu
Bakr,</i> diterjemahkan oleh Ali Audah dengan judul <i>Abu Bakar as-Siddiq
(Sebuah Biografi)</i>. Cet. II; Bogor: Pustaka Litera AntarNusa, 2001.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hisyam, Ibn. <i>Al Sirah Al Nabawiah</i>.
Jilid IV; Beirut. Dar Al Jil, 1987.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Kandahlawy, Syaikh Muhammad Yusuf. <i>Mukhtashar
Hayatush-Shahabat.</i> Diterjemahkan oleh Kathur Suhardi dengan judul <i>Sirah
Shahabat.</i> Cet. I; Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 1998.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Khan, Majid Ali. <i>The Pios
Caliphs,</i> ditejemahkan oleh Joko S. Abd. Kahhar dengan judul <i>Sisi hidup
para khalifah Saleh.</i> Cet. I; Surabaya: Risalah Gusti, 2000.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mu’nis, husain. <i>‘Alam al-Islam. </i>Misra:
Dar al-Ma’arif, 1973.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mubarakfuri, Syaikh Shafiyur Rahman. <i>Ar-Rahiq
al-Makhtum Bahtrun fi as-Sirah an-Nabawiyah ‘ala Shahibiha afdhal as-Shalat
was-Salam, </i>diterjemahkan oleh Rahmat dengan judul <i>Sirah Nabawiyah.</i>
Cet. I; Jakarta: Rabbani Press, 1998.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nasution, Harun. <i>Islam Rasional: Gagasan
dan Pemikiran. </i>Cet. IV; Bandung: Mizan, 1996.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nasution</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahmuddin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <i>Penerapan
Syariat Islam Pada Masa Khulafa` Ar-Rasyidin. </i>Fosting Blog Internet pada
tanggal , 29 Jun 2006.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sou’yb, Joesoef.<i> Sejarah Daulat
Khulafaurrasyidin.</i> Cet. I; Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1979.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syalabiy, Ahmad. <i>Mausu’ah al-Tarikh
al-Islamiy wa al-hadarah al-Islamiyah, </i>jilid I. Cet. VIII; al-Qahirah:
Maktabah al-Nahdah, 1978.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Tabari, Abu Ja’far Ibn Jarir. <i>Tarikh Al
Umam Wa Al Mulk.</i> Jilid III; Kairo: Dar Al Fikr, 1979. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat Ahmad Syalaby, <i>Mausu’ah al-Tarikh al-Islamiy wa al-Hadarah
al-Islamiyah, Jilid I</i> (Cet. VIII; al-Qahirah: Maktabah al-Nahdah, 1978), h.
380.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat Majid Ali Khan, <i>The Pious Caliphs, </i>diterjemahkan oleh Joko S.
Abd. Kahhar dengan judul <i>Sisi Hidup para Kahlifah Saleh </i>(Cet. I;
Surabaya: Risalah Gusti, 2000), h. 17-18 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat K. Ali,<i> A Study of Islamic History,</i> diterjemahkan oleh Gufran
A. Mas’adi dengan Judul <i>sejarah Islam Mulai dari Awal Hingga Runtuhnya
Dinasti Usmani: Tarikh Pra Modern (</i>Cet. I; Jakarta: Raja Grapindo Persada,
1997), h. 89.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat Ahmad Syalabiy, <i>loc. Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat K. Ali, <i>Loc. cit</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat Majid Ali khan,<i> Op. Cit., h. 20.</i></span></div>
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<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Departemen Agama RI, <i>Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya, </i>(Semarang: CV.
Toha Putra, 1989) h. 215.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syaikh Shafiyur Rahman al-Mubarakfuri, <i>Ar-Rahiq al-Makhtum Bahtrun fi
as-Sirah an-Nabawiyah ‘ala Shahibiha afdhal as-Shalat was-Salam, </i>diterjemahkan
oleh Rahmat dengan Judul Sirah Nabawiyah (Cet. 1; Jakarta: Rabbani Press,
1998), h. 718.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam definisi khalifah yang dikemukakan Majid Ali khan bahwa sejauh
menyangkut kekuasaan yang didelegasikan terhadap Hukum, dia adalah seorang
khalifah, seorang pengganti atau wakil dari Rasulullah SAW yang merupakan
“wakil Raja sesungguhnya”, Allah SWT di bumi, dan sejauh menyangkut eksekusi
(pelaksanaan) terhadap hukum, dia adalah Amir atau Imam, yakni pemimpin kaum
Muslim pada masanya.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibn Hisyam, <i>Al-Sirah Al-Nabawiah, </i>(Jilid IV; Dar Al Jil, 1987), h.
225.</span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abu Ja’far Ibn Jarir Al-Tabari, <i>Tarikh al Umam Wa Mulk,</i> (Jilid, III;
Kairo: Dar AlFikr, 1979), h. 208.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibn. Hisyam, <i>op.cit., </i>h.<i> </i>228.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhammad Husain Haekal, As-Siddiq Abu Bakr, diterjemahkan oleh Ali Audah
dengan Judul Abu Bakar as-Siddiq (<i>Sebuah Biografi)</i> (Cet. II; Bogor:
Pustaka Litera Antar Nusa, 2001), h.48.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid., h.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">51.</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahmuddin Nasution</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, <i>Penerapan Syariat Islam Pada Masa Khulafa`
Ar-Rasyidin. </i>Fosting Blog Internet pada tanggal , 29 Jun 2006.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syaikh Muhammad Yusuf al-Kandahlawy, <i>Mukhtashar Hayatush-Shahabat, </i>diterjemahkan
oleh Kathur Suhardi dengan judul <i>Sirah Shahabat (</i>Cet. I; Jakarta:
Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 1998), h. 153. </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Joesoef Sou’yb, <i>Sejarah Daulat Khulafaurrasyidin, (Cet. 1: jakarta:
Bulan Bintang, 1979), h.24.</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> h. 117.</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Majid Ali khan, <i>op</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> cit</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">., </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h.51.</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muhammad Husain Haekal, <i>op.cit.,</i>h. 341.</span></div>
</div>
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</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-36735818743499647362013-01-13T01:49:00.000-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.037-07:00Makalah "Kisah-kisah dalam Al-Qur'an"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A. Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rosihon Anwar dalam bukunya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Tafsir</i>”<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
mengemukakan bahwa Alquran merupakan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kalam</span>
Allah swt. yang berisi petunjuk bagi manusia. Ajaran-ajarannya disampaikan
secara variatif serta dikemas sedemikian rupa. Ada yang berisi informasi,
perintah dan larangan, ada juga yang dimodifikasi dalam bentuk diskriftif
kisah-kisah yang </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengandung <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">pelajaran
atau petunjuk<i> </i></span>yang dikenal dengan kisah-kisah dalam Alquran.
Tuntunan dalam Alquran adakalanya disampaikan melalui kisah-kisah dengan tujuan
untuk menjelaskan bantahan terhadap kepercayaan-kepercayaan yang salah dan
bantahan terhadap setiap bujukan untuk berbuat ingkar, serta menerangkan
prinsip-prinsip Islamiyah dalam berdakwah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudah menjadi ketentuan, bahwa manusia
merupakan makhluk ciptaan Allah swt. mempunyai banyak keunikan, salah satu
keunikannya adalah suka mendengar dan mempelajari cerita. Hal tersebut
disebabkan karena kisah dapat menarik perhatian apabila di dalamnya terselip
pesan-pesan dan pelajaran yang dapat menanamkan kesan rasa ingin tahu tentang
peristiwa-peristiwa yang telah terjadi. Nasehat atau pelajaran yang disampaikan
tanpa variasi, walau dengan tutur kata yang indah, belum tentu dapat menarik
perhatian akal, bahkan isinya pun belum tentu dapat dipahami. Akan tetapi bila
nasehat itu dituangkan dalam bentuk kisah yang menggambarkan peristiwa dalam
realita kehidupan, maka akan terwujudlah dengan jelas tujuannya. Sehingga akan
merasa senang mendengarkan, memperhatikannya dengan penuh kerinduan dan rasa
ingin tahu, dan pada gilirannya ia akan terpengaruh akan nasehat dan pelajaran
yang terkandung di dalammya.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Dikemukakan
oleh Manna Khalil al-Kattan,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> bahwa
kesusasteraan kisah dewasa ini telah menjadi seni yang khas diantara seni-seni
bahasa dan kesusasteraan. Kisah yang benar telah membuktikan kondisi ini dalam <i>Uṣlub
Arabi</i> secara jelas dan menggambarkannya dalam bentuk yang paling tinggi, yaitu
kisah-kisah Alquran. Kisah-kisah dalam Alquran tentu saja berbeda dengan cerita
atau dongeng lainnya, karena mempunyai karakteristik di dalamnya. Dalam Alquran
kisah merupakan petikan-petikan dari sejarah sebagai pelajaran bagi umat
manusia yang senantiasa dapat menarik manfaat dari peristiwa-peristiwa itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara eksplisit Alquran berbicara
tentang pentingnya sejarah, hal tersebut tertera dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ali Imran</i> (3):140 berbunyi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">إِنْ يَمْسَسْكُمْ قَرْحٌ
فَقَدْ مَسَّ الْقَوْمَ قَرْحٌ مِثْلُهُ وَتِلْكَ الأيَّامُ نُدَاوِلُهَا بَيْنَ النَّاسِ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan kamu (pada perang uhud)
terkena luka, Maka kaum lainpun (kafir)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>kena luka
pula seperti itu. Dan hari (kejayanan dan kekalahan) itu akan datang silih
berganti</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B. Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berangkat dari pembahasan pada latar
belakang di atas, maka dapatlah dikemukakan permasalahan yang menjadi inti pembahasan
dalam makalah ini, yakni sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana
pengertian<i> Qaṣaṣ al-Qur’ān?</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada berapa
macam <i>Qaṣaṣ al-Qur’ān?</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana
karakteristik <i>Qaṣaṣ al-Qur’ān?</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa
tujuan <i>Qaṣaṣ al-Qur’ān?</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">II. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A. Pengertian </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Qaṣaṣ al-Qur’ān</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata <i>qaṣaṣ</i>
berasal dari Bahasa Arab yang merupakan bentuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jamak</i> dari kata <i>qiṣaṣ </i>yang berarti <i>tatabbu’ al-aṡar</i>
(napak tilas/ mengulang kembali masa lalu).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>qiṣaṣ </i>menurut Muhammad Ismail Ibrahim yang berarti “hikayat”
(dalam bentuk) prosa yang panjang”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
sedang menurut Manna Khalil al-Qattan “<i>qaṣaṣtu aṡarahu</i>” yang berarti
“kisah ialah menelusuri jejak”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> Kata <i>al-qaṣaṣ</i>
adalah bentuk masdar, seperti dalam firman Allah Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Kahfi</i> (18): 64 disebutkan:</span></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">فَارْتَدَّا عَلَى آثَارِهِمَا
قَصَصًا</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Lalu keduanya kembali, mengikuti
jejak mereka semula</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maksudnya kedua
orang itu kembali mengikuti jejak darimana keduanya itu datang. Dan firmanNya
melalui lisan ibu Musa, QS. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Qaṣaṣ</i>
(28): 11 sebagai berikut: </span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">M</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">¾</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">G</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">T</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">{</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Å</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">_</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">Á</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">è</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">%</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">(</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"></span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan berkatalah ibu Musa kepada saudara
Musa yang perempuan: ikutilah dia</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maksudnya
ikutilah jejaknya sampai kamu melihat siapa yang mengambilnya. Secara
etimologi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(bahasa), <i>al-qaṣaṣ</i>
mempunyai arti urusan <i>(al-amr)</i>, berita <i>(al-khabar)</i>, perbuatan <i>(al-sya’an),</i>
dan keadaan <i>(al-hal)</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Dalam
kamus Bahasa Indonesia, kata <i>al-qaṣsaṣ</i> diterjemahkan dengan kisah yang
berarti kejadian (riwayat, dan sebagainya).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> Menurut
al-Raghib al-Iṣfahani, <i>qaṣaṣ</i> adalah akar kata (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maṣdar</i>) dari “<i>qaṣṣa-yaquṣṣu”,</i> secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lugawi</i> konotasinya tak jauh berbeda dari yang disebutkan di atas,
yang dipahami sebagai “cerita yang ditelusuri”<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> seperti
dalam Firman Allah swt. Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yusuf </i>(12):
111:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">لَقَدْ كَانَ فِي قَصَصِهِمْ
عِبْرَةٌ لأولِي الألْبَابِ</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terjemahnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sesungguhnya pada kisah-kisah
mereka itu terdapat pengajaran bagi orang-orang yang mempunya akal”</span></i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pada beberapa arti di
atas, dapat diambil pengertian bahwa <i>qiṣaṣ </i>sama dengan kisah yang
mempunyai arti segala peristiwa, kejadian atau berita yang telah terjadi dari
suatu cerita untuk menelusuri jejaknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun
yang dimaksud dengan <i>Qaṣaṣ al- Qur’ān</i> adalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<sup><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sup><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">إخبار عن الأحوال الماضية والأنبياء القدماء والأحداث
الواقعة فى الماضى. </span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemberitaan mengenai keadaan umat
terdahulu, nabi-nabi terdahulu, dan peristiwa yang pernah terjadi”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut perspektif Alquran, Allah swt.
mengungkapkan diriNya melalui peristiwa-peristwa, namun wahyuNya menggunakan
tema-tema yang sudah terkenal dan dinyatakan kembali sampai orang-orang beriman
meresapinya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Alquran banyak mengandung keterangan tentang kejadian pada masa lalu, sejarah
bangsa-bangsa, keadaan negeri-negeri dan peninggalan atau jejak setiap umat. Ia
menceritakan semua keadaan mereka dengan cara yang menarik dan mempesona.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pengertian di atas, maka
dapat dikatakan, bahwa pada kisah-kisah yang dimuat dalam Alquran semuanya
cerita yang benar-benar terjadi, tidak ada cerita fiksi, khayal, apalagi
dongeng. Jadi bukan seperti tuduhan sebagian orientalis bahwa Alquran ada yang
tidak cocok dengan fakta sejarah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b>Macam-macam
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qaṣaṣ al-Qur’ān</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Manna Khalil al-Kattan,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kisah-kisah yang terdapat dalam Alquran dapat
dibagi menjadi tiga macam, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dilihat dari sisi pelaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari
sudut pandang pelaku, kiah-kisah dalam Alquran dapat lagi dibedakan menjadi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tiga macam yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah
para nabi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada bagian ini, kisah dalam Alquran berisikan
tentang ajakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>para nabi kepada kaumnya,
mukjizat-mukjizat yang memperkuat dakwahnya, sikap orang-orang yang
memusuhinya, tahapan-tahapan dakwah dan perkembangannya serta akibat yang menimpa
orang beriman (mempercayai) dan golongan yang mendustakan para nabi. Misalnya
kisah Nabi Nuh, a.s., Nabi Ibrahim a.s., Nabi Musa, a.s., Nabi Harun, a.s, Nabi
Isa, a.s., Nabi Muhammad saw, dan nabi-nabi serta rasul lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah
yang berhubungan dengan masa lalu dan orang-orang yang tidak disebutkan
kenabiannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Misalnya kisah orang yang keluar
dari kampung halamannya, yang beribu-ribu jumlahnya karena takut mati, kisah
Talut dan Jalut, dua orang putera Adam, Aṣhabul Kahfi, Dzul Qarnain, Qarun,
Ashabus Sabti (orang–orang yang menangkap ikan pada hari sabtu), misalnya
Maryam, Aṣhabul ukhdud, Aṣhabul Fil dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah
yang terjadi pada masa Rasulullah saw.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seperti perang Badar dan Uhud
dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Surah</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ali Imran</i>, perang Hunain dan Tabuk dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Surah al-Taubah</i>, perang al-Akhzab, Hijrah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isra’</i> dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah-kisah
mengenai para nabi dalam Alquran bervariasi sesuai dengan kasus, tetapi mereka
semua adalah pemberi peringatan yang mendapat perlindungan Allah swt. kepada
para hambaNya. Perlindungan ini adalah salah satu elemen dalam narasi yang dipercepat
dengan insiden. Contoh Nabi Ibrahim, a.s. diselamatkan dari api yang dilempar
kedalamnya oleh umatnya setelah dia menghancurkan patung-patung, Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Anbiya’</i> (21): 68-71. Nabi Isa, a.s.
diselamatkan ketika Allah swt, secara mukjizat menghalanginya dari orang-orang
Yahudi dari menyalibnya Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-Nisa</i>
(4): 157.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dilihat
dari panjang pendeknya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
hal ini, kisah-kisah dalam Alquran dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga bagian,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> yakni
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah
yang panjang, contohnya kisah Nabi Yusuf, a.s. dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yusuf</i> (12) yang hampir seluruh ayatnya mengungkapkan kehidupan Nabi
Yusuf, sejak masa kanak-kanak sampai dewasa dan memiliki kekuasaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah
yang sedang, seperti kisah Nabi Musa, a.s. dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qaṣaṣ</i> (28), kisah Nabi Nuh, a.s. dan kaumnya dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nuh</i> (71), dan lain-lain. Kisah yang lebih
pendek dari kisah yang sedang, seperti kisah Maryam dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maryam</i> (19), kisah Aṣhab al-Kahfi pada Q.S.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kahfi</i> (18), kisah Nabi Adam, a.s.
dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Baqarah</i> (2), dan Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thoha </i>(20), yang terdiri atas sepuluh
atau beberapa belas ayat saja. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah
yang pendek, yaitu kisah yang jumlahnya kurang dari sepuluh ayat, misalnya kisah
Nabi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Luth, a.s dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’raaf</i> (7), kisah Nabi Ṣalih, a.s.
dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hud</i> (110), dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dilihat
dari jenisnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apabila
dilihat dari segi jenisnya, kisah-kisah dalam Alquran dapat dibagi menjadi tiga
macam<sup>,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
</sup>yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah
Sejarah (<i>al-qiṣaṣ al-tarikhiyyah</i>), berkisar tentang kisah-kisah sejarah,
seperti para nabi dan rasul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah
perumpamaan (<i>al-qiṣaṣ al-tamṡlsiyah</i>), untuk menerangkan atau memperjelas
suatu pengertian, bahwa peristiwa itu tidak benar terjadi tetapi hanya
perkiraan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah
<i>asatir</i>, kisah ini untuk mewujudkan tujuan-tujuan ilmiah atau menafsirkan
fenomena yang ada atau menguraikan masalah yang sulit diterima akal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jika
dilihat dari sudut pandang yang lain, kisah-kisah yang terdapat dalam Alquran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada umumnya mengandung tiga unsur<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pelaku
(<i>al-sakhsiyyat</i>), kisah-kisah yang terdapat dalam Alquran tidaklah hanya
manusia, seperti dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Naml</i>
(27): 23, tetapi juga ada malaikat, seperti dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hud</i> (11): 69-83, Jin dalam <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Q.S.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saba’</i> (34):12, dan binatang (burung,
semut, dll), dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Naml</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(27): 18-19.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peristiwa
(<i>ahdaṡ)</i>, hal ini terbagi menjadi: peristiwa yang berkelanjutan,
peristiwa yang dianggap luar biasa, seperti dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maidah</i> (5): 110-115, dan peristiwa yang dianggap biasa, seperti <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Maidah</i>
(5) : 116-118.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dialog
(<i>al-hiwar</i>), seperti dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-A’raf</i>
(7):11-25, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thaha</i> (20): 9-99.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dr.
Mardan<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
dalam membagi macam-macam kisah dalam Alquran, mengemukakan bahwa kisah-kisah
dalam Alquran dapat dilihat : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari
segi pengungkapannya. Dalam hal ini, dapat dibedakan ; a) kadang-kadang Allah
menyebut suatu kisah berulang-ulang dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uṣlub</i>
yang berbeda tanpa memberi kesan membosankan, karenanya kadang-kadang dijumpai
dalam Alquran kisah seorang nabi disebut dibeberapa surah, seperti kisah Nabi
Musa ; b) kadang-kadang pula Allah menyebut kisah seorang nabi dalam surah
tertentu, seperti kisah Nabi Yusuf.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dari segi urutan permasalahan yang
dikemukakan. Dalam hal ini dapat dibedakan ; a) pengungkapan kisah dimulai
terlebih dahulu dengan intisari atau ringkasan kisah, setelah itu diuraikan
perinciannya dari awal sampai akhir, seperti kisah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aṣhabul kahfi</i>; b) Pengungkapan kisah dimulai dari akhir cerita,
kemudian kisah itu kembali diulangi dari awal sampai akhir, seperti kisah Nabi
Musa dengan Fir’aun; c) kadang-kadang pula suatu kisah diuraikan secara
langsung tanpa didahului oleh pendahuluan dan kesimpulan, seperti kisah Maryam
di saat kelahiran Nabi Isa; d) kadang-kadang juga suatu kisah diungkap seperti
drama, misalnya kisah Nabi Ibrahim dan Ismail ketika membangun Ka’bah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dilihat
dari sudut dimulainya kisah dan perkembangan tokohnya. Dalam hal ini dapat dibedakan
menjadi ; a) Ada kisah Alquran dimulai dari awal kelahiran tokohnya, seperti
kisah Nabi Adam, kisah Nabi Isa, dan lain-lain; b) kadang-kadang suatu kisah
dimulai dari tidak terlalu awal kelahiran dan akhir kehidupan tokohnya, seperti
kisah Nabi Yusuf, demikian juga dengan kisah Nabi Ibrahim; c) kadang-kadang
pula kisah dimulai pada akhir perkembangan kehidupan tokohnya, seperti kisah Nabi
Nuh, Hud, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dilihat
dari segi penyebutan tempat dan tokohnya. Dalam hal ini dapat dibedakan menjadi
; a) Kisah yang ditunjukkan tempat, tokoh dan gambaran peristiwanya, seperti
kisah Nabi Musa dengan Fir’aun, kisah Nabi Ibrahim dan Nabi Ismail, kisah Nabi
Syuaib, kisah Nabi Nuh, dan lain-lain; b) kisah yang mengemukakan peristiwa
atau keadaan tertentu pelaku sejarah tanpa menyebutkan nama tokoh dan
tempatnya, seperti kisah dua putra Nabi Adam yang melaksanakan kurban dalam Q.S.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Ma’idah</i> : 27-30; c) kisah dalam
bentuk dialog yang tidak menyebut pelaku dan tempatnya, seperti kisah dua orang
pemilik kebun dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Kahfi</i> :
32-43. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dilihat
dari segi isi dan kandungan. Dalam hal ini dapat dibedakan atas ; a) Kisah para
nabi dan rasul, kisah seperti ini berisi gambaran seruan para nabi dan rasul
kepada kaumnya; kisah yang berhungan dengan kejadian-kejadian masa lampau; d)
kisah yang ada sangkut-pautnya dengan kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada
masa Nabi Muhammad saw., seperti kisah hijrah, kisah isra’, dan lain-lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C.
Karakteristik </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qaṣaṣ al-Qur’ān</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara umum,
Alquran tidak menceritakan kejadian dan peristiwa secara berurutan (kronologis)
dan memaparkan kisah-kisah itu secara panjang lebar, tetapi terkadang berbagai
kisah disebutkan berulang-ulang dibeberapa tempat, ada pula beberapa kisah
disebutkan Alquran dalam bentuk yang berbeda, disatu tempat ada bagian yang
didahulukan dan ditempat lain diakhirkan. Kadang-kadang pula disajikan secara
ringkas dan kadang secara panjang lebar. Hal tersebut menimbulkan perdebatan di
antara kalangan orang yang meyakini dan orang-orang yang meragukan Alquran.
Mereka yang ragu terhadap Alquran sering mempertanyakan, mengapa kisah-kisah
dalam Alquran tidak disusun secara kronologis dan sistematis sehingga lebih
mudah dipahami? Karena hal itu,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menurut
mereka dipandang tidak efektif dan efisien.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut Manna
Khalil al-Qattan, bahwa penyajian kisah-kisah dalam Alquran begitu rupa
mengandung beberapa hikmah, yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menunjukkan kehebatan mukjizat Alquran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memberikan perhatian besar terhadap
kisah tersebut untuk menguatkan kesan yang mantap dan melekat dalam jiwa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan tujuan
diungkapkannya kisah tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah dalam
Alquran memberikan faedah yang sangat tinggi dan sekaligus memberikan gambaran
tentang karakteristik kisahnya, yakni <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai berikut<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjelaskan prinsip-prinsip dakwah dan
pokok-pokok syariat yang dibawa oleh setiap nabi, Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Anbiya’</i> (21) : 25.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Meneguhkan hati Rasulullah dan umatnya dalam
menegakkan agama Allah swt. serta menegakkan kepercayaan orang-orang yang
beriman melalui datangnya pertolongan Allah swt. dan hancurnya kebatilan
beserta para pendukungnya, Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hud</i> (11)
: 120.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membenarkan nabi-nabi terdahulu dan
mengingatkan kembali jejak-jejak mereka.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memperlihatkan kebenaran nabi Muhammad saw.
dalam penuturannya mengenai orang-orang terdahulu.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Membuktikan kekeliruan ahli kitab yang
telah menyembunyikan keterangan dan petunjuk, Q.S<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Ali Imran</i> (3) : 93</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kisah merupakan salah satu bentuk
sastera yang menarik bagi setiap pendengarnya dan memberikan pengajaran yang
tertanam dalam jiwa, Q.S. Yusuf (12) : 111.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">D. Tujuan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qaṣaṣ Al-Qur’ān</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kisah-kisah yang terdapat dalam
Alquran menjadi bukti kuat bagi umat manusia bahwa Alquran sangat sesuai dengan
kondisi mereka, karena sejak kecil sampai dewasa bahkan sampai tua, jarang
orang yang tak suka pada kisah, apalagi bila kisah mempunyai tujuan ganda,
yakni disamping pengajaran dan pendidikan juga berfungsi sebagai hiburan. Alquran
sebagai kitab yang berisi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hidayah</i>
mencakup kedua aspek itu, disamping tujuan yang mulia, juga kisah-kisah
tersebut diungkapkan dalam bahasa yang indah dan menarik, sehingga tak ada
orang yang bosan membaca dan mendengarnya. Sejak dahulu sampai sekarang, telah
berlalu empat belas abad, kisah-kisah Alquran yang diungkapkan dalam Bahasa
Arab itu masih <i>up dated</i>, mendapat tempat dan hidup di hati umat, padahal
bahasa-bahasa lain telah banyak yang masuk museum, dan tidak terpakai lagi
dalam berkomunikasi seperti Bahasa Ibrani, Bahasa Latin, dan lain-lain.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 382.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kisah-kisah dalam Alquran bukanlah
suatu gubahan yang bernilai sastera saja, baik gaya bahasa maupun cara
menggambarkan peristiwa-peristiwa, tetapi juga merupakan suatu media untuk
mewujudkan tujuan yang asli. Kisah-kisah dalam Alquran secara umum mempunyai
tujuan untuk kebenaran dan semata-mata untuk keagamaan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
Adapun tujuan kisah-kisah yang terdapat dalam Alquran, seperti yang telah
dikemukakan oleh Muhammad Chirjin<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> adalah
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menetapkan adanya wahyu dan kerasulan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menerangkan bahwa agama semuanya dari
Allah swt.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menerangkan bahwa semua agama itu
dasarnya satu dan semuanya dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menerangkan bahwa cara yang ditempuh
oleh nabi-nabi dalam berdakwah itu satu dan sambutan kaum mereka terhadap
dakwahnya itu juga serupa.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menerangkan dasar yang sama antara agama
yang diajarkan oleh Nabi Muhammad saw.,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan
agama Nabi Ibrahim, a.s. secara khusus, dan dengan agama-agama Bangsa Israil
pada umumnya dan menerangkan bahwa hubungan ini lebih erat daripada hugungan
umum antara semua agama.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">III. PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A. Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
pada uraian-uraian <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di atas, maka dapatlah
ditarik beberapa kesimpulan, yakni sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Bahwa yang
dimaksud dengan <i>Qaṣaṣ al-Qur’ān</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> adalah kisah-kisah dalam Alquran
tentang kejadian dimasa lampau yang bersisi pesan-pesan kepada umat manusia
untuk senantisa bertakwah kepada Allah swt.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahwa macam-macam kisah dalam Alquran
dapat dibedakan menjadi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tiga macam yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Dilihat dari
segi pelaku, terdiri dari ; 1) kisah para Nabi; 2) kisah-kisah yang berhubungan
dengan kejadian masa lalu dan orang-orang yang tidak disebutkan kenabiaannya;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3) kisah-kisah tentng kejadian pada masa
Rasulullah saw.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Dilihat dari
panjang pendeknya, terbagi menjadi ; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1)
Panjang; 2) Sedang; 3) Pendek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Dilihat dari
segi jenisnya, dibagi menjadi ; 1) kisah sejarah <i>(al-Qiṣaṣ al-Tarikhiyyah)</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2) kisah perumpamaan <i>(al-Qiṣaṣ al-Amṡaliyyah)</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">; 3)</span> kisah<i> Asatir</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahwa karakteristik<i> Qaṣaṣ al-Qur’ān</i>
yaitu dengan cara pengulangan kisah dibeberapa tempat, ada pula sebuah kisah
disebutkan dalam Alquran dikemukakan dalam bentuk yang berbeda, disuatu tempat
ada bagian yang didahulukan dan ditempat lain diakhirkan. Kadang-kadang pula
disajikan secara ringkas dan kadang secara panjang lebar. Penyajian kisah-kisah
dalam Alquran seperti itu mengandung hikmah dan faedah yang sangat tinggi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahwa tujuan dari kisah-kisah Alquran adalah
supaya umat manusia bisa mengambil pelajaran berharga dari kisah tersebut dan
membuktikan kebenaran Alquran.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B. Saran-saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah menguraikan permasalahan
demi permasalahan, maka penulis menyadari masih banyak kesalahan dan kekeliruan
yang terdapat dalam penyusuanan makalah ini, baik dari segi penulisan maupun
dalam pembasannya. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritikan
yang bersifat membangun sehingga dalam penyusunan makalah-makalah selanjutnya
dapat lebih sempurna.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ayat-ayat
Alquran yang memuat kisah-kisah, dapat dilihat secara lengkap dalam lampiran
makalah ini. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Al-Qur’ān al-Karīm</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anwar,
Rosihon, <i>Ilmu Tafsir</i>, Cet.III; Bandung: Pustaka Setai, 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Baidan,
Nashruddin, <i>Wawasan Baru Ilmu Tafsir</i>, Cet. I; Yogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar, 2005.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Basri, Hasan, <i>Horizon
Al-Qur’an</i>, dari judul asli <i>Lea grands themes du Coran</i> oleh Jasques
Jomies Cet. I; Jakarta: Balai Kajian Tafsir Al-Qur’an Pase, 2002</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Departemen
Agama RI., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya</i>,
Semarang : PT. Tanjung Mas Inti, 1992</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chitjin,
Muhammad, <i>Al-Qur’an dan Ulumul Qur’an</i>; Yogyakarta : Dana Bhakti Prima
Yasa, 1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hanafi, <i>Segi-Segi
Kesusesteraan pada Kisah-Kisah Al-Qur’an</i>; Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Husna, 1984.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Husayn,
Muhammad al-Khidr, <i>Balaghat Al_Qur’an</i>, Ali al-Ridha al-Tunisi, 1971.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ibrahim,
Muhammad Ismail, <i>Mu’jam al-Alfazh wa A’lam al-quraniyyat</i>, Dar
al-Fikr-al-a’rabi, 1969</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al- Ishfahani,
Al-Raghib, <i>al-mufradat fi Gharib al-Qur’an</i>, ed. Muhammad Sayyid Kaylani,
Mesir: musthafa al-Bab al-Halab,t.t.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Poewarminta,
<i>Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia</i>, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1984.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qattan, Manna
khalil, <i>Mahabis fi Ulum al-Qur’an</i>, Mansyurat al-Asr al-Haidis, 1973.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Qutb, Sayyid, <i>Seni
Penggambaran dalam Al-Qur’an</i>, terjemah Chadidjah Nasution; </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yogyakarta: Nur Cahaya, 1981.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lampiran</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Daftar
ayat-ayat Al-Qur’ān yang memuat kisah-kisah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Baqarah</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(2):
Adam diajari benda-benda:31, Adam digoda Setan: 36, Adam dikeluarkan dari Surga:36,
Fir’aun dan pengikutnya ditenggelamkan: 50, Kekejaman Fir’aun terhadap Bani
Iarail: 49, Iblis menggoda Adam: 36, Ibrahim berdebat dengan raja:258, Ibrahim
mendirikan Baitullah dengan Ismail:127, Israil dan Jalut: 249, Israil melanggar
aturan hari Sabtu: 65, Israil meminta Musa memperlihatkan Tuhan: 55, Daud
membunuh Jalut: 251, Harut dan Marut: 102, Nabi Musa menyeberangi laut: 50,
Kaum nabi Musa: 50.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ali
Imran</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(3): Istri Imran menadzarkan anaknya
kepada Tuhan:35, Maryam menerima kabar kehadiran Isa: 45-49, Perang Badar dan
Uhud: 121-127.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Nisa</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (4):
Israil meminta Musa memperlihatkan Tuhan: 153, Nabi Musa berbicara langsung
pada Tuhan: 164, Kaum nabi Musa menyembelih anak sapi: 153.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Maidah</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(5):
Habil dan pembunuh pertama: 27-31, Isa:110-115, Irail enggan memasuki
Palestina: 20-26, israil melanggar aturan hari Sabtu: 69, Tuhan mengambil
perjanjian dengan anak Israil yang dua belas: 12, Qabil membunuh saudaranya:
30.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-A’rāf</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (7):
Adam digoda setan: 22, Percakapan Musa dengan Fir’aun: 104-105, Iblis diusir
dari surge: 13-18, Iblis menggoda Adam: 20-22, Luth: 80-84, Nabi Musa berbicara
langsung dengan Tuhan: 144, Tongkat nabi Musa berubah jadi ular: 107, Nuh:
59-64, Kaum nabi Musa menyembelih anak sapi: 148.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Anfāl</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (8):
Pembetalan perjanjian dengan musyrikin: 58</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Taubah</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (9):
Kaum Ad: 70, Perang Hunain: 25-59, Tabuk: 38-43, Pembatalan perjanjian dengan
musyrikin: 12.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yunus</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(10): Kekejaman Fir’aun terhadapa Bani Israil: 83, Nabi Musa menyeberangi laut:
90, Nuh: 71-74.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hud</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(11): Kaum Ad’: 50,53,59,60, Hujan batu yang menimpa kaum Luth: 82, Kisah
Ibrahim didatangi tamu Malaikat: 69-76, Ibrahim menerima berita kelahiran
Ishak: 71, Nabi Nuh diperintahkan bawa sepasang untuk setiap jenis binatang ke
dalam bahteranya: 40, Nuh: 25-48, Tempat berlabuh perahu nabi Nuh: 44, Puteri
nabi Nuh: 78-79.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yusuf</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(12):
Zulaikha menggoda Yusuf: 26, 30, 32, 51, Nabi Yusuf dipenjarakan: 35.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Rad</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(13): Kisah nabi Yusuf dan Zulaikha: 33.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ibrahim</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (14): Kaum ‘Ad:
9.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Hijr</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (15): Hujan
batu yang menimpah kaum Luth: 74, Kisah Ibrahim didatangi tamu malaikat: 51-58,
Jin dikeluarkan dari surge: 34, Luth: 59-76, Puteri nabi Luth: 71.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Isra’</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (17):
Penghancuran Baitul Maqdis oleh Babilonia: 5, Penghancuran Baitul Maqdis oleh
Romawi: 7, Fir’aun dan pengikutnya ditenggelamkan: 103, Israil diperintahkan
mendiami suatu negeri: 104, Isra’:1.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Kahfi</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">18): Khidil
membetulkan dinding rumah: 77, Khidil membocorkan perahu: 71, Khidir membunuh
seorang pemuda: 74, Nabi Musa bertemu dengan Khidir: 60-82.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maryam</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (19): Maryam
membawa Isa kepada kaumnya: 27, Maryam melahirkan Isa: 23-26.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thaha</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(20): Adam digoda setan: 120-121, Adam dikeluarkan dari surga: 123, Percakapan
Musa dengan Fir’aun :5-58, Percakapan Musa dengan tukang sihir: 64-67, Nabi
Musa hijrah ke Madyan: 40, Tongkat nabi Musa menjadi ular:20, Kaum nabi Musa
menyembelih anak sapi:88.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Anbiya</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(21): Ibrahim dibakar: 69-70, Ibrahim menghancurkan berhala: 57-67.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Hajj</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (22): Kaum Ad:
42, Tuhan menyiksa orang-orang yang berbuat kejahatan di Masjidil Haram: 25.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Mu’minun</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (
23): Nabi Nuh diperintahkan membawa sepasang untuk tiap jenis hewan dalam
bahteranya: 27, Nuh: 23-29.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Nur</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (24): Fitnah
terhadap istri nabi Muhammad: 11-15.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Furqan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(25): Kaum Ad: 38, Hujan batu yang menimpah kaum Luth: 40, Negeri Sodom: 40,
Penduduk Rass yang dibinasakan Tuhan: 38.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">23.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Syura</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (26): Kaum Ad:
123, Fir’aun dan pengikutnya ditenggelamkan: 66, Musa an Fir’aun menyeberangi
laut: 61-68, Kisah Hud dan kaum ‘Ad: 123-139, Hujan batu yang menimpah kaum
Luth: 173, Luth: 167-173, Nuh: 105-120.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">24.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Naml</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (27):
Pembicaraan burung-burung hud dengan nabi Sulaiman: 20-2, Hujan batu yang
menimpah kaum Luth: 58, Jin Ifrit membawa singgasana Ratu Balqis: 39, Tongkat Nabi
Musa menjadi ular: 31.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">25.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qashash</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(28): Kekejaman Fir’aun terhadap Bani Israil:4, Kesombongan Qarun: 78, Qarun
memiliki kunci harta yang berat:76, Nabi Musa dibuang ke sungai: 7, Nabi Musa
hijrah ke Madyan: 22, Tongkat Nabi Musa menjadi ular: 31.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">26.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Ankabut</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(29):
Kaum Ad: 38, Ibrahim dibakar: 24, Cobaan terhadap Nabi Luth: 28, Negeri Sodom:
31.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">27.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Luqman</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (31): Nasihat
Luqman kepada anaknya: 13.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">28.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Ahzab</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (33): Umat
Islam berperang dengan Bani Quraiṣah: 26, 27.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">29.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Saba’</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(34): Negeri Saba’:15, Rayap: 14.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">30.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Ṣafat</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (37): Ibrahim
menghancurkan berhala: 93, Ibrahim menyembelih Ismail: 102-103, Ibrahim
menerima berita kelahiran Ishak: 112-113.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">31.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shād</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (38): Kaum ‘Ad:12,
Nabi Ayyub diperintahkan hijrah: 41, Cobaan terhadap Nabi Daud: 42, Iblis
diusir dari surga: 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">32.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Mu’min</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ( 40):
Kaum ‘Ad: 31, Fir’aun bertekad membunuh Nabi Musa: 26.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">33.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fushilat</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(41): Kaum ‘Ad:
15.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">34.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Zukhruf</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(43):
Pengaruh Fir’aun: 54.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">35.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Dukhan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(44): Nabi Musa menyeberangi laut: 24. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">36.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Ahkaf</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (46): Kaum
‘Ad:21</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">37.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Fath</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(48):
Hudaybiah: 18, 24.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">38.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Qāf</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (50): Kaum Ad:
13, Penduduk Rass dibinasakan oleh Tuhan: 12.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">39.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Zariyat</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(51): Kaum ‘Ad: 51, Kisah Ibrahim bertemu malaikat :24-29, Ibrahim menerima kehadiran
Ishak: 28.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">40.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Najm</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(53):
Kaum ‘Ad:50,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nabi Muhammad bertemu
dengan Jibril dalam bentuk asli: 6, 13, Nabi Muahammad melihat Jibril di
Sidratul Muntaha:13-14</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">41.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qamar</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (54): Kaum ‘Ad:
18,19,20, Kehancuran Fir’aun: 41-41, Kehancuran kaum Luth: 33-40, Kehancuran
kaum Nuh: 9-16, Kehancuran kaum Tsamud:23-32.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">42.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Hasyr</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (59):
Pengusiran orang Yahudi dari Madinah: 2-5.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">43.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Tahrim</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(66):
Istri Luth yang berkhianat: 10, Kehidupan Nabi Muhammad dengan istrinya: 1-6.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">44.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nuh</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(71): Azab yang ditimpakan kepada kaum Nuh: 25, Nabi Nuh menyeru kaumnya: 2-4.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">45.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abasa</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (80): Teguran
kepada Nabi Muhammad karena bermuka masam: 1-10.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">46.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Takwīr</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(81): Nabi Muhammad melihat malaikat jibril di ufuk terang: 23.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">47.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Fajr</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (89): Kaum ‘Ad:
6.</span></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Rosihon Anwar, <i>Ilmu Tafsir </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Crt.
III; Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2006). H. 65.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Manna Khalil al-Qattan, <i>Manahis fi Ulum al-Qur’an, </i>(Mansyurat al-Asr
al-Haidis, 1973), h. 305</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Departemen Agama RI., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Qur’an dan
Terjemahannya</i>, (Semarang : PT. Tanjung Mas Inti, 1992), h. 99</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Muhammad Ismail Ibrahim, <i>Mu’jam al-Alfazh wa Alam al-Qur’anniya (t.tp.: Dar
al-Fikr-al’Arabi,1969), h.140</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Manna Khalil al-Qattan, <i>op.cit</i>., h. 305</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Departemen Agama RI., , <i>Op, cit.,</i> h. 454</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
<i>Ibid</i>., h. 610</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Manna khalil al-Qattan, <i>Op. cit., </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">305</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Purwadarmita, <i>Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia,</i> (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka,
1984), h. 512</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Al-Raghib al Isfahani, <i>al Mufradat Fi Gharit al Qur’an</i>, ed. Muhammad
Sayyid Kailani, (Mesir: Mustafa al Bab al Halabih), t.t.,h. 404</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
M. Said, <i>Op. Cit</i>., h. 224</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Hasan Basri, Horizon al Qur’an<sup>, </sup>dari judul asli <i>Les Grens Themes
Du Coran</i> oleh Jacquis Joner ( Cet. I; Jakarta: Balai Kajian Tafsir al-Qur’an
Pase, 2002), h. 80</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Muhammad al Khidir Husain<i>, Balāgah al-Qur’ān</i>, (t.tp. ; Ali al Rida al
Tunisi, 1971), h. 104</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
Manna Khalil al-Qattan, <i>Op. Cit.,</i> h. 306</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hasan
Basri, <i>Op. Cit</i>., h. 82</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hanafi, <i>Segi-segi Kesusesteraan pada
Kisah-kisah al Qur’an </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Jakarta:
Pustaka al Husna, 1984), h. 1516</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">, h. 74</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rosihan Anwar, <i>Op. Cit</i>,. h. 67-72</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lihat, Mardan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Qur’an-Sebuah
Pengantar Memahami Al-Qur’an Secara Utuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></i>(Cet, I, Jakarta : Pustaka Mapan, 2009), hh. 194-198</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Muhammad
Chirjin, <i>al Qur’an dan Ulumul Qur’an </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Yogyakarta: Dana Bakti Prima Yasa, 1989), h.
11.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> h. 30. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nasruddi Baidan, <i>Wawasan Baru Ilmu
Tafsir</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Cet. I; Yogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar, 2005), h.230</span></div>
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<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sayyid Qutb, <i>Seni Penggambaran dalam
al-Qur’an, </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Terjemah Khadijah
Nasution</span> (Yogyakarta: Nur Cahaya, 1981), h. 138.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muhammad Chirjin, <i>Op. Cit</i>,. h.
120-121</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-82825253206104841052013-01-11T07:05:00.000-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.064-07:00Fawatih al-Suwar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">FAWATIH AL-SUWAR</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian
dan Macam-macam Bentuk Fawatih Al-Suwar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Al-Qur’anul karim merupakan kitab suci yang
keautentikannya dijamin oleh Allah, dan ia merupakan kitab yang senantiasa
dipelihara hingga hari kiamat. Hal itu ditegaskan oleh Allah dan firman-Nya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 64.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya:“<i>Sesungguhnya Kami-lah yang menurunkan al-Qur'an,
dan sesungguhnya Kami benar-benar memeliharanya”. (Q.S. al-Hijr/15:9)</i></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Demikianlah Allah menjamin keautentikan
Al-Qur’an, jaminan yang diberikan atas dasar kemahakuasaan dan
kemahatahuan-Nya, serta berkat upaya-upaya yang dilakukan oleh makhluk-
makhluk-Nya, terutama oleh manusia. Demikian jaminan ayat di atas, setiap
muslim percaya bahwa apa yang dibaca dan didengarkannya sebagai al-Qur’an tidak
berbeda sedikit pun dengan apa yang pernah dibaca oleh Rasulullah saw., dan
yang didengar serta dibaca oleh para sahabat Nabi saw. "Apabila
kita membaca al-Qur’an yang diturunkan kepada manusia secara global, akan kita
dapati bahwa ayat-ayat al-Qur’an itu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada
yang bersifat muhkan dan ada juga yang mutasyabihat".<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
Boleh jadi kita mengatakan bahwa semua ayat al-Qur’an adalah muhkam, dan kita
pun dapat mengatakan bahwa semua ayat al-Qur’an mutasyabihat. Hal ini
berlandaskan kepada Surah Hud ayat 1 (untuk muhkam) dan pada Surah Az Zumar
ayat 23 (untuk mutasyabihat).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fawatih
Suwari adalah kalimat-kalimat yang dipakai untuk pembukaan surah, ia merupakan
bagian dari ayat Mutasyabihat. Karena ia bersifat <i>mujmal, mu’awwal, dan
musykil. </i>Di dalam al-Qur’an<i> </i>terdapat huruf-huruf awalan dalam
pembuka surah dalam bentuk yang berbeda-beda. Hal ini merupakan salah satu ciri
kebesaran Allah dan kemahatahuan-Nya, sehingga kita terpanggil untuk menggali
ayat-ayat tersebut. Dengan adanya suatu keyakinan bahwa semakin dikaji ayat
al-Qur’an itu, maka semakin luas pengetahuan kita. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan
dengan. perkembangan ilmu tafsir yang kita lihat hingga sekarang ini.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di sini hanya dikemukakan deskripsi tentang <i>fawatih suwari</i>
sebagai salah satu kajian tafsir, dengan mengemukakan macam-macam bentuk serta
pendapat ulama tentang hal tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Macam-macam
bentuk Fawatih Al-Suwar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setelah
basmalah, pada permulaan dua puluh Sembilan surah di dalam al-Qur’an terdapat
satu atau sekelompok huruf hijaiyah yang biasanya dibaca sebagai huruf-huruf
terpisah atau berdiri sendiri. Sejumlah nama lazimya digunakan untuk merujuk
kepada huruf-huruf tersebut, seperti fawatih al-suwar (pembuka-pembuka surah),
awail al-suwar (permulaan-permulaan surah), al-huruf al-muqatta’ah/at
(huruf-huruf potong/terpisah), dan sebagainya. Sementara sebutan yang lazim
digunakan sarjana Barat ketika merujuk pada huruf-huruf tersebut adalah
“huruf-huruf misterius”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meskipun penulis tidak menemukan
penjelasan definitif tentang arti fawatih al-suwar dari berbagai referensi yang
ada, namun fawatih al-suwar secara khusus<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
yang dimaksudkan dalam makalah ini adalah huruf-huruf hijaiyah yang menempati
awal surah-setelah basmalah-yang biasanya dibaca sebagai huruf-huruf terpisah,
yang terdapat pada dua puluh sembilan surah dalam al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Potongan huruf-huruf hijaiyah yang
terdapat pada sejumlah surah al-Qur’an, ada kalanya hanya muncul sekali-secara
tunggal atau dalam kombinasi dan sebelum surah-surah yang tersendiri, tetapi
juga terdapat kombinasi-kombinasi lain yang muncul sebelum beberapa surah, dan
surah-surah yang memiliki huruf-huruf kombinasi yang sama berada dalam satu
kelompok.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Namun secara garis besarnya
ada lima bentuk awalan yang dimulai oleh fawatih al-suwar tersebut, yang dapat
dilihat dalam al-Qur’an, yakni:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada lima bentuk awalan yang dapat dilihat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam al-Qur’an. Hal ini dikaji secara khusus
dalam usaha mengetahui hikmahnya. Awalan surah tersebut adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Awalan
surah yang terdiri dari satu huruf, ini terdapat pada tiga surah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Shad (Q.S. 38)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ص. والقران ذى الذكرى</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 184.3pt 7.0cm 269.35pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Qaaf (Q.S. 50)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ق. القران المجيد</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 184.3pt 7.0cm 269.35pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
al-Qalam (Q.S. 68)</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ن.
والقلم وما يسطرون<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Awalan
surah yang terdiri dari dua huruf, ini terdapat pada sepuluh surah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
al- Mukmin (Q.S. 40) </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">حمّ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Fushshilat (Q.S.41)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
<span dir="RTL">حم</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Asy Syura (Q.S. 41)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>حم</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Az Zukhruf (Q.S. 43)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>حمّ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Ad Dukhan (Q.S. 44)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>حمّ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Al Jatsyiah (Q.S. 45)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">حمّ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Al Ahqaf (Q.S. 46)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> حمّ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Thaha (Q.S.20)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">طه </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
An Maml (Q.S. 27)<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>طس </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Yasin (Q.S. 36)</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> يس </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuh dari
sepuluh sepuluh di atas dinamakan <i>hawwaamiim.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Awalan
surah yang terdiri dari tiga huruf, ini terdapat pada tiga belas surah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Enam surah diawali Alif Lam Mim</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> الم </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
al- Baqarah (Q.S.2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
al- Imran (Q.S. 3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
al- Ankabit (Q.S. 29)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Ar Rum (Q.S. 30)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
al- Lukman (Q.S. 31)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
as Sajadah (Q.S. 32)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lima Surah diawali dengan Alif Lam Ro</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span> الر </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Yunus (Q.S. 10)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Hud (Q.S. 11)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Yusuf (Q.S. 12)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">surah
Surah Ibrahim (Q.S. 14)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
al-Hijr (Q.S. 15)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dua surah yang diawali dengan Tha Sin Mim</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>طسم </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
As Syu’araa (Q.S. 26)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
al- Qashash (Q.S. 28)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Awalan
surah yang terdiri dari empat huruf, ini terdapat pada dua tempat, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
al-A’raf (Q.S.7)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">المص
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Surah
Ar Ra’du (Q.S. 13) </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">المر</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Awalan
Awalan surah yang terdiri dari lima huruf, ini hanya terdapat pada Surah Maryam
(Q.S. 19)<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span>[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> .كهيعص </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dua puluh
Sembilan (29) surah yang dimulai dengan huruf-huruf hijaiyah tersebut, dua
puluh tujuh (27) di antaranya turun di Mekah sebelum Rasulullsh Saw hijrah dan dua
(2) surah turun di Medinah.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Adapun huruf yang paling banyak digunakan adalah; Alif dan Lam,
kemudian Mim, dan seterusnya secara berurutan huruf Ha, Ra, Sin, Ta, Sad, Ha,
dan Ya’, ‘Ain dan Qaf, dan akhirnya Kaf dan Nun.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah huruf hijaiyah yang terdapat
dalam pembukaan-pembukaan surah ini dengan tanpa berulang, berjumlah 14 huruf
atau separuh dari jumlah keseluruhan huruf hijaiyah. Karena itu, para mufassir
berkata bahwa pembukaan-pembukaan tersebut untuk menunjukkan kepada bangsa Arab
akan kelemahan mereka. Meskipun al-Qur’an tersusun dari huruf-huruf hijaiyah
yang mereka kenal, yang sebagiannya dating dalam bentuk satu hurf dan lainnya
dalam bentuk yang tersusun dari beberapa huruf, namun mereka tidak mampu
membuat kitab yang dapat menandinginya. Hal ini menunjukkan kelemahan mereka di
hadapan al-Qur’an.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Huruf-huruf
hijaiyah yang terdapat pada awal beberapa surah dalam al-Qur’an tersebut adalah
juga jaminan keotentikan dan keutuhan al-Qur’an sebagaimana diterima oleh
Rasulullah Saw.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Demikian pendapat Rasyad Khalifah Sebagaimana yang dikutip oleh
DR. Mustafa Ahmad yang tertuang dalam membumikan al-Qur’an karya M. Quraish
Shihab. Lebih lanjut dikatakan bahwa,Tidak berlebih dan atau berkurang satu
huruf pun dari kata-kata yang digunakan oleh al-Qur’an. Kesemuanya habis
terbagi 19, sesuai dengan jumlah huruf-huruf B(i)sm All(a)h Al-R (a)hm(a)n
Al-R(a)him. (huruf a dan i dalam kurung tidak tertulis dalam aksara bahasa
Arab). Huruf </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(qaf) yang merupakan awal dari surah ke-50, ditemukan terulang sebanyak 57 kali
atau 39x19. Huruf-huruf kaf’, ha’, ya’, ‘ayn, shad, dalam surah Maryam,
ditemukan sebanyak 798 kali atau 42x19. Huruf </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(nun) yang
memulai surah Al-Qalam, ditemukan sebanyak 133 atau 7x19. Kedua huruf </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ya’) dan</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">س </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span>)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">sin)
pada surah Yasin masing-masing ditemukan sebanyak 285 atau 15x19. Kedua huruf </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ط</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(tha’) dan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ــه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(ha’) pada
surah Thaha masing-masing berulang sebanyak 342 kali, sama dengan 19x18.
Huruf-huruf </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(ha)
dan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">م</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(mim) yang terdapat pada keseluhan surah yang dimulai dengan kedua huruf ini,
ha’mim, kesemuanya merupakan perkalian dari 114x19, yakni masing-masing
berjumlah 2.166.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bilangan-bilangan
ini, yang dapat ditemukan langsung dari celah ayat al-Qur’an, oleh Rasyad
Khalifah, dijadikan sebagai bukti keotentikan al-Qur’an. Karena, seandainya ada
ayat yang berkurang atau berlebih atau ditukar kata dan kalimatnya dengan kata
atau kalimat yang lain, maka tentu perkalian-perkalian itu akan menjadi kacau.
Angka 19, yang merupakan perkalian dari jumlah-jumlah tersebut, juga diambil
dari pernyataan al-Qur’an sendiri, yakni yang termuat dalam Q.S. 74: 30</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> yang turun dalam konteks ancaman terhadap seorang yang meragukan
kebenaran al-Qur’an.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apabila kita mengklasifikasikan
huruf-huruf yang terdapat dalam fawatih al-suwar, maka akan kita dapati bahwa
susunannya tidak saja terdiri dari separuh huruf hijaiyah, bahkan juga meliputi
setiap jenis huruf, yakni:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di
antara kelompok huruf-huruf halq (yang suaranya keluar dari kerongkongan),
terdapat huruf: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ــه،
ع، ح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di
antara kelompok huruf-huruf mahmusah (yang suaranya seperti bisikan), terdapat
huruf: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">س، ــه ، ك ، ص،
ح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di
antara kelompok huruf-huruf mahjurah (yang suaranya dikeraskan), terdapat
huruf: </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ت، ي، ق، ط، ر، ع، ل، م،
ــه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di
antara huruf-huruf syafahi (suaranya di bibir), terdapat huruf: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">م</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di
antara huruf-huruf qalqalah (suaranya bergerak apabila dimatikan), terdapat
huruf: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ق ط</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PANDANGAN
ULAMA TENTANG FAWATIH AL-SUWAR</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketika
akan membicarakan fenomena potongan huruf-huruf hijaiyah yang terdapat dalam
al-Qur’an, dapat dikatakan bahwa tidak ditemukan orang Arab yang mengenal
ataupun menggunakan gaya bahasa seperti itu dalam permulaan ucapan mereka.
Begitu juga, kita tidak menemukan satu makna pun bagi huruf-huruf tersebut
selain penyebutannya dalam huruf-huruf hijaiyah. Bahkan tak ditemukan satu pun
hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Rasulullah Saw mengenai tafsir huruf-huruf
tersebut yang dapat dijadikan pegangan.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Barangkali inilah yang menjadi pemicu banyaknya pendapat para
ulama dan perbedaan sudut pandang di antara mereka tentang penafsiran
huruf-huruf tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara ringkas, pendapat para ulama
dapat dikemukakan ke dalam 3 sudut pandang utama, yakni:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penafsiran
yang memandang huruf-huruf tersebut masuk ke dalam kategori ayat-ayat
mutasyabihat yang maknanya hanya diketahui oleh Allah SWT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penafsiran
yang memandang huruf-huruf itu sebagai singkatan untuk kata-kata atau kalimat
tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penafsiran
yang memandang huruf-huruf itu bukan merupakan singkatan, tetapi mengajukan
sejumlah kemungkinan tentang penafsiran maknanya</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> - sebagaimana akan dijelaskan nantinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pandangan
kelompok pertama yang diwakili oleh para ulama salaf, dalam menyikapi
huruf-huruf hijaiyah yang terletak pada awal surah sebagai ayat-ayat
mutasyabihat, berpendapat bahwa ayat-ayat tersebut telah tersusun sejak azali
sedemikian rupa, melengkapi segala yang melemahkan manusia dari mendatangkan
yang seperti al-Qur’an.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Karena kehati-hatiannya, mereka tidak berani memberi penafsiran
terhadap huruf-huruf itu, dan berkeyakinan bahwa Allah Swt sendiri yang
mengetahui tafsirnya. Hal ini menjadi suatu kewajaran yang berlaku bagi ulama
salaf karena mereka dalam hal teologi pun menolak untuk terlibat dalam
pembahasan tentang hal-hal yang menurut mereka tidak dapat dilampaui oleh akal
manusia.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Al-Sya’bi (w.104 atau 105 H.)- sebagaimana
yang dikutip oleh Hasbi al-Shiddieqy- menegaskan bahwa; “Huruf awalan itu
adalah rahasia al-Qur’an”.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Dasar argumentasinya adalah karena hal tersebut dipertegas oleh
perkataan Abu Bakar al-Shiddiq, bahwa:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">فى كل كتاب سر
وسره فى القران أوائل السور</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya<i>:“Di tiap-tiap kitab, ada rahasianya. Rahasia dalam
al-Qur’an, ialah permulaan-permulaan surat.”</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali bin abi
Thalib juga pernah berkata:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ا</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ن لكل كتاب صفوة وصفوة هذا الكتاب حروف التهجي</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya<i>:“Sesungguhnya bagi tiap-tiap kitab ada saripatinya,
saripati al-Qur’an ini ialah huruf-huruf hijaiyah”.</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Demikian pula ahli-ahli hadis menukilkan
dari Ibnu Mas’ud (w. 32 H./6523 M.) dan empat Khulafa al-Rasyidin, bahwa mereka
berkata:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">إن هذه الحروف
علم مستور وسرّ محجوب استأثره الله به</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya<i>:“Sesungguhnya huruf-huruf ini, adalah ilmu yang
tersembunyi dan rahasia yang terdinding, yang hanya Allah sendiri yang
mengetahuinya”.</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karenanya, ulama-ulama yang memaknakan
fawatih al-suwar ini, tidak berani memberikan pendapat secara pasti, mereka
hanya menyerahkan penafsirannya yang hakiki kepada Allah Swt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelompok kedua, yang memandang huruf-huruf
hijaiyah pada fawatih al-suwar itu unjuk sebagai singkatan untuk kata-kata atau
kalimat tertentu, mengajukan penafsiran yang bervariasi tentang kepanjangan
huruf-huruf tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibnu Abbas (w.
68 H.), misalnya, diriwayatkan dari padanya bahwa ia berpendapat tentang<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>, Alif menunjuk kepada ana, lam menunjuk kepada Allah dan Mim
menunjuk kepada A’lam (u) sehingga maknanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">انا الله أعلم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span>)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aku
adalah Allah lebih mengetahui), adapun </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>المص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
adalah dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">انا الله افصّل </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Aku
adalah Allah akan menjelaskan segala sesuatu), dan tentang </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الر<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">bermakna </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">انا
الله أرى </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Aku adalah Allah, Aku
melihat).</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diriwayatkan pula dari Ibnu Abbas, bahwa
tentang </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">كهيعص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
ia berkata: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الكاف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
dari </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">كريم </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Yang Maha Mulia), </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الهاء</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dari </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">هاد </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Memberi Petunjuk), </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الياء</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dari </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">حكيم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(Yang Maha Bijaksana), </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">العين</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
dari </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">عليم </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(Yang
Maha Mengetahui) dan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الصّاد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
dari </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">صادق </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Yang Maha Benar).</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Diriwayatkan pula daripadanya bahwa ia berkata: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ن، حم، الر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> adalah huruf-huruf terpisah dari </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الرحمن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Al-Suyuti menerangkan pula-sebagaimana
yang dikutip oleh Hasbi al-Shiddieqy, bahwa sebahagian dari huruf-huruf
tersebut adalah nama Allah, seperti: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">طسم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span>.المص </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Demikian pula dari Salim
Abd Ibn Abdillah, ia berkata:</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">حم،
الم<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dan seumpamanya adalah nama Allah Swt yang dipisah-pisah.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelompok ketiga, berpendapat bahwa
“huruf-huruf potong” yang terdapat pada permulaan sejumlah surah al-Qur’an itu
bukanlah singkatan-singkatan untuk kata atau kalimat tertentu. Tetapi
sehubungan dengan makna huruf-huruf tersebut, kelompok ini juga mengajukan
kemungkinan-kemungkinan penafsiran yang bervariasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Huruf-huruf
itu merupakan huruf-huruf misterius yang secara tidak jelas merujuk kepada
nama-nama nabi, nama-nama bagi al-Qur’an, dan mana-nama bagi surah yang
memuatnya, seperti </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الم </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah nama bagi surah al-Baqarah, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">كهيعص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> adalah nama bagi surah Maryam, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">adalah nama
surah al-Qalam, dan seterusnya. Pendapat ini dipilih oleh kebanyakan ulama
kalam, dan sekelompok ulama bahasa, dan dibenarkan oleh Syekh Thusi serta
dikuatkan oleh al-Tabari (224-310 H.).</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada
pula yang berpendapat bahwa huruf-huruf tersebut merupakan tanda-tanda mistik
dengan makna simbolik yang didasarkan pada nilai-nilai numeric alphabet
Semitik-Utara, misalnya: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(1+30+40=71); </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">المص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span>)</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>1+30+40+60=131);
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(1+30+200=menun231); </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">المر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(1+30+40+200=271), dan lain-lain, dimana angka-angka ini menunjukkan usia umat
Nabi Muhammad Saw.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Pendapat ini selanjutnya dikomentari oleh Muhammad Rasyid Ridha
(1865-1935 M.) dalam tafsir al-Manarnya sebagaimana yang dikutip oleh Baqir
Hakim- bahwa: “Pendapat yang paling lemah mengenai huruf-huruf ini dan yang
paling tidak masuk akal adalah bahwa jumlah hitungan angkanya mengisyaratkan
umur ini atau yang serupa dengan itu”.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelompok Syi’ah berpendapat
bahwa jika huruf-huruf awalan itu dikumpulkan dengan mengesampingkan
perulangannya, maka akan menjadi suatu kalimat yang berbunyi: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>صرط على حق نمسكه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>(Jalan yang ditempuh Ali adalah kebenaran yang
kita pegangi).</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Tampaknya pemahaman ini bertujuan untuk memperkuat dakwaan mereka
bahwa Ali sebagai imam mereka. Karena itu pula, sebagian ulama Sunni
membantahnya dengan menyusun kalimat yang mengandung pengertian yang memihak
kepada Sunni dari huruf-huruf yang sama, menjadi: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">صحّ طريقك مع السنّة </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Telah
benar jalanmu bersama sunnah).</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendapat lain mengemukakan bahwa
huruf-huruf itu merupakan <i>tanbih</i>, media untuk membangkitkan perhatian
Rasulullah Saw kepada apa yang disampaikan kepadanya di kala beliau dalam
keadaaan sibuk misalnya. Demikian yang diungkapkan oleh Khuwaibi.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Atau untuk mempesonakan bagi yang mendengarkannya (kaum musyrikin
mekah dan ahli kitab di madinah) sehingga lebih menaruh perhatian kepada
Risalah Allah Swt yang disampaikan Rasulullah Saw.- Sebagaimana yang
diungkapkan Rasyid Ridha.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Pendapat ini pula yang diungkapkan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh Fakhruddin al-Razy (543-606 H.) dan
al-Zamakhsyari (467-538 H.).</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penafsiran-penafsiran yang muncul
belakangan mengenai masalah ini dapat dikatakan belum keluar dari
gagasan-gagasan klasik tersebut. Al-Suyuthi,- sebagaimana dikutip oleh Taufik
Adnan Amal-setelah mendiskusikan berbagai pandangan tentang makna fawatih
al-suwari ini, menyimpulkan bahwa fawatih al-suwar ini adalah huruf-huruf atau
symbol-simbol misterius yang makna hakikinya hanya diketahui oleh Allah Swt.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Jadi, al-Suyuthi pada prinsipnya mengikuti sudut pandang kelompok
pertama; dan pendapat semacam ini masih tetap dipegang teguh sejumlah mufassir
modern.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">M. Quraish Shihab, dalam kitab tafsirnya “Al-Misbah”menyatakan
bahwa fawatih al-suwar ini merupakan isyarat bahwa kitab suci al-Qur’an ini
menggunakan bahasa yang sama dengan bahasa yang digunakan orang-orang Arab,
namun demikian mereka tidak mampu membuat sesuatu yang serupa.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Fawatih al-Suwar ini juga menggugah perhatian orang yang
mendengarnya, di samping sebagai salah satu bukti kemukjizatan al-Qur’an.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Sehubungan dengan hal ini, Yusuf al-Qardhawi-sebagaimana dikutip
oleh M.Quraish Shihab-dalam tafsirnya atas surah al-Ra’d menulis bahwa memang
bacaan huruf-huruf tersebut mempunyai langgam tersendiri yang dapat
berpengaruh, bahkan menurut al-Qardhawi, beberapa orang temannya menyampaikan
kepadanya bahwa sementara pakar dari Barat dalam bidang musik memeluk Islam
setelah mendengar huruf-huruf tersebut dan bahwa sebagian di antara mereka
menemukan sesuatu yang janggal pada beberapa surah yang dimulai dengan huruf
fonetis itu, tetapi kemudian mengetahui bahwa kejanggalan itu lahir dari cara
membacanya yang keliru. Dia tidak membacanya secara terputus-putus tetapi
membacanya secara terpadu. Al-Qardhawi juga menyebutkan bahwa dia memperoleh
informasi dari beberapa temannya yang mengelolah Rumah Sakit “Akbar” di Panama
City, Amerika, bahwa al-Qur’an mempunyai pengaruh positif terhadap oang-orang
sakit, baik muslim maupun non muslim, baik yang mengerti bahasa Arab maupun
tidak.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Dari fenomena ini terlihat bagaimana al-Qur’an menunjukkan
kemukjizatannya dapat mempengaruhi psikis seseorang yang mendengarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Salah satu pendapat terbaru adalah
yang dikemukakan Rasyad Khalifah-sebagaimana yang dikutip M.Quraish
Shihab-bahwa huruf-huruf itu adalah isyarat tentang huruf-huruf yang terbanyak
dalam surah-surahnya. Dalam surah al-Baqarah, huruf terbanyak adalah alif,
kemudian lam dan mim. Demikian juga pada surah-surah yang lainnya,
masing-masing sesuai dengan huruf-huruf yang disebut pada awalnya, kecuali
surah Yasin. Kedua huruf yang dipilih pada surah tersebut adalah huruf paling
sedikit digunakan oleh kata-kata surah itu. Ini karena huruf ya’ (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>) dalam susunan alphabet Arab berada sesudah huruf sin (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">س</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>) sehingga kedua huruf itu mengisyaratkan huruf yang terbanyak,
tetapi yang paling sedikit.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Tentunya perlu penelitian yang seksama sebelum membenarkan teori
ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mencermati berbagai pandangan para ulama
ataupun mufassirin dalam memaknakan fawatih al-suwar yang mengawali ke 29 surah
ini dan juga mencermati ke-29 surah yang diawali dengan fawatih al-suwari ini
pada umumnya ayat-ayatnya adalah ayat-ayat Makkiyah yang turun sebelum Nabi
hijrah ke Medinah-hanya 2 surah yang turun di medinah (Q.S. al-Baqarah/2) dan
Q.S. Ali-Imran/3), dimana kehidupan nabi bersentuhan langsung dengan kehidupan
kaum musyrikin atau kaum kafir Quraisy yang dalam sejarah menentang risalah
yang dibawa nabi dan sekaligus meragukan kebenarannya. Kedua, ke 29 surah ini
pada umumnya mengusung tema pokok tentang ketauhidan dan argumentasi akan
kebenaran al-Qur’an bagi mereka yang meragukan al-Qur’an sekaligus tantangan
bagi kaum musyrikin untuk membuat semisal al-Qur’an memang meragukannya.
Ketiga, huruf-huruf hijaiyah yang mengawali ke 29 surah al-Qur’an ini adalah
berjumlah 14 huruf-dengan mengabaikan perulangannya-, separuh dari jumlah huruf
ejaan hijaiyah, dan angka 29 surah merupakan jumlah huruf hijaiyah (jika
dimasukkan huruf hamzah), dan mewakili setiap jenis huruf. Keempat, Dari ke 29
surah tersebut itu pula didapati bahwa pada ayat-ayat awal setelah fawatih
al-suwari ini pada umumnya merujuk kepada al-Kitab, al-Qur’an atau wahyu, hanya
3 surah yang tidak memiliki rujukan semacam ini (Q.S. Maryam/19, al-‘Ankabut/29,
al-Rum/30.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari beberapa indikasi tersebut maka
penulis lebih condong kepada pendapat bahwa fawatih al-suwar ini dimaksudkan
untuk menjadi salah satu bukti akan keotentikan, kebenaran dan kemukjizatan
al-Qur’an sekaligus untuk menunjukkan kelemahan kaum musyrikin di hadapan
al-Qur’an, oleh karena al-Qur’an yang diturunkan dengan memakai huruf-huruf dan
bahasa yang mereka kenal bahkan mereka pergunakan sehari-hari akan tetapi
mereka tidak mampu-bahkan tidak akan pernah mampu sampai kapanpun-untuk membuat
semisal al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berbagai gagasan tafsir tersebut di atas,
baik gagasan dasar yang diletakkan para mufassir klasik maupun mufassir modern,
meski<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sangat variatif, namun
gagasan-gagasan tersebut sama sekali tidak keluar dari konsepsi dasar bahwa
huruf-huruf tersebut merupakan bagian dari al-Qur’an yang diterima Rasulullah
Saw.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Namun tidak demikian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>halnya bagi para sarjana Barat yang mulai
berupaya mengungkap tabir misteri huruf-huruf tersebut. Theodore Noeldeke dapat
dipandang sebagai sarjana Barat pertama yang mengajukan gagasan spekulatif
mengenai huruf-huruf tersebut. Sebagaimana yang dikutip oleh Taufik Adnan Amal,
menurut Noeldeke, huruf-huruf tersebut tidak berasal dari Rasulullah, namun lebih
mencerminkan inisial atau monogram pemilik-pemilik naskah al-Qur’an yang
digunakan Zayd Ibn Tsabit ketika pertma kali mengumpulkan al-Qur’an. Misalnya; </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> inisial dari Zubayr bin Awwam, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">المر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dari al-Mughirah, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">طه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dari Thalhah Ibn Ubaydillah, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">حم </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dari Abd al-Rahman bin Auf, huruf tengah dari kelompok </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">كهيعص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> merupakan singkatan dari kata Ibn, sedangkan dua huruf terakhir
adalah singkatan dari al-Ash; dan lain-lain.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Gagasan ini selanjutnya didukung dan dikembangkan oleh Hirschfeld,</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Gagasan Noeldeke ini tidak saja sangat spekulatif tapi juga jauh
menyimpang dari kebenaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terlepas dari pandangan Noeldeke dan para sarjana Barat lainnya,
terdapat konsepsi dasar bagi kaum muslimin meskipun mereka melakukan penafsiran
yang beragam terhadap fawatih al-suwari ini, adalah mereka tidak berbeda bahwa
huruf-huruf tersebut merupakan bagian dari al-Qur’an, wahyu yang dibawa
Rasulullah Saw. Mereka kemudian berbeda pendapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam menempatkannnya sebagai sebuah ayat
yang tersendiri dalam surah-surah tersebut-sebagaimana halnya basmalah. Hal ini
kemudian berimplikasi pada perbedaan penghitungan tentang jumlah ayat dalam
al-Qur’an. Orang-orang Medinah menghitung 6214 ayat yang terdapat dalam
al-Qur’an, orang-orang Mekah menghitung sejumlah 6219 ayat; orang-orang Kufah
sejumlah 6263 ayat; orang-orang Bashrah sejumlah 6204 ayat; dan orang-orang
Siria (Syam) sejumlah 6225, ayat. Tetapi dalam mushaf Usmani edisi standar
Mesir, yang menjadi panutan sebagian besar dunia Islam dewasa ini, ayat
al-Qur’an seluruhnya dihitung 6236 ayat.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Berbagai perbedaan dalam penghitungan ayat ini tentunya tidak
mengimplikasikan perbedaan kandungan al-Qur’an untuk setiap sistem
penghitungannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Imam al-Zamakhsyari
(467-538 H.) mengatakan-sebagaimana yang dikutip oleh al-Suyuthi dalam kitabnya
“al-Itqan”- bahwa ayat adalah isim ‘alam (suatu istilah) yang bersifat tauqifi,
yang tidak ada qiyas di dalamnya. Karenanya, mereka menganggap </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> sebagai sebuah ayat dalam al-Qur’an, demikian pula dengan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">المص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>. Tetapi mereka tidak menganggap </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">المر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">الر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> sebagai ayat. Mereka juga menganggap </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">حم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> sebagai sebuah ayat tersendiri dalam surah, demikian juga </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>طه</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">dan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">يس</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>, tetapi tidak menganggap </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">طس</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> sebagai ayat.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Begitu pula apa yang dikemukakan oleh Masyfuk Zuhdi, bahwa para
ulama menghitung </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">المص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
satu ayat, tetapi mereka tidak menghitung </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">المر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> satu ayat. Demikian juga mereka menghitung </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">يس</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> satu ayat, tetapi mereka tidak menghitung </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">طس</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> sebagai ayat. Mereka juga menghitung </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">حمعسق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dua ayat, tetapi mereka tidak menghitung </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">كهيعص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> dua ayat, padahal serupa.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Al-Suyuthi menyatakan
bahwa di antara dalil yang menunjukkan bahwa hal itu tauqifi adalah hadits yang
diriwayatkan oleh Imam Ahmad di dalam kitab Musnadnya melalui jalan periwayatan
‘Ashim bin Abi al-Nujud, dari Zir, dari Ibnu mas’ud, ia berkata:</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">اقرأني
رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم سورة من الثلاثين من ال حم قال يعنى الأحقاف وقال
كانت السورة اذا كانت اكثر من الثلاثين اية سمّيت الثلاثين</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya<i>:“Rasulullah Saw telah membacakan surat kepadaku dari
ats-Tsalaatsiin, dari alif lam Ha Mim. Ia (Ibnu Mas’ud) berkata: yaitu surat
al-Ahqaf. Dan berkata: dahulu jika ada surat yang ayatnya lebih dari tiga puluh
dinamakan ats-Tsalaatsin…</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[46]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Begitu pula hadis yang dikemukakan oleh Ibnu Araby, bahwa:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ذكر النّبيّ
صلّى اللّه عليه وسلّم أن الفاتحة سبع ايات وسورة الملك ثلاثون اية</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahnya<i>: “Nabi Saw pernah menyebutkan bahwa surat al-Fatihah
itu tujuh ayat dan surat al-Mulk itu tiga puluh ayat”.</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[47]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sementara sebagian ulama lainnya
berpendapat bahwa menentukan ayat itu berdasarkan dua sifat yaitu tauqifi dan
qiyas atau ijtihad, karena ketentuan suatu ayat adalah terletak pada
fasilahnya.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt 155.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perbedaan penghitungan
ayat, selain dikarenakan perbedaan dalam penetapan basmalah sebagai ayat atau
bukan dan fawatih al-suwar sebagai ayat-ayat terpisah atau tersendiri, pada
hakekatnya juga disebabkan oleh perbedaan dalam menentukan apakah rima telah
menandakan berakhirnya suatu ayat atau masih berlanjut, atau dengan kata lain,
perbedaan dalam penetapan ra’sul ayah (kepala ayat) dan fashilah. Hal ini
terjadi akibat adanya kenyataan bahwa rima di dalam al-Qur’an sebagian besarnya
dihasilkan lewat penggunaan bentuk-bentuk atau akhiran-akhiran gramatikal yang
sama.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Demikian pula tanda wakaf sebagai tempat berhenti, ada yang
menganggap pemberhentian itu bukanlah koma, tetapi memang benar-benar berhenti.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam beberapa surah,
yang pada umunya merupakan surah-surah panjang, ayatnya panjang dan menggugah;
sementara dalam surah-surah pendek, ayatnya pendek, tetapi padat dan mengena.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Memang terdapat pengecualian terhadap generalisasi semacam ini-
misalnya Q.S. al-Syu’ra/26 yang terhitung panjang, memiliki 200 ayat pendek,
sementara Q.S. al-Bayyinah/98 yang terhitung pendek, berisi 8 ayat panjang-
tetapi secara keseluruhan itulah gambaran umum ayat-ayat al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari uraian di atas
dapatlah disimpulkan bahwa:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fawatih
al-suwar adalah huruf-huruf hijaiyah yang dibaca sendiri-sendiri sesuai dengan
hurufnya, yang menempati awal surah dari 29 surah yang terdapat dalam
al-Qur’an. Ada 13 bentuk fawatih al-suwar yakni: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">كهيعص، طسم، المص، المر، الر، الم، يس، حم، طس، طه،ص، ن، ق </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang terbagi atas 5 macam: (a). awalan yang terdiri atas satu
huruf, terdapat pada 3 surah; Q.S. 38,50,68; (b). Awalan yang terdiri dari dua
huruf, terdapat pada 10 surah; Q.S. 20,27,36,40, sampai dengan 46. (c) Awalan yang
terdiri dari 3 huruf, terdapat pada 13 surah; Q.S.
2,3,29,30,31,32,10,11,12,14,15,26,28. (d). Awalan yang terdiri dari 4 huruf
terdapat pada 2 surah; Q.S. 7 dan 13 (e). Awalan yang terdiri dari 5 huruf
terdapat pada 1 surah; Q.S. 19.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terdapat
berbagai pandangan ulama tentang fawatih al-suwar tersebut, namun secara garis
besar dapat dilihat dari 3 sudut pandang utama yakni; (a) Ulama salaf dan para
mufassir pada umumnya menganggap fawatih al-suwar ini termasuk dalam ayat-ayat
mutasyabihat, yang makna hakikinya hanya diketahui oleh Allah Swt. Dan menjadi
bukti kebenaran dan kemukjizatan al-Qur’an, (b) Pandangan yang memaknakan
fawatih al-suwar sebagai singkatan dari kata-kata atau kalimat tertentu,
seperti Ibnu Abbas yang menafsirkan sebagai singkatan dari sifat-sifat Allah,
(c). Pandangan yang menafsirkan bukan sebagai singkatan untuk kata-kata atau
kalimat tertentu, namun dengan penafsiran yang beragam, seperti untuk nama nabi,
nama surah, nama al-Qur’an bahkan menyusunnya sebagai sebuah kalimat yang
tendensius. Beragamnya penafsiran tersebut, namun tetap pada konsensus dasar
bahwa fawatih al-suwar adalah bagian dari al-Qur’an, wahyu yang dibawa
Rasulullah Saw meski terdapat perbedaan dalam menempatkannya sebagai ayat yang
terpisah atau tersendiri.</span></div>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’an Karim</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Abyari, Ibrahim, <i>Tarikh al-Qur’an</i>, diterjemahkan oleh
Hj.St. Amanah dengan judul <i>Sejarah</i> <i>Al-Qur’an</i>, Cet. I, Semarang:
Dina Utama, 1993.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali, H. A. Mukti, <i>Memahami Beberapa Aspek Ajaran Islam</i>, tc.,
Yogyakarta: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mizan, 1993.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Amal, Taufik Adnan, <i>Rekonstruksi Sejarah al-Qur’an</i>, tc.,
Yogyakarta: Forum Kajian Budaya dan Agama, 2001.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anwar, Abu, <i>Ulumul Qur’an: Sebuah Pengantar</i>, Cet. III;
Jakarta: Amzah, 2009.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bell, Richard, <i>Bell’s Introduction to The Qur’an</i>,
diterjemahkan oleh Taufik Adnan Amal dengan judul <i>Pengantar Studi Al-Qur’an</i>,
Cet. II; Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, 1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Departemen Agama RI., <i>Al-Qur’an dan terjemahnya</i>, Cet. X;
Bandung: CV, Diponegoro, 2004.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hakim, Muhammad Baqir, <i>Ulum al-Qur’an</i>, diterjemahkan oleh
Nashirul Haq, et. Al. dengan judul <i>Ulumul Quran</i>, Cet. III; Jakarta:
Al-Huda, 2006.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hidayat, Rachmat Taufiq, <i>Khazanah Istilah al-Qur’an</i>, Cet. V,
Bandung: Mizan, 1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Iqbal, Mashuri Sirojuddin, dan A.Fudlali, <i>Pengantar Ilmu Tafsir</i>,
tc., Bandung: Angkasa, t,th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qattan, manna’ Khalil, <i>Mabahis fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an</i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diterjemahkan oleh Mudzakir AS dengan judul,<i>
Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Qur’an</i>, Cet.X; Bogor: Pustaka Litera AntarNusa, 2007.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Shiddieqy, T.M. Hasbi, I<i>lmu-ilmu
Alqur’an: Media-Media Pokok</i> <i>dalam menafsirkan al-Qur’an</i>, Cet.II;
Jakarta: PT. Bulan Bintang, 1998.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-------------------, <i>Sejarah dan</i> <i>Pengantar Ilmu
al-Qur’an/Tafsir</i>, Cet. IX, Jakarta: PT. Bulan Bintang, 1986.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Shihab, M. Quraish, <i>Membumikan Al-Qur’an: Fungsi dan Peran Wahyu
dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat</i>., Cet. VII; Bandung: Mizan, 1994.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">------------------, <i>Tafsir al-Misbah</i>: <i>Pesan, Kesan dan
Keserasian al-Qur’an</i>, Cet. VII, Jakarta: Lentera hati, 2007.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Suyuthi, Jalaluddin, <i>Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an</i>,
diterjemahkan oleh Farikh Marzuki Ammar, et.al. dengan judul, <i>Samudera
Ulumul Qur’an</i>, tc., Surabaya: PT. Bina Ilmu Offset, t.th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-------------------, <i>Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an</i>,
diterjemahkan oleh Tim Editor Indiva dengan judul, Studi Al-Qur’an
Komprehensif: Membahas al-Qur’an Secara Lengkap dan Mendalam, Cet. I, Solo:
Indiva, 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Syadali, Ahmad, dan Ahmad Rofi’I, <i>Ulumul Qur’an</i>, Cet. I;
Bandung: CV. Pustaka Setia, 1997.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zuhdi, Masyfuk, Pengantar Ulumul Quran, tc., Surabaya: Bina Ilmu,
1980. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Pengertian <i>muhkam</i> adalah ayat yang terang maknanya serta lafaznya yang
diletakkan untuk suatu makna yang kuat dan cepat dipahami. Dan<i> mutasyabihat</i>
adalah ayat-ayat yang bersifat mujmal (global), yang <i>mu’awwal </i>(memerlukan
takwil) dan yang <i>musykil</i> (sukar dipahami). Lihat pada <i>Al-Itqan,</i>
11, hlm.5.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abu
Anwar, <i>Ulumul Qur’an Sebuah Pengantar</i> (Cet III., Jakarta: Amzah, 2009),
h. 89.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Taufik Adnan Amal, <i>Rekonstruksi Sejarah Al-Qur’an</i> (tc.,
Yogyakarta: Forum Kajian Budaya dan Agama, 2001), h. 216.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Pembukaan-pembukaan surah al-Qur’an secara umum meliputi: (a)
Pembukaan surah dengan lafal “pujian”, pada 14 surah; Lima surah dimulai dengan
<i>tahmid</i>, yakni Q.S. 1,6,18,34,35; Tujuh surah dimulai dengan tasbih dalam
bentuk <i>masdar, fiil madhi dan fiil mudhari’</i>, yakni dalam Q.S.
17,57,59,61,62,64,87; dan dua surah diawali dengan “t<i>abaraka</i>”, yakni
Q.S. 25, 67; (b). Pembukaan surah dengan lafal “seruan”, terdapat pada 10
surah, Satu surah dengan ungkapan “<i>ya ayyahal-muzzammil</i>”, Yakni Q.S. 73;
satu surah dengan ungkapan “<i>Ya ayyuhal-Muddassir</i>” Yakni Q.S. 74; tiga
surah dengan ungkapan “<i>Ya</i> <i>ayyuhan-Nabiyyu</i>, yakni Q.S. 83, 66, 86,
dua surah dengan ungkapan ‘<i>Ya ayyuihaa-Nas’</i>, yakni Q.S. 4, 22: tiga
surah dengan ungkapan <i>Ya ayyuhal-ladzina Amanu</i>, Yakni Q.S. 5, 49,60;
(c).Pembukaan surah dengan <i>jumlah khabariyyah</i> (kalimat berita), terdapat
pada 23 surah dalam bentuk <i>fi’il madhiy, fi’il</i> <i>mudhariy</i>, dan
lainnya yakni; Q.S.
8,9,16,21,23,24,39,47,48,54,55,58,69,70,71,75,80,90,97,98,101,102, dan 108;
(d).Pembukaan surah dengan “huruf sumpah”; terdapat pada lima belas surah
yakni; 37,51,52,53,77,79,85,89,91,92,93,95,100, dan 103; (e). Pembukaan surah
dengan “kalimat syarat” terdapat pada tujuh surah, yakni; Q.S.
56,63,81,82,84,99, dan 110; (f). pembukaan surah dengan “kalimat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perintah”, terdapat pada enam surah, yakni;
Q.S. 72,96,109,112,113, dan 114; (g). Pembukaan surah dengan “kalimat
pertanyaan”, terdapat pada enam surah, yakni; Q.S 45,78,88,94,105, dan 107;
(h).Pembukaan surah dengan lafal ‘kutukan’, terdapat tiga surah, yakni;
Q.S.83,104, dan 111; (i). Pembukaan surah dengan lafal “karena” (<i>ta’lil</i>),terdapat
pada satu surah huruf-huruf potong”, terdapat pada, yakni Q.S. 106.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(j). Pembukaan surah dengan “huruf potong”,
terdapat pada 29 surah, yakni; Q.S. 38,50,68,20,27,36,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,2,3,29,30,31,32,10,11,12,14,15,26,28,7,13,
dan 19. Lihat Racmat Taufiq Hidayat, Khazanah Istilah Al-Qur’an (Cet. V,
Bandung: Mizan, 1995), h. 176-178.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Richard Bell, <i>Bell’s Introduction to The Qur’an</i>, diterjemahkan
oleh Taufik Adnan Amal dengan judul <i>Pengantar Studi Al-Qur’an</i> (Cet. II;
Jakarta:PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, 1995), h. 97.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Hawwaamiim
</i>(jamak dari <i>haa minm</i>), surah-surah yang diawali dengan <i>ha </i>dan<i>
mim. </i>Lihat pada H. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy, <i>Ilmu-ilmu al-Qur’an, </i>Jakarta,
bulan Bintang, 1995, hlm. 124.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abu
Anwar, <i>Op. Cit</i>., h. 91. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat; T.M. Hasbi Al-Shiddieqy, <i>Ilmu-Ilmu Alqur’an: Media-Media Pokok dalam
Menafsirkan Alqur’an</i> (Cet. II; Jakarta: PT. Bulan Bintang, 1998), h. 124.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Ahmad Syadali dan Ahmad Rofi’i, <i>Ulumul Qur’an</i> (Cet. I; Bandung:
CV. Pustaka Setia, 1997), h. 188.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: M. Quraish Shihab, <i>Op. Cit.,</i> h. 22.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Q.S. al-Mudassir ayat 30, yang artinya “<i>Diatasnya ada Sembilan belas
(malaikat penjaga</i>)”, Departemen Agama RI., <i>Op. Cit</i>., h.460.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: M. Quraish Shihab, <i>Loc. Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Muhammad Baqir Hakim, <i>Ulum al-Qur’an,</i> diterjemahkan oleh Nashirul
Haq, et. al. dengan judul <i>Ulumul Qur’an</i> (Cet. III; Jakarta: Al-Huda,
2006), h. 652.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Taufik Adnan Amal, <i>Op.Cit</i>., h. 217.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: T.M. Hasbi al-Shiddieqy<i>, Op. Cit.,</i> h. 127.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: H.A. Mukti Ali, <i>Memahami Beberapa Aspek Ajaran Islam</i> (tc.,
Yogyakarta: Mizan, 1993), h. 27.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> T.M.
Hasbi al-Shiddieqy, <i>Loc. Cit</i>.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>.,
h. 128.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: T.M. Hasbi al-Shiddieqy, <i>Op. Cit.,</i> h. 131. Lihat pula: Ahmad
Syadali dan Ahmad Rofi’I<i>, Op. Cit</i>., h 189. Baca pula: T.M. Hasbi
al-Shiddieqy, <i>Sejarah Pengantar Ilmu al-Qur’an/Tafsir</i> (Cet. IX, Jakarta:
PT. Bulan Bintang, 1986), h. 59-60. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat:<i> Ibid</i>., h. 60.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Ahmad Syadali dan Ahmad Rofi’I<i>, Op. Cit</i>., h. 189-190.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> T.M
Hasbi al-Shiddieqy, <i>Sejarah dan pengantar Ilmu al-Qur’an, Op. Cit</i>., h.
60.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ahmad Syadali dan Ahmad Rofi’I,<i> Op. Cit</i>., h. 190. Baca pula: Ibrahim
al-Abyari, <i>Tarikh al-Qur’an</i>, diterjemahkan oleh Hj. St. Amanah dengan
judul <i>Sejarah Al-Qur’an</i> (Cet. I, Semarang: Dina Utama, 1993), h.
136-137.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Baqir Hakim, <i>Op. Cit.,</i> h. 655.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Taufik Adnan Amal<i>, Op. Cit</i>., h. 219.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Baqir Hakim, <i>Op. Cit</i>., h. 661.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ahmad Syadali dan Ahmad Rofi’I, <i>Op. Cit</i>., h. 192. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.,</i>
h. 192-193.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: T.M. Hasbi al-Shiddieqy, <i>Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur’an, Op. Cit</i>., h. 134.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Taufik Adnan Amal. <i>Loc. Cit</i>., Lihat pula: Abu Anwar, <i>Op. Cit</i>.,
h. 95.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Baca Lebih lanjut pada: T.M. Hasbi al-Shiddieqy, Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur’an, <i>Op.
Cit</i>., h. 134-135.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Taufik Adnan Amal, <i>Op. Cit</i>., h. 219.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: M. Quraish Shihab, <i>Tafsir al-Misbah: Pesan, Kesan dan Keserasian
al-Qur’an</i>, Vol. 12 (Cet.VII, Jakarta: Lentera hati, 2007), h. 282.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: <i>Ibid.,</i> h. 374.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat:<i> Ibid</i>, Vol. 6, h. 547.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: M. Quraish Shihab, <i>Tafsir al-Misbah</i> Vol. 1. <i>Op. Cit</i>., h.
86.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Baca selengkapnya pada: Taufik Adnan Amal, <i>Op. Cit.,</i> h. 250-256.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Hirscfeld mengembangkan lebih jauh tentang inisial ini dengan menguraikan
bahwa: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ال</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> adalah kata
sandang tertentu, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">م</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> adalah inisial
untuk Mughirah,</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ص </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk Hafshah, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> untuk Zubayr, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> untuk Abu bakar al-Shiddiq, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ــه</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> untuk Abu Hurairah, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> untuk Usman bin Affan, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ط</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> untuk Thalhah bin Ubaidillah, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">س</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> untuk Sa’d bin Abi Waqqash, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> untuk Hudzaifah, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ع </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">untuk
Umar bin Khattab atau Ali bin Abi Thalib, atau Ibn Abbas atau Aisyah, dan </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span> untuk Qasim ibn Rabi’ah. Lihat:<i> Ibid</i>,
h. 251.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: <i>Ibid</i>., h. 221.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Jalaluddin al-suyuthi, <i>Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an,</i> diterjemahkan
oleh Tim Editor Indiva dengan judul, <i>Studi Al-Qur’an Komprehensif: Membahas
al-Qur’an Secara Lengkap dan Mendalam</i>, Jilid I (Cet. I, Solo: Indiva,
2008), h. 275.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Masyfuk Zuhdi, <i>Pengantar Ulumul Qur’an</i> (tc., Surabaya: Bina Ilmu,
1980), h. 138.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Jalaluddin al-Suyuthi, <i>Loc. Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Fasilah</i>
ialah istilah yang diberikan kepada lafaz yang mengakhiri ayat, mempunyai nilai
dan kesempurnaan makna dan pengaruh dalam susunan kalam. Lihat: Mashuri
Sirojuddin Iqbal dan A.Fudlali, <i>Pengantar Ilmu Tafsir</i> (tc., Bandung:
Angkasa, t,th.), h. 58</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Lihat:
Taufik Adnan Amal, <i>Loc. Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Jalaluddin al-Suyuthi, <i>Al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an,</i> diterjemahkan
oleh Farikh Marzuqi Ammar, et. al. dengan judul, <i>Samudera Ulumul Qur’an</i>,
Jilid I (tc., Surabaya: PT. Bina Ilmu Offset, t,th.), h. 333.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Lihat: Taufik Adnan Amal, <i>Loc. Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-59441487085621274252013-01-10T23:29:00.001-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.052-07:00Isu-Isu Pendidikan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">Latar
Belakang</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gerak
perubahan luas sekali cakupannya di era globalisasi saat ini, kecepatan dan
penetrasinya yang begitu instan, telah menimbulkan banyak problema, setidaknya
telah memunculkan pendapat pro dan kontra. Bagi mereka yang merasa siap untuk
menghadapi era tersebut, menganggap tidak ada permasalahan</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yang perlu ditakuti.
Ini adalah sesuatu yang wajar, satu konsekuensi logis bagi perkembangan
kecerdasan manusia yang ditandai dengan perkembangan segala aspek kehidupan,
terutama di bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Tetapi di sisi lain, bagi
mereka yang belum atau tidak siap menghadapi era tersebut, menganggap
globalisasi adalah momok yang sangat luar biasa beratnya, bahkan mereka
menentang keras arus globalisasi dengan berbagai macam alasan, mulai dari
kecemasan akan dapat merusak sendi-sendi kehidupan yang diyakini kebenarannya
selama ini, hingga ketakutan akan timbulnya penindasan-penindasan dan
eksploitasi model baru terhadap kehidupan umat manusia di muka bumi.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Era
globalisasi tersebut juga merasuki dunia pendidikan Islam, sistem pendidikan
terbentuk sesuai dengan pandangan hidup bangsa yang bersangkutan. Apabila
pandangan hidup suatu bangsa adalah terbuka, maka akan lebih mudah untuk
menyesuaikan diri dengan tuntutan perkembangan zaman. Dalam sistem
pendidikanpun akan banyak memberikan kesempatan kepada generasi muda untuk
mengembangkan dan mempersiapkan diri guna menghadapi tantangan dan perkembangan
zaman yang selalu berubah. Di sisi lain, ada pula pandangan hidup suatu bangsa
yang tertutup. Mereka tidak mau menerima pengaruh dari luar. Bangsa yang
seperti ini tidak akan mungkin dapat mencapai kemajuan, mereka tidak akan mampu
untuk menghadapi tantangan-tantangan baru kehidupan yang menghadang. Bangsa
yang pandangan hidupnya tertutup tentunya akan menggunakan sistem pendidikan
yang bersifat tradisional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tanggungjawab
akan keberhasilan dan keberlangsungan pendidikan Indonesia sebenarnya adalah
salah satu tugas pemerintah. Ironisnya, apabila kita ingin menyelamatkan
pendidikan, justru yang harus dibenahi terlebih dahulu adalah
kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintah. Artinya bahwa penyebab utama kemunduran
pendidikan di Indonesia, khususnya pendidikan Islam, lebih disebabkan oleh kebijakan
pemerintah itu sendiri. Kebijakan pemerintah selama ini tidak pernah menjawab
tantangan-tantangan pendidikan di Indonesia maupun tantangan-tantangan
pendidikan yang bersifat universal. Permasalahan-permasalahan mulai dari
substansi pendidikan hingga ke praktek pendidikan tidak pernah secara tuntas
diselesaikan. Wacana-wacana yang berkembang pun hanya berkisar pada
dekonstruksi-dekonstruksi kebijakan yang pernah ada sebelumnya, tanpa ada
solusi yang pasti, dengan kata lain bahwa setelah paradigma lama dianggap sudah
tidak mampu lagi menjawab tantangan zaman, dan sekuat tenaga “dihancurkan”,
namun paradigma baru pun belum juga bisa dipetakan secara jelas. Oleh karena
itu, hasilnya bukan seberkas sinar terang yang memberikan pencerahan, melainkan
sesuatu yang membingungkan dan menjadikan wajah pendidikan Indonesia semakin
carut-marut. Dengan kata lain bahwa para pelaksana yang seharusnya
bertanggungjawab di bidang pendidikan khususnya pemerintah tidak serius dan
telah gagal menterjemahkan hakikat pendidikan nasional dalam bingkai
perkembangan kehidupan sosial budaya masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -23.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berangkat dari uraian-uraian pada latar belakang di
atas, maka dapatlah dikemukakan bahwa pokok permasalahan yang menjadi bahasan
dalam makalah ini adalah “bagaimana pendidikan Islam di era globalisasi”.
Permasalahan pokok ini terdiri dari sub masalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana problematika
pendididkan Islam di era globalisasi ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana solusi
problematika pendididkan Islam di era globalisasi ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana orientasi
pendididkan Islam di era globalisasi ?</span></div>
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">II. PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">P</i></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">roblematika Pendididkan
Islam di Era Globalisasi</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pendidikan Islam diakui keberadaannya
dalam sistem pendidikan Nasional dapat dilihat dalam tiga hal, yakni : <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pertama,<i> </i></span>Pendidikan Islam
sebagai lembaga, terbukti dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diakuinya keberadaan lembaga pendidikan Islam
secara eksplisit. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kedua<i>, </i></span>Pendidikan
Islam sebagai Mata Pelajaran, terbukti dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diakuinya pendidikan agama sebagai salah satu
pelajaran yang wajib diberikan pada tingkat dasar sampai perguruan tinggi. <i>Ketiga,
</i>Pendidikan Islam sebagai nilai (<i>value</i>) yakni ditemukannya
nilai-nilai islami dalam sistem pendidikan.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="_ftnref8"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Walaupun demikian, pendidikan Islam
tidak luput dari problematika yang muncul di era globalisasi saat ini. Terdapat
dua faktor dalam problematika tersebut, yaitu faktor internal dan faktor
eksternal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Faktor Internal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Relasi Kekuasaan dan Orientasi
Pendidikan Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tujuan
pendidikan pada dasarnya hanya satu, yaitu memanusiakan manusia, atau
mengangkat harkat dan martabat manusia atau <i>human dignity, </i>yaitu menjadi
khalifah di muka bumi dengan tugas dan tanggung jawab memakmurkan kehidupan dan
memelihara lingkungan. Tujuan pendidikan yang selama ini diorientasikan memang
sangat ideal bahkan, lantaran terlalu ideal, tujuan tersebut tidak pernah
terlaksana dengan baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Orientasi pendidikan, sebagaimana yang
dicita-citakan secara nasional, barangkali dalam konteks era sekarang ini
menjadi tidak menentu, atau kabur kehilangan orientasi mengingat adalah
tuntutan pola kehidupan pragmatis dalam masyarakat Indonesia. Hal ini patut
untuk dikritisi bahwa globalisasi bukan semata mendatangkan efek positif,
dengan kemudahan-kemudahan yang ada, akan tetapi berbagai tuntutan kehidupan
yang disebabkan olehnya menjadikan disorientasi pendidikan. Pendidikan
cenderung berpijak pada kebutuhan pragmatis, atau kebutuhan pasar, lapangan
kerja, sehingga ruh pendidikan Islam sebagai pondasi budaya, moralitas, dan <i>social
movement </i>(gerakan sosial) menjadi hilang.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Masalah Kurikulum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem
sentralistik terkait erat dengan birokrasi atas-bawah yang sifatnya otoriter
yang terkesan pihak “bawah” harus melaksanakan seluruh keinginan pihak “atas”. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam sistem yang seperti ini inovasi dan pembaruan tidak
akan muncul. Dalam bidang kurikulum sistem sentralistik ini juga mempengaruhi
output pendidikan. Tilaar menyebutkan bahwa kurikulum yang terpusat,
penyelenggaraan sistem manajemen yang dikendalikan dari atas, telah
menghasilkan output pendidikan manusia robot. Selain kurikulum yang
sentralistik, terdapat pula beberapa kritikan kepada praktek pendidikan yang berkaitan
dengan saratnya kurikulum, sehingga seolah-olah kurikulum itu kelebihan muatan.
Hal ini mempengaruhi juga kualitas pendidikan. Anak-anak terlalu banyak
dibebani oleh mata pelajaran.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
realitas sejarahnya, pengembangan kurikulum Pendidikan Islam tersebut mengalami
perubahan-perubahan paradigma, walaupun paradigma sebelumnya tetap dipertahankan.
Hal ini dapat dicermati dari fenomena berikut : (1) perubahan dari tekanan pada
hafalan dan daya ingat tentang teks-teks dari ajaran-ajaran agama Islam, serta
disiplin mental spiritual sebagaimana pengaruh dari timur tengah, kepada
pemahaman tujuan makna dan motivasi beragama Islam untuk mencapai tujuan
pembelajaran Pendidikan Islam. (2) perubahan dari cara berfikir tekstual,
normatif, dan absolutis kepada cara berfikir historis, empiris, dan kontekstual
dalam memahami dan menjelaskan ajaran-ajaran dan nilai-nilai Islam. (3)
perubahan dari tekanan dari produk atau hasil pemikiran keagamaan dari para
pendahulunya kepada proses atau metodologinya sehingga menghasilkan produk
tersebut. (4) perubahan dari pola pengembangan kurikulum Pendidikan Islam yang
hanya mengandalkan pada para pakar dalam memilih dan menyusun isi kurikulum Pendidikan
Islam ke arah keterlibatan yang luas dari para pakar, guru, peserta didik,
masyarakat untuk mengidentifikasikan tujuan Pendidikan Islam dan cara-cara
mencapainya.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="_ftnref11"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c. Pendekatan/Metode Pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peran
guru atau dosen sangat besar dalam meningkatkan kualitas kompetensi
siswa/mahasiswa. Dalam mengajar, ia harus mampu membangkitkan potensi,
memotifasi, memberikan suntikan dan menggerakkan siswa/mahasiswa melalui pola
pembelajaran yang kreatif dan kontekstual (konteks sekarang menggunakan
teknologi yang memadai). Pola pembelajaran yang demikian akan menunjang
tercapainya sekolah yang unggul dan kualitas lulusan yang siap bersaing dalam
arus perkembangan zaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Siswa atau mahasiswa bukanlah manusia
yang tidak memiliki pengalaman. Sebaliknya, berjuta-juta pengalaman yang cukup
beragam ternyata ia miliki. Oleh karena itu, dikelas pun siswa/mahasiswa harus
kritis membaca kenyataan kelas, dan siap mengkritisinya. Bertolak dari kondisi
ideal tersebut, kita menyadari, hingga sekarang ini siswa masih banyak yang
senang diajar dengan metode yang konservatif, seperti ceramah, didikte, karena
lebih sederhana dan tidak ada tantangan untuk berfikir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">d. Profesionalitas dan Kualitas SDM</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salah
satu masalah besar yang dihadapi dunia pendidikan di Indonesia sejak masa Orde
Baru adalah profesionalisme guru dan tenaga pendidik yang masih belum memadai.
Secara kuantitatif, jumlah guru dan tenaga kependidikan lainnya agaknya sudah
cukup memadai, tetapi dari segi mutu dan profesionalisme masih belum memenuhi
harapan. Banyak guru dan tenaga kependidikan masih <i>unqualified</i>, <i>underqualified,
</i>dan <i>mismatch, </i>sehingga mereka tidak atau kurang mampu menyajikan dan
menyelenggarakan pendidikan yang benar-benar kualitatif.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="_ftnref12"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref12;"></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref12;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref12;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e. Biaya Pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor biaya pendidikan adalah hal
penting, dan menjadi persoalan tersendiri yang seolah-olah menjadi kabur
mengenai siapa yang bertanggung jawab atas persoalan ini. Terkait dengan amanat
konstitusi sebagaimana termaktub dalam UUD 45 hasil amandemen, serta UU
Sisdiknas No. 20 tahun 2003 tentang sistem pendidikan nasional yang
memerintahkan negara mengalokasikan dana minimal 20% dari APBN dan APBD di
masing-masing daerah, namun hingga sekarang belum terpenuhi. Bahkan, pemerintah
mengalokasikan anggaran pendidikan genap 20% hingga tahun 2009 sebagaimana yang
dirancang dalam anggaran strategis pendidikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Faktor Eksternal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Dichotomic</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masalah
besar yang dihadapi dunia Pendidikan Islam adalah <i>dichotomy </i>dalam beberapa
aspek yaitu antara Ilmu Agama dengan Ilmu Umum, antara Wahyu dengan Akal serta
antara Wahyu dengan Alam. Munculnya problem dikotomi dengan segala
perdebatannya telah berlangsung sejak lama. Boleh dibilang gejala ini mulai
tampak pada masa-masa pertengahan. Menurut Rahman, dalam melukiskan watak ilmu
pengetahuan Islam zaman pertengahan menyatakan bahwa, muncul persaingan yang
tak berhenti antara <i>hukum</i> dan <i>teologi </i>untuk mendapat julukan
sebagai mahkota semua ilmu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b. To General Knowledge</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kelemahan
dunia Pendidikan Islam berikutnya adalah sifat ilmu pengetahuannya yang masih
terlalu general/umum dan kurang memperhatikan kepada upaya penyelesaian masalah
(<i>problem solving)</i>. Produk-produk yang dihasilkan cenderung kurang
membumi dan kurang selaras dengan dinamika masyarakat. Menurut Syed Hussein
Alatas menyatakan bahwa, kemampuan untuk mengatasi berbagai permasalahan,
mendefinisikan, menganalisis dan selanjutnya mencari jalan keluar/pemecahan
masalah tersebut merupakan karakter dan sesuatu yang mendasar kualitas sebuah
intelektual. Ia menambahkan, ciri terpenting yang membedakan dengan
non-intelektual adalah tidak adanya kemampuan untuk berfikir dan tidak mampu
untuk melihat konsekuensinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">c. Lack of Spirit of Inquiry</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persoalan
besar lainnya yang menjadi penghambat kemajuan dunia Pendidikan Islam ialah
rendahnya semangat untuk melakukan penelitian/ penyelidikan. Syed Hussein
Alatas merujuk kepada pernyataan <i>The Spiritus Rector </i>dari Modernisme
Islam, Al Afghani, Menganggap rendahnya “<i>The Intellectual Spirit” </i>(semangat
intelektual) menjadi salah satu faktor terpenting yang menyebabkan kemunduran
Islam di Timur Tengah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">d. Memorisasi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rahman
menggambarkan bahwa, kemerosotan secara gradual dari standar-standar akademis
yang berlangsung selama berabad-abad tentu terletak pada kenyataan bahwa,
karena jumlah buku-buku yang tertera dalam kurikulum sedikit sekali, maka waktu
yang diperlukan untuk belajar juga terlalu singkat bagi pelajar untuk dapat
menguasai materi-materi yang seringkali sulit untuk dimengerti, tentang
aspek-aspek tinggi ilmu keagamaan pada usia yang relatif muda dan belum matang.
Hal ini pada gilirannya menjadikan belajar lebih banyak bersifat <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">studi tekstual<i> </i></span>daripada <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">pemahaman </span>pelajaran yang
bersangkutan. Hal ini menimbulkan dorongan untuk belajar dengan sistem hafalan
(<i>memorizing</i>) daripada pemahaman yang sebenarnya. Kenyataan menunjukkan
bahwa abad-abad pertengahan yang akhir hanya menghasilkan sejumlah besar
karya-karya komentar dan bukan karya-karya yang pada dasarnya orisinal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e. Certificate Oriented</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pola
yang dikembangkan pada masa awal-awal Islam, yaitu <i>thalab al’ilm, </i>telah
memberikan semangat dikalangan muslim untuk gigih mencari ilmu, melakukan
perjalanan jauh, penuh resiko, guna mendapatkan kebenaran suatu <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hadis,<i> </i></span>mencari guru diberbagai
tempat, dan sebagainya. Hal tersebut memberikan isyarat bahwa karakteristik
para ulama muslim masa-masa awal didalam mencari ilmu adalah <i>knowledge
oriented. </i>Sehingga tidak mengherankan jika pada masa-masa itu, banyak lahir
tokoh-tokoh besar yang memberikan banyak konstribusi berharga, ulama-ulama <i>encyclopedic,
</i>karya-karya besar sepanjang masa. Sementara, jika dibandingkan dengan pola
yang ada pada masa sekarang dalam mencari ilmu menunjukkan kecenderungan adanya
pergeseran dari <i>knowledge oriented </i>menuju <i>certificate oriented </i>semata.
Mencari ilmu hanya merupakan sebuah proses untuk mendapatkan sertifikat atau
ijazah saja, sedangkan semangat dan kualitas keilmuan menempati prioritas
berikutnya.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="_ftnref13"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref13;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref13;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Solusi P</i></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">roblematikan
Pendididkan Islam di Era Globalisasi</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pendidikan memiliki keterkaitan erat
dengan globalisasi. Pendidikan tidak mungkin mengesampingkan proses globalisasi
yang akan mewujudkan masyarakat global ini. Dalam menuju era globalisasi, Indonesia
harus melakukan reformasi dalam proses pendidikan, dengan tekanan menciptakan
sistem pendidikan yang lebih komprehensif, dan fleksibel, sehingga para lulusan
dapat berfungsi secara efektif dalam kehidupan masyarakat global demokratis.
Untuk itu, pendidikan harus dirancang sedemikian rupa yang memungkinkan para
peserta didik mengembangkan potensi yang dimiliki secara alami dan kreatif
dalam suasana penuh kebebasan, kebersamaan, dan tanggung jawab. Disamping itu,
pendidikan harus menghasilkan lulusan yang dapat memahami masyarakatnya dengan
segala faktor yang dapat mendukung mencapai sukses ataupun penghalang yang
menyebabkan kegagalan dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Salah satu alternatif yang
dapat dilakukan adalah mengembangkan pendidikan yang berwawasan global.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="_ftnref14"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref14;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref14;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain itu, program pendidikan harus
diperbaharui, dibangun kembali atau dimoderenisasi sehingga dapat memenuhi
harapan dan fungsi yang dipikulkan kepadanya. Sedangkan solusi pokok menurut
Rahman adalah pengembangan wawasan intelektual yang kreatif dan dinamis dalam
sinaran dan terintegrasi dengan Islam harus segera dipercepat prosesnya.
Sementara itu, menurut Tibi, solusi pokoknya adalah <i>secularization, </i>yaitu
industrialisasi sebuah masyarakat yang berarti diferensiasi fungsional dari
struktur sosial dan sistem keagamaannya.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="_ftnref15"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref15;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref15;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai macam tantangan tersebut
menuntut para pengelola lembaga pendidikan, terutama lembaga Pendidikan Islam
untuk melakukan perenungan dan penelitian kembali apa yang harus diperbuat
dalam mengantisipasi tantangan tersebut, model-model Pendidikan Islam seperti
apa yang perlu ditawarkan di masa depan, yang sekiranya mampu mencegah dan atau
mengatasi tantangan tersebut. Melakukan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">perenungan<i>
</i></span>dapat berarti <i>at-taammul wa al’fahsh, </i>yakni melakukan
perenungan atau menguji dan memeriksanya secara cermat dan mendalam, dan bisa
berarti <i>taqlib al-bashar wa al-bashirah li idrak al-syai’ wa ru’yatihi, </i>yakni
melakukan perubahan pandangan (cara pandang) dan cara penalaran (kerangka
pikir) untuk menangkap dan melihat sesuatu, termasuk di dalamnya adalah
berpikir dan berpandangan alternatif serta mengkaji ide-ide dan rencana kerja
yang telah dibuat dari berbagai perspektif guna mengantisipasi masa depan yang
lebih baik.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Solusi P</i></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">roblematikan
Pendididkan Islam di Era Globalisasi</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Ahmad Tantowi, dengan adanya era
globalisasi ini perlu adanya rumusan orientasi Pendidikan Islam yang sesuai
dengan perkembangan zaman dan kebutuhan masyarakat. Orientasi tersebut ialah
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Pendidikan Islam sebagai Proses
Penyadaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pendidikan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Islam</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> harus diorientasikan untuk menciptakan “kesadaran
kritis” masyarakat. Sehingga dengan kesadaran kritis ini akan mampu
menganalisis hubungan faktor-faktor sosial dan kemudian mencarikan jalan
keluarnya. Hubungan antara kesadaran tersebut dengan Pendidikan Islam dan
globalisasi ialah agar umat Islam bisa melihat secara kritis bahwa
implikasi-implikasi dari globalisasi bukanlah sesuatu yang <i>given </i>atau
takdir yang sudah digariskan oleh Tuhan, akan tetapi sebagai konsekuensi logis
dari sistem dan struktur globalisasi itu sendiri.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Pendidikan Islam sebagai Proses
Humanisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses Humanisasi dalam Pendidikan Islam
dimaksudkan sebagai upaya mengembangkan manusia sebagai makhluk hidup yang
tumbuh dan berkembang dengan segala potensi (<i>fitrah</i>) yang ada padanya.
Manusia dapat dibesarkan (potensi jasmaninya) dan diberdayakan (ptoensi
rohaninya) agar dapat berdiri sendiri dan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3. Pendidikan
Islam sebagai Pembinaan <i>Akhlak al-Karimah</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Akhlak</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> merupakan domain penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat,
apalagi di era globalisasi ini. Tidak adanya akhlak dalam tata kehidupan
masyarakat akan menyebabkan hancurnya masyarakat itu sendiri. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Hal ini bisa diamati pada kondisi yang ada di negeri ini.
Hal seperti ini pada awalnya hanya menerpa sebagian kecil elit politik
(penguasa), tetapi kini ia telah menjalar kepada masyarakat luas, termasuk
kalangan pelajar.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Bagi Pendidikan
Islam, masalah pembinaan akhlak sesungguhnya bukan sesuatu yang baru. Sebab
akhlak memang merupakan misi utama agama Islam. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hanya saja, akibat penetrasi budaya sekuler barat,
belakangan ini masalah pembinaan akhlak dalam institusi Pendidikan Islam tampak
lemah. Untuk itu, pendidikan Islam harus dikembalikan kepada fitrahnya sebagai
pembinaan <i>akhlaq al-karimah, </i>dengan tanpa mengesampingkan
dimensi-dimensi penting lainnya yang harus dikembangkan dalam institusi
pendidikan, baik formal, informal, maupun nonformal.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembinaan akhlak
sebagai (salah satu) orientasi Pendidikan Islam di era globalisasi ini adalah
sesuatu yang tidak bisa ditawar-tawar. Sebab eksis tidaknya suatu bangsa sangat
ditentukan oleh akhlak masyarakatnya.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="_ftnref17"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref17;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref17;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref17;"></span><b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">III. PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesimpulan
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1. <i> </i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Problematika Pendidikan Islam di era global ini dapat
dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu faktor internal yang didalamnya ada : Relasi
Kekuasaan dan Orientasi Pendidikan Islam, Masalah Kurikulum, Pendekatan/Metode
Pembelajaran, Profesionalitas dan Kualitas SDM, dan Biaya Pendidikan. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dan
faktor eksternal yang meliputi <i>Dichotomic, To General Knowledge, Lack of
Spirit of Inquiry, Memorisasi, </i>dan<i> Certificate Oriented.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.
Solusi dari problematika tersebut ialah bahwa Pendidikan Islam harus
dikembalikan kepada fitrahnya dengan tanpa mengesampingkan dimensi-dimensi
penting lainnya yang harus dikembangkan dalam institusi pendidikan, baik
formal, informal, maupun nonformal. Serta pendidikan harus dirancang
sedemikian rupa yang memungkinkan para peserta didik mengembangkan potensi yang
dimiliki secara alami dan kreatif dalam suasana penuh kebebasan, kebersamaan,
dan tanggung jawab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.
Pendidikan Islam di Era Global ini diorientasikan bahwa Pendidikan Islam
sebagai Proses Penyadaran, sebagai Proses Humanisasi, dan sebagai Pembinaan
Akhlak al-Karimah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penulis
menyadari bahwa masih telalu banyak kesalahan dan kekhilafan dalam penyusunan
makalah ini. Oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritikan yang
sifatnya membangun guna kesempurnaan makalah ini.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ali, Hasmiyati Gani, <i>Ilmu Pendidikan
Islam, </i>Jakarta : Quantum Teaching Ciputat Press Group, 2008</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daulay, Haidar Putra, <i>Dinamika Pendidikan Islam
di Asia Tenggara, </i>Jakarta : Rineka Cipta, 2009</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, <i>Pendidikan Islam : Dalam Sistem
Pendidikan Nasional di Indonesia,</i> Jakarta : Kencana, 2004</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muhaimin, <i>Nuansa Baru Pendidikan Islam : mengurai
benang kusut dunia pendidikan,</i> Jakarta : PT. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Raja Grafindo Persada, 2006</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">
</span></u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">, <i>Pengembangan Kurikulum
Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah, Madrasah, dan Perguruan Tinggi, </i>Jakarta
: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nizar, Samsul, <i>Filsafat
Pendidikan Islam : Pendekatan Historis, Teoritis, dan Praktis, </i>Jakarta :
Ciputat Pers, 2002</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rembangy, Musthofa, <i>Pendidikan
Transformatif : Pergulatan Kritis Merumuskan Pendidikan di Tengah Pusaran Arus
Globalisasi, </i>Yogyakarta : Teras, 2010</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">SM, Isma’il, <i>Strategi
Pembelajaran Islam Berbasis PAIKEM : Pembelajaran Aktif, Inovatif, Kreatif,
Efektif, dan Menyenangkan, </i>Semarang : Rasail, 2008</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tantowi, Ahmad, <i>Pendidikan
Islam di Era Transformasi Global, </i>Semarang : Pustaka Rizki Putra, 2009</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Wahid, Abdul, <i>Isu-isu
Kontemporer Pendidikan Islam, </i>Semarang : Need’s Press, 2008</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Zamroni, <i>Paradigma
Pendidikan Masa Depan, </i>Jogjakarta : Gigraf Publishing, 2000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Haidar Putra Daulay, <i>Dinamika
Pendidikan Islam di Asia Tenggara, </i>(Cet. I, Jakarta : Rineka Cipta, 2009),
h. 44-45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Musthofa Rembangy, <i>Pendidikan
Transformatif : Pergulatan Kritis Merumuskan Pendidikan di Tengah Pusaran Arus
Globalisasi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(Cet. II, Yogyakarta:
Teras, 2010), h. 20-21</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Haidar Putra Daulay, <i>Pendidikan
Islam : Dalam Sistem Pendidikan Nasional di Indonesia <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(Cet. I, Jakarta : Kencana, 2004), h.
205-208</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Muhaimin, <i>Pengembangan
Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah, Madrasah, dan Per</i></span><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">guruan
Tinggi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">(Jakarta :
PT. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Raja
Grafindo Persada, 2007), h. 11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Musthofa Rembangy, o<i>p. cit., </i>h.
28</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abdul Wahid, <i>Isu-isu
Kontemporer Pendidikan Islam <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(Cet.
I, Semarang : Need’s Press, 2008), h. 14-23</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zamroni, <i>Paradigma Pendidikan
Masa Depan </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span>Cet. I, Jogjakarta
: Gigraf Publishing, 2000) h. 90-91</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abdul Wahid, o<i>p.cit., </i>h.
27-28</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Muhaimin,
<i>Nuansa Baru Pendidikan Islam : mengurai benang kusut dunia pendidikan, </i>(Jakarta
: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2006), h. 86-89</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 26.95pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ahmad Tantowi, o<i>p. cit., </i>h.
90-104</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-19562154308390274132013-01-10T22:55:00.001-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.028-07:00Makalah "Al-Maturidiya"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Latar
Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada
dasarnya aliran al-Maturidiyah adalah merupakan sebuah aliran yang tidak jauh
berbeda dengan aliran al-Asy’ariyah. Keduanya disebut lahir sebagai bentuk
pembelaan terhadap sunnah. Hanya saja tempat berkembangnya berbeda, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aliran al-Asy’ariyah berkembang di Basrah sedangkan
aliran al-Maturidiyah berkembang di Samarkand.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adalah
kota dimana tempat lahirnya aliran al-Maturidiyah,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan salah satu kawasan peradaban yang maju
dan menjadi pusat perkembangan Mu’tazilah, disamping itu juga ditemukannya
aliran Mujassimah. Qaramithah dan Jahmiyah, Menurut Adam Metz. disana juga terdapat
pengikut Majusi, Yahudi dan Nasrani dalam jumlah yang besar.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-Maturidi saat itu terlihat dalam hanyak pertentangan dan dialog setelah
melihat kenyataan berkurangnya pembelaan terhadap sunnah. Hal ini dapat
dipahami karena teologi mayoritas saat itu adalah aliran Mu’tazilah yang mana <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hanyak menyerang golongan ahli fiqih dan ahli
hadis.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Baik
Asy’ari maupun Maturidi bukan tidak paham terhadap mazhab Mu’tazilah. Bahkan
al-‘Asy’ari pada awalnya adalah seorang Mu’tazilah namun terdorong oleh keinginannya
mempertahankan sunnah, maka lahirlah ajaran mereka hingga kemudian keduanya diberi
gelar imam ahlussunnah wal jama’ah. Sepintas kita mungkin menyimpulkan hahwa
keduanya pernah bertemu, namun hal ini membutuhkan analisa lebih lanjut. Pada perkembangannya,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aliran al-Maturidiyah terbagi menjadi
dua golongan. Pertama, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>golongan
Samarkand, tempat dimana aliran ini lahir; Kedua, golongan Bukhara yang
dipelopori oleh Bazdawi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berangkan
dari lalar belakang masalah tersehut di atas, maka dapatlah dirumuskan
permasalahan yang menjadi inti pembahasan pada makalah ini, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bagaimana sejarah
timbul aliran al-Maturidiyah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Siapakah tokoh
penting aliran al-Maturidiyah (golongan Samarkand dan Bazdawi) dan bagaimana
pula pokok-pokok ajarannya ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bagaimana pengaruh
al-Maturidiyah pada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dunia Islam?<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -10.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sejarah
Timbul Al-Maturidiyah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Aliran
al-Maturidiyah ini sehenarnya tidak jauh berheda dengan aliran al-Asy’ariyah. Keduanya
dilahirkan oleh kondisi sosial dan pemikiran yang sama. Kedua aliran mi datang
untuk memenuhi kehutuhan mendesak yang menyerukan untuk menyelamatkan diri dari
ekstrimitas kaum rasionalis dimana yang berada dibarisan paling depan adalah
Mu’iazilah, maupun kaum tekstualitas yang dipelopori oleh kaum Hanbaliyah (para
pengikut Imam Ibnu Hanbal). Keduanya herbeda pendapat hanya dalam hal yang menyangkut
masalah cabang dan detailitas.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Aliran al-Maturidiyah berdiri atas prakarsa al-Maturidi pada tahun pertama abad
ke-4 H di wilayah Samarkand.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada
awalnya antara kedua aliran ini dipisahkan oleh jarak. aliran Asy’ariyah berkembang
di Irak dan Syam (Suriah) kemudian meluas sampai ke Mesir sedangkan aliran al-Maturidiyah
berkembang di Samarkand dan di daerah-daerah seberang sungai (Oxus). Kedua
aliaran mi bisa hidup dalam aliran yang kompleks dan memhentuk suatu mazhab.
Nampak jelas hahwa perbedaan sudut pandang mengenai masalah-masalah fiqih kedua
aliran ini merupakan faktor pendorong untuk berlomba dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">survive</i>. Orang-orang Hanafiah (pengikut imam Hanafi membentengi
aliran-aliran Maturidiyah dan mereka kaitkan akarnya sampai pada imam Abu
Hanifah sendiri.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> Teolog
yang juga bermazhab Hanafiyah seperti Maturidi adalah Abu Ja’far al-Tahawi di
Mesir. Dia adalah seorang ulama besar dibidang hadis dan fiqih yang teiah
mengembangkan dogma-dogma teologi yang lebih besar. Lebih dari satu abad,
mazhab Asy’ariyah tetap populer hanya diantara pengikut Syafi‘iyah sementara
mazhab Maturidiyah dan begitu juga Tahawiyah terbatas penganutnya diantara
pengikut Hanafi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tokoh
Penting aliran al-Maturidiyah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Seperti
telah dikemukakan terdahulu, bahwa aliran al-Maturidiyah terbagi pada dua
golongan, yaitu golongan Samarkand dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>golongan Bukhara. Masing-masing golongan ini memiliki tokoh penting
dengan pokok-pokok ajarannya masing-masing.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Golongan
Samarkand</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Biografi Abu
Mansyur al-Maturidi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu Muhammad Ibn
Muhammad Ibn Mahmud al-Maturidi lahir di Samarkand pada pertengahan ke dua dari
abad ke sembilan Masehi dan meninggal di tahun 944 Masehi. Ia adalah pengikut
Abu Hanifah dan faham-faham teologinya banyak persamaannya dengan faham-faham
yang dimajukan Abu Hanifah. Sistem pemikiran teologi yang ditimbulkan Abu
Mansur termasuk dalam golongan teologi Ahli Sunnah dan dikenal dengan nama
al-Maturidiyah.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></sup></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pada
versi lain dikatakan bahwa Nama lengkap beliau adalah Muhammad Bin Muhammad Abu
Manshur Al-Maturidi. Garis keturunannya masih bersambung dengan sahahat Abu
Ayub Al-Anshary.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dia lahir dikota Maturid, Samarkand. Tahun kelahirannya tidak diketahui dengan
jelas, diperkirakan sekitar tahun 238 H. dan kemudian meninggal pada tahun 333
H. Beliau juga digelar “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">imam al-huda</i>”.
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">imam al-mutakallimin</i>”, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“raiys ahlussunnah”</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Tidak banyak yang dapat diketahui secara langsung dari dirinya, karena mazhab
yang dibentuknya berkembang tegak melalui tulisan murid-rnuridnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Al-Maturidi
memperoleh pelajaran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu fiqh</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu kalam</i> dari seorang alim bernarna Ali
Nazar Bin Yahya Al-Baikhi, yang dalam negerinya sedang terjadi perdebatan
antara ulama fiqih dan hadis dengan orang-orang Mu’tazilah baik mengenai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu kalam</i>, maupun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu fiqih</i> dan pokok-pokoknya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Situasi
yang penuh pertentangan itulah yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendorong al-Maturidi bersungguh-sungguh
menyelidiki persoalan-persoalan yang ada, sehingga akhirnya ia menjadi seorang
alim dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu fiqh</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ushul-ushul</i>nya serta dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu kalam</i>. Ulama yang ahli tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ushuluddin </i>waktu itu sangat sedikit
sehingga ia terpaksa mengembara kian kemari untuk memperoleh bahan-bahan dan
alasan yang dikehendakinya, sebagaimana katanya sendiri ia pernah pergi ke
Bashrah sampai 22 kali untuk menghadiri ceramah-ceramah rnengenai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“aqaid’</i> dan kuliah-kuliah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu fiqh</i> sampai akhirnya ia menjadi
ahli dalam ilmu tersebut.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Karangan
beliau terbagi dalam 3 cabang penting yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tafsir,</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilmu</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kalam</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ushul fiqih</i>.
Diantara karya beliau dalam ilmu kalam adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kitab Tauhid</i> yang menunjukkan kemampuan nalar dan keluasan
wawasannya dalam menggunakan dalil-dalil ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aqaid</i>
untuk mempertahankan pendapatnya. Buku mi juga memperlihatkan kepada kita
bagaimana beliau menguasai beragam pendapat yang bertolak belakang dengan
ajaran <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ahlu-sunnah wal jamaah</i> baik
itu dimiliki kelompok yang menyandarkan pada ajaran Islam atau di luar Islam.
Hal mi bukanlah sesuatu yang mudah kecuali bagi orang yang telah menguasai
dalil-dalil <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘aqli</i> yang ada dan paham
akan penggunannnya. Kepandaian beliau juga sangat menonjol dalarn penggunaan bahasa.
Terbukti dengan komentar Az-Zamakhsyari terhadap beliau berbunyi “tidaklah
metode ini ditempuh melainkan oleh seseoarang yang ahli dalam ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’ani</i> dan ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bayan</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Karya beliau dalarn bidang tafsir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Ta’wilatul
Qur’an”</i>, sedangkan dalam ushul fiqh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Ma’khadussyarai</i>’
dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Jadal” </i>namun kedua karyanya yang
terakhir ini tidak ditemukan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pokok-pokok
Ajarannya</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sebagai
pengikut Abu Hanifah yang banyak memakai rasio dalam pandangan keagamaahnya,
al-Maturidi banyak pula rnemakai akal dalam sistem teologinya. Oleh karena itu
antara teologinya dan teologi aI-Asy’ari banyak perbedaan, sungguhpun keduanya
timbul sebagai reaksi terhadap aliran Mu’ tazilah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tentang
sifat-sifat Tuhan</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
soal sifat-sifat Tuhan terdapat persamaan antar al-Asy’ari dan al-Maturidi.
Baginya Tuhan juga mempunyai sifat-sifat.</span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Maka menurut
pendapatnya, Tuhan mengetahui bukan dengan dzatnya, tetapi mengetahui dengan
pengetahuan-Nya, dan berkuasa bukan dengan dzat-Nya</span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tentang
perbuatan manusia</span></div>
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<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengenai masalah perbuatan-perbuatan manusia,
al-Maturidi sependapat dengan golongan Mu’tazilah, bahwa manusialah sebenarnya
yang mewujudkan perbuatan-perbuatannya.</span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Dengan demikian ia
mempunyai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">faham qadariyah</i> dan bukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">faham jabariyah</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kasb Asy’ari</i>.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Disamping
itu ia berpendapat Tuhan rnempunyai kewajiban- kewajihan tertentu.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></a></span>
Tentang kalam Allah,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">al-Maturidi
tidak sepaharn dengan Mu’tazilah tentang masalah Alquran yang menimbulkan
pertentangan itu. Ia berpandapat kalam Allah tidak diciptakan tapi bersifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qadim</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tentang dosa
besar</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengenaia
masalah dosa besar al-Maturidi sepaham dengan al-Asy’ari, yaitu bahwa orang
yang berdosa besar masih tetap rnukmin. dan soal dosa besarnya nanti akan
ditentukan Allah kelak diakhirat. Jadi ía menolak faham posisi rnenengah kaurn
Mu’taziiah. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-wa’d wal waid</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tatapi soal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-wa’ad wa al-wa’id</i> Al-Maturidi sefaham dengan Mu’tazilah,
bahwasanya janji-janji dan ancaman-ancaman Tuhan, tidak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>boleh tidak, mesti terjadi kelak.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tentang
antrophomorphisme<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam persoalan
anthropomorphisme, al-Maturidi sealiran dengan Mu’tazilah. Ia tidak sependapat
dengan al-Asy’ari bahwa ayat-ayat yang menggambarkan Tuhan mempunyai bentuk
jasmani tak dapat diberi interpretasi atau ta’wil. Menurut pendapatnya tangan,
wajah dan sebagainya mesti diberi arti majazi atau kiasan</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Beliau sependapat dengan
Mu’tazilah bahwa ayat-ayat yang rnenggambarkan Tuhan dapat diberi interpretasi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ada
banyak konsep yang beliau kemukakan namun kiranya yang perlu diketahui
sanggahan beliau terhadap pandangan Mu’tazilah yang menetapkan bahwa apa yang
dilakukan oleh Allah itu bukan dengan ikhtiar tapi karena suatu keharusan dan
hal lain yang berhubungan dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi’lullah</i>
Beliau mengatakan bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">af’al</i> yang
dimiliki oleh Allah adalah dalam bentuk penciptaanya, sedangkan yang dimiliki
manusia adalah kasab sebagai bentuk ciptaan. Semua ini sebagai dasar bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi’il Allah</i> sebagai sesuatu yang dilihat
secara hakikatnya dan fi’il manusia sebagai majaz. Teori yang beliau kernukakan
nantinya sebagai bantahan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>atas paham
Jabariyah, Qadariyah dan Mu’tazilah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara
umurn aliran al-Maturidiyah tidak jauh berbeda dengan al-Asyariyah dalam
prinsip dasar, hanya berbeda dalam pengungkapan atau penjelasannya. Yang paling
menonjol adalah bahwasanya Asy’ari berpendapat Maturidi rnenyetujui kebebasan
berkehendak sesuai dengan konsekuensi logis dan gagasan keadilan dan gagasan
pembalasan Tuhan, sedang al-Asy’ari berpendapat bahwa kehendak Tuhan tidak
dapat dibayangkan dalam kapasitas logika manusia. Tuhan dapat saja mengirim
manusia yang baik ke dalam neraka. Al-Maturidi mengakui bahwa pahala dan atau
hukurnan adalah sebanding dengan perbuatan manusia itu sendiri. Perbedaan lain
al-Asy’ari berpendapat bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’rifat</i>
kepada Allah adalah berdasarkan tuntunan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syara’</i>,
sedangkan al-Maturidi berpendapat hal itu diwajibkan oleh akal fikiran. Sesuatu
itu baik atau buruk, diwajibkan oleh syara’ atau dilarangnya. Sedangkan menurut
al-Maturidi, sesuatu itu sendiri mempunyal sifat baik dan buruk. Dalam hal mi
al-Maturidy tampak lebih mendekati Mu’tazilah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sekalipun
aI-Maturidiyah memberikan porsi akal fikiran lebih banyak dan karena itu dia
mendakati Mu’tazilah. namun bila diperhatikan ternyata terdapat pula
perbedaan-perbedaan. Mu’tazilah berpendapat bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’rifat </i>kepada Allah adalah kewajihan akal fikiran narnun
al-Maturidi rnenilai bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’rifat</i>
kepada Allah mungkin merupakan kewajiban akal fikiran akan tetapi kewajiban itu
tidak akan terjadi kecuali dari yang membuat kewajiban yaitu Allah Ta’ala</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Golongan
Bukhara</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Biografi
al-Bazdawi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nama lengkap al-Bazdawi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ialah Abu al-Yusuf Muhammad al-Bazdawi
(421-493 H). Nenek al-Bazdawi adalah murid dari al-Maturidi. Al-Bazdawi
mengetahui ajaran al-Maturidi dari orang tuanya. Al-Bazdawi sendiri memiliki
murid-murid dan salah seorang diantaranya ialah Najm al-Din Muhammad al-Nasafi
(460-537 H), pengarang buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-’Aqaid al—
nasafiah</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pokok-pokok
Ajarannya</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menurut
pendapat ãl-Mawardi, akal rnengetahui tiga persoalan teologis, yakni:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Akal dapat mengetahui adanya Tuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-.
Akal dapat rnengetahui kewajiban mengetahui Tuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-.
Akal dapat mengetahui baik dan buruk.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam
persoalan rnengetahui manakah kewajiban berbuat yang baik dan mengetahui
perbuatan yang buruk hanya dapat diketahui wahyu. Pendapat ini dapat diterima
oleh pengikut-pengikut Maturidiyah di Samarkand. Dan pendapat demikian tidak
jauh berbeda dengan pendapat Mu’tazilah. Tetapi pendapat tersebut sebagian
ditolak Maturidiyah Bukhara. Menurut Maturidiyah Bukhara: “akal hanya dapat
mengetahui Tuhan, tetapi tidak dapat mengetahui kewajiban untuk mengetahui
Tuhan”. Sebab untuk dapat mengetahui kewajiban tersebut hanya melalui wahyu.
Demikian juga akal hanya dapat mengetahui yang haik dan yang buruk. tetapi akal
tidak dapat mengetahui kewajiban melakukan yang baik atau yang buruk. Untuk
dapat mengetahui kewajiban-kewajiban tersebut harus dengan melalui wahyu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdasarkan
pada uraian tersebut diatas, dapatlah dipahami bahwa aliran Maturidiyah Bukhara
lebih dekat kepada Asy’ariyah sedangkan aliran Maturidiyah Samarkand dalam
beberapa hal lebih dekat kepada Mutazilah. terutama dalam masalah keterbukaan
terhadap peranan akal .<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengaruh
al-Maturidiyah di Dunia Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Terhadap
perkembangan dunia Islam, aliran al-Maturidiyah ini telah meninggalkan pengaruh
yang amat besar. Hal ini bisa dipahami karena manhajnya yang memiliki ciri
mengambil sikap tengah antara “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dalil aqli”</i>
dan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dalil naqli”,</i> pandangannya yang
bersifat universal dalam menghubungkan rnasalah yang sifatnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">juziy</i> ke sesuatu yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kulliy</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Disamping
itu, aliran ini juga berusaha rnenghubungkan antara fikir dan amal,
mengutarnakan pengenalan pada masalah-masalah yang diperselisihkan oleh banyak
ulama kalam namun masih berkisar pada satu pemahaman untuk dikritisi letak-letak
kelemahannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keistimewaan
lainnya yang juga dimiliki al-Maturidiyah bahwa pengikutnya dalam perselisihan
atau perdebatan tidak sampai saling mengkafirkan sebagaimana yang pernah
terjadi dikalangan Khawarij, Rawafidh dan Qadariyah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
Aliran ini selanjutnya banyak dianut oleh rnazhab Hanafiyah dan masih terus
berkembang hingga saat ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.75pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdasarkan
pada urian-uraian bab terdahulu, maka dapatlah ditarik beberapa kesimpulan
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Latar belakang
munculnya aliran al-Maturidiyah tidak jauh berbeda dengan aliran al-Asy’ariyah,
yakni bahwa aliran muncul sebagai reaksi terhadap aliran Mu’tazilah yang
terlalu mengandalkan logika akal dalam memahami agama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">aliran
Mu’tazilah Bahwa Abu Manshur al-Maturidi sebagai pendiri aliran ini lebih
banyak memberikan porsi akal dalarn memahami agama dibanding al-Asy’ari, tetapi
juga tdiak sama dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pokok-pokok
ajaran al-Maturidiyah pada dasarnya memiliki banyak kemiripan dengan aliran
al-Asy’ariyah dalarn menghadapi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendapat-pendapat Mu’tazilah. Perbedaannya
yang muncul bisa dikatakan hanya dalam penjelasan ajaran mereka atau dalarn
masalah cabang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dalam perkembangan
selanjutnya, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aliran ini terbagi menjadi
dua golongan, yaitu golongan Maturidiyah Samarkand yang dipelopori oleh
al-Maturidi, yang diidentikkan lebih dekat ke Mu’tazillah dalarn beberapa hal, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan golongan Maturidiyah Bukhara yang
dipelopori oleh al-Bazdawi yang lebih dekat dengan aliran al-Asy’ariyah..</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Aliran
al-Maturidiyah sebagian besar didukung oleh pengikut mazhab Hanafi. Hal ini
dikarenakan pendirinya mendapatkan pandangan-pandangan tauhid dan pendapat
Imarn Abu hanifah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Departemen Agama,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Quran dan Terjemahannya</i>. Jakarta:
Surya Cipta Aksara, 1995</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Abubakar,
Prof, Dr., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ahlussunnah wal Jamna’ah</i>,
Cet I; Jakarta: Yayasan Baitul Mal,1969</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a1-Magrihiy,
‘Au, Dr., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imam Ahlussunnah wal Jaina’ah
Abu Manshur al-Maturidi Risalah Doktorah Basriqiyah asy-Syarf al-Uwla Kullliyat
al-Adab</i>. Kairo: Jami’ah aI-Qahirah, t.th</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hanafi. Ahmad,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Thologi Islam</i>, Cet IX; Jakarta: Bulan
Bintang, 1991</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Haimid, Audi
Tahir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Berbagai Agama dun Kepercaaan</i>.
Cet 1; Makassar: A. T. Hamid, 2003</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hasan, Muhammad
Tholhah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah dalam
Persepsi dan Tradisi NU</i>. Cet III: Jakarta: Lantahora Press, 2005</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Madkour,
Ibrahim, Dr., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aliran dan Teori Filsafat
Islam</i>. Cet I; Jakarta: Sinar Grafika Offset, 1995</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Muhammad,
Abdul Qahir bin Tahir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Farqu Bainal
Firaq</i>, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Lubnaniy, t.th</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Muhammad,
Ali Jum’ah, Dr., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mausu’ah A’lain al-Fikui
al-Islamiy</i>, Cet III; Kairo: Wizaratul Awqaf, 2004</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Munawwir, Ahmad
Wairson. Kainus aI-Munawwir, Cet II: Surabaya: Pustaka Progressi f, 1997</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musa, Jalal
Muhammad, Dr., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nasy’at al-Asy’ariyyah wa
Tathawwuriha</i>, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab aI-Lubnaniy, t.th</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nasir,
Sahilun A, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Ilmu Kalam</i>, Cet.
III; Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 1996</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nasution,
Harun, Prof, Dr., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Islam Ditinjau don
Berbugai Aspeknya</i>, Cet I: Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1974</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nasi Sayyed
Hossein , <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intelektual Islam</i>, Cet I;
Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pe1ajar 1996</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Muhammad Thoha Hasan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ahlussunna wal
Jama’ah dalam Persepsi dan Tradisi NU</i> (Cd ii Jakm-gn I aniuhnia Prcss
2005). h. 24</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid,</i> h. 81</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Dr. Ihrahim Madkour, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aliran dan Teori Filsafat Islam</i> (Cet I:
Jakarta: Sinar Grafika ofset, 1995), h.80</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid. </i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
Sayyed Hossein Nasr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Intelektual islam.</i>
(Cet I; Yogakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 1996),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>h. 15</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">6</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US">Harun Nasution, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teologi Islam:
Aliran-aliran Sejarah Analisa Perbandingan</i>, (Jakarta: UI Press, 1986), h.
76.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">7</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Dr.AIi al-Magrihiy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imam Ahlussunnah wal Jama’ah Abu Mansur
al-Maturidi</i> (Cairo: Risalah Doktorah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>as-Syarf al al-Uwla. Kulliat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>al-Adab. t.th ) h. 11-12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">8</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Dr. AIi Jum’ah dkk, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mausu’ah A’lam al-Fikr al-lslamiy</i>,(Cet. III:
Kairo: Wizarat al-Awqai, 2004),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 873</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">9</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
Prof. Dr. H. Abubakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aceh, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ahlussunnah wal Jama’ah</i>, (Cet. I;
Jakarta: Yayasan Baitul Mal, 1969), h.23</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
Dr.AIi al-Magrihiy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imam Ahlussunnah wal
Jama’ah Abu Mansur al-Maturidi</i> (Cairo: Risalah Doktorah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as-Syarf al al-Uwla. Kulliat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-Adab. t.th ) h. 20</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Dr.
Ali Jum’ah, dkk. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op.cit., </i>h. 876</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
Prof. Harun Nasution, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teologi Islam</i>,
(Cet V. Jakarta: UI Press, 1986), h. 76-77</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span class="fullpost">Abu Yusuf Muhammad al-Bazdawi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,
Kitab Usul al-Din, Ed. Dr. Hans Peter Linss</i>, (Kairo: ‘Isa al-Babi
al-Halabi, 1963, h. 34.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span class="fullpost">Al-Maturidi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kitab Syarh
al-Akbar</i>, (Hyderabad: Dar’irah al-Ma’arif al-Nizamiah, 1321 H), h.. 22.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span class="fullpost"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., h. 11</i></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span class="fullpost"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., h. 122</i></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
Antropomorphisme adalah paham jisim pada Tuhan, lihat Abuddin Nata, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metodologi Studi Islam</i>, (Jakarta: PT
Raja Grafindo Persada, 1999), h. 223.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Abu Yusuf Muhammad
al-Bazdawi,</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Loc.. cit., </span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Harun Nasution. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op.cit</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Muhammad Tholhah
Hasan. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loc. Cit.</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Abdul Kadir bin Tahir bin Muhammad, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Farqu
Bainal Firaq</i> (Bairut : Dar al-Kutub al-ilmiah:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>t.th). h, 282</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calisto MT","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 23.0pt;">TAKHRIJ AL-HADITS</span></i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengertian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Takhrij al-Hadits</i></span></b><b><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> adalah bentuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">masdar
</i>dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi’il</i> madi </span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">kharaja-yakhruju-takhriijan</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">)</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> yang secara bahasa berarti </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">“</span></i><i><span style="font-style: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">mengeluarkan
sesuatu dari tempat</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">nya”</span></i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></a></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij </span></i><span lang="EN-US">bermakna pula <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-istimbath</i> (hal yang mengelurkan); <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-tadrib</i> (hal melatih atau hal
pembiasaan); <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">at-taujih</i> (hal
memperhadapkan).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dengan demikian, jika dihubungkan dengan hadis, maka berarti usaha untuk mengeluarkan
sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan hadis, yang dimaksud dalam hal ini adalah masalah
periwayatan hadis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun pengertian <i>takhrij</i>
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">al-hadits</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">menurut </span><span lang="EN-US">istilah ulama </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ahli hadis</span><span lang="EN-US">, dapat
berarti :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Usaha mencari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i> hadis yang terdapat dalam
kitab hadis karya orang lain, yang tidak sama dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i> yang terdapat dalam kitab tersebut. Usaha semacam ini
dinamakan juga <i>istikhraj,.<a name='more'></a></i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Suatu keterangan
bahwa hadis yang nukilkan ke dalam kitab penyusunnya itu teradapat
dari kitab lain yang telah disebutkan nama penyusunnya. Misalnya, penyusun
hadis mengakhiri penulisan hadisnya dengan kata-kata. “<i>Akhrajahul
Bukhori” </i>artinya bahwa hadis yang dinukil itu terdapat dalam kitab :
“<i>Jamius S</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">ha</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">hih Bukhari, </span></i><i><span style="font-style: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">bila
ia mengakhirinya dengan kata</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">“</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Akhrajahul</span><span lang="EN-US"> M</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">uslim” </span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">berarti bahwa hadis tersebut terdapat dari kitab <i>Shahih Muslim.</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Suatu usaha
mencari derajat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i>, hadis yang tidak diterangkan
oleh penyusun atau pengarang suatu kitab</span><span lang="EN-US">.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">M. Syuhudi Ismail mengemukakan bahwa istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij al-hadits </i>menurut pengertian ulama hadis adalah : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengemukakan hadis kepada orang
banyak dengan menyebutkan para periwayatnya dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad </i>yang telah menyampaikan hadis itu dengan metode periwayatan
yang mereka tempuh. </span><b><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Ulama
hadis mengemukakan berbagai hadis yang telah dikemukakan oleh para guru hadis,
atau berbagai kitab, atau lainnya, yang susunannya dikemukakan berdasarkan
riwayatnya sendiri, atau para gurunya, atau temannya, atau orang lain, dengan
menerangkan siapa periwayatnya dari para penyusun kitab atau karya tulis yang
dijadikan sumber pengambilan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Menunjukkan
asal-usul hadis dan mengemukakan sumber pengambilannya dari berbagai kitab
hadis yang disusun oleh para <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mukharrij</i>nya
langsung (yakni para periwayat yang juga sebagai penghimpun bagi hadis yang
mereka riwayatkan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Mengemukakan hadis berdasarkan
sumbernya atau berbagai sumbernya, yakni kitab-kitab hadis, yang didalamnya
disertakan metode periwayatannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i>nya masing-masing, serta
diterangkan keadaan para periwayatnya dan kualitas hadisnya. </span><b><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Menunjukkan
atau mengemukakan letak asal hadis pada sumbernya yang asli, yakni berbagai
kitab, yang didalamnya dikemukakan hadis itu secara secara lengkap dengan
sanadnya masing-masing; kemudian, untuk kepentingan penelitian, dijelaskan
kualitas hadis yang bersangkutan. </span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"> </span><b><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hal
senada juga dikemukakan oleh M. Hasbi Ash-Sgiddiqy, bahwa menurut istilah yang
biasa dipakai oleh ulama hadis, istilah<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
takhrij</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-hadis</i> mempunyai
beberapa arti, yakni :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengambil sesuatu hadis dari sesuatu kitab,
lalu mencari sanad yang lain dari sanad penyusun kitab itu. Orang yang
mengerjakan hal ini dinamai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mukharrij </i>dan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mustakhrij</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Menerangkan bahwa hadis itu terdapat dalam sesuatu kitab, yang
dinukilkan kedalamnya oleh penyusunnya dari sesuatu kitab lain, seperti kita
katakan : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Akhrajahu ul-Bukhari</i> =
dinukilkan kedalam kitabnya oleh Bukhari (ada tersebut dalam kitab Bukhari).<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Orang yang berusaha men<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> hadis dinamakan <i>mukh</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">a</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">rrij</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Usaha <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mukharrij</i> tersebut
akhirnya dihimpun dalam sebuah kitab, dan kitab yang demikian inilah yang
disebut yang disebut <i>mustakhraj</i>. Misalnya:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mustakhraj Abu Nu’aim, karya Abu Nu’aim, adalah
salah satu kitab takhrij Hadis Shahih Bukhary.</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Takhrij Ahmad
bin Hamdan, adalah salah satu dari kitab mustakhraj Shahih Muslim</span><span lang="EN-US">.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Berdasarkan pengertian yang dikemukakan di atas, maka
ada tiga hal yang mendasar dari pengertian tersebut. Yakni;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pertama,</i>
kegiatan penelusuran suatu hadis untuk mengetahui tempat atau sumber-sumber
hadis yang diteliti;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kedua</i>, sumber-sumber pengambilan hadis
itu merupakan sumber-sumber asli, yang dihimpun oleh para pengarang dengan
jalan yang diterima dari guru-gurunya dan lengkap dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i>nya sampai kepada nabi Muhammad SAW. Misalnya kitab Shahih
Bukhari dan kitab Shahih Muslim; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ketiga</i>,
hadis yang termuat dalam sumber-sumber asli itu dikemukakan secara lengkap
sanad dan matannya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejarah dan latar
belakang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Takhrij al-Hadits</i> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;">Kegiatan men<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> hadis muncul dan diperlukan pada
masa ulama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutaakhirin</i>. Sedang
sebelumnya, hal ini tidak pernah dibicarakan dan diperlukan. Kebiasaan ulama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutaqaddimin</i> menurut Al-Iraqi, dalam
mengutip hadis-hadisnya tidak pernah membicarakan dan menjelaskan darimana
hadis itu dikeluarkan, serta bagaimana kualitas hadis-hadis tersebut, sampai
kemudian datang An-nawawi yang melakukan hal itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Penguasaan para ulama
terdahulu terhadap sumber-sumber hadis begitu luas sekali, sehingga mereka
tidak merasa sulit jika disebutkan suatu hadis untuk mengetahuinya dalam
kitab-kitab hadis. Ketika semangat belajar sudah melemah, mereka kesulitan
mengetahui tempat-tempat hadis yang dijadikan sebagai rujukan para penulis
dalam ilmu-ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syar’i.</i> Maka sebagian
ulama bangkit dan memperlihatkan hadis-hadis yang ada pada sebagian kitab dan
menjelaskan sumbernya dari kitab-kitab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>hadis yang asli, menjelaskan metodenya, dan menerangkan hukumnya dari
yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shahih</i> atas yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dha’if,</i> lalu muncullah apa yang
dinamakan dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kutub at-takhrij</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;">Ulama yang pertama
kali melakukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> menurut Mahmud
al-Thahhan ini, ialah al-Khatib al-Bagdadi (463 H). kemidian dilakukan pula
oleh Muhammad bin musa al-Hazimi (W.584 H) dengan karyanya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Takhrij Ahaadits Muhadzdzab”</i>. Ia men<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fiqih Syafi’iyah</i> karya Abu Ishaq Asy-Syirazi. Ada juga ulama lainnya,
seperti Abu Al-Qasim Al-Husaini dan Abu Al-Qasim Al-Mahrawani. Karya kedua
ulama ini hanya berupa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mahthuthah</i>
(manuskrip) saja. Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, cukup banyak bermunculan
kitab-kitab tersebut yang berupaya men-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i>
kitab-kiatab dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu agama.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yang termasyhur di antara kitab-kitab
tersebut, selain karya Muhammad bin Musa Al-Hazimi di atas, ialah kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Takhrij Ahaadts Al-Mukhtashar Al-Kabir</i>
karya Muhammad bin Ahmad Abd Al-Hadi Al-Maqdisi (w. 744 H), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nashb ar-Rayah li Ahadits al-Hidayah</i> dan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Takhrij Ahadits al-Kasysyaf</i>, keduanya
karya Abdullah bin yusuf Al-Zaila’i(w. 762 H), dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Badr</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Munir fi Takhrij
Al-Ahadits wa Al-Atsaral-Waqi’ah fi Syarh Al-Kabir</i> karya Ibn Al-Mulaqqin
(w. 804 H).</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kitab-kitab hadis yang telah disusun
oleh para ulama periwayat hadis cukup banyak jumlahnya, dan metode penyusunan
kitab-kitab himpunan tersebut ternyata tidak seragam. Masing-masing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mukharrij</i> memiliki metode
sendiri-sendiri, baik dalam penyususnan sistematika dan topik yang dikemukakan
oleh hadis yang dihimpunnya, maupun kriteria kualitas hadisnya masing-masing.
Karenanya tidaklah mengherankan, bila masa sesudah kegiatan penghimpunan hadis
itu, ulama menilai dan membuat kriteria tentang peringkat kualitas kitab-kitab
himpunan hadis tersebut.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="color: red;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dalam kriteria yang beragam terhadap
hadis-hadis yang dihimpun dalam kitab-kitab hadis tersebut, maka kualitas
hadisnya tidak selalu sama. Untuk mengetahui apakah hadis-hadis yang termuat
dalam berbagai kitab himpunan itu berkualitas shahih atau tidak shahih,
diperlukan kegiatan penelitian. oleh karena itu langkah awal dalam penelitian
hadis adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij.</i> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Takhrij al-Hadits</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Melakukakan penelusuri terhadap hadis tidak semudah
menelususri ayat alquran karena menelusuri ayat alquran cukup dengan sebuah
kamus alquran, misalnya kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-mu’jam
al-Mufahras li Alfazh al-Quran al-Karim</i> yang disusun oleh oleh Muhammad
Fuad Abd Al-Baqi dengan kitab alquran sebagai rujukan. Berbeda dengan
menelusuri hadis, karena hadis terhimpun dalam berbagai kitab, sehingga lebih
sulit untuk menelusurinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tidak
cukup hanya mempergunakan sebuah kamus dan sebuah kitab hadis sebagai rujukan,
selain itu belum ada sebuah kamus yang dapat memberi petunjuk untuk mencari
hadis yang dimuat oleh seluruh kitab hadis yang ada .<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk itu, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengetahui kejelasan hadis beserta
sumber-sumbernya, diperlukan metode-metode tertentu untuk melakukane <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij al-hadis.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Secara umum sesuai dengan cara ulama mengumpulkan
hadis-hadis, maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij al-hadits</i> disimpulkan dalam lima
macam metode:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> menurut lafal pertama hadis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> menurut lafal-lafal yang
terdapat dalam hadis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij menurut perawi hadis
pertama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> menurut tema hadis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij </span></i><span lang="EN-US">menurut klasifikasi jenis hadis <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Untuk lebih memudahkan pemahaman tentang kelima metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij al-hadis</i> tersebut, berikut
penjelasan masing-masing metode yang dimaksud, yakni :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Takhrij</i>
Menurut lafal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertama (awal kata) dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i> suatu hadis <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #424242;">Untuk melakukannya, terlebih
dahulu harus diketahui seluruh atau sekurangnya awal kata dari matan suatu hadis,
kemudian dilihat huruf awal dari kata yang paling awal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i> hadis tersebut. Artinya, p</span><span lang="EN-US">enggunaan
metode ini tergantung dari lafal pertama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i>
hadis, ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berarti bahwa metode ini juga
mengkodifikasi lafal pertamanya sesuai dengan urutan huruf-huruf hijaiyah,
seperti hadis-hadis yang huruf pertamanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">alif,
ba, ta</i> dan seterusnya. Sebagai contoh, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan
</i>hadis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang berbunyi من غسناَ فليس
مني, langkah yang dilakukan untuk mencarinya dengan menggunakan metode ini
adalah menelusuri pada kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij </i>sebagai
berikut ; (a) lafal pertamanya dengan membukanya pada bab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mim,</i> (b) kemudian mencari huruf kedua <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nun</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setelah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mim</i> tersebut, (c) huruf-huruf
selanjutnya adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ghain, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lalu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syin,</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nun,
</i>dan begitu seterusnya sesuai dengan urutan huruf-huruf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hijaiyah pada lafal-lafal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i> hadis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #424242;">Dengan langkah seperti itu, maka
akan ditemukakan dalam kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij </i>penjelasannya
sumber kitab hadis utama yang mencantumkan hadis tersebut (misalnya, shahih
al-bukhari, shahih muslim, atau lainnya), serta jalur-jalur dan rangkaian silsilahnya
sampai kepada Nabi Saw.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Diantara kitab-kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij
</i>yang dikarang oleh ulama hadis dengan menggunakan metode ini adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Jami’ al-Kabir</i> karangan Imam Suyuthi
dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Jami’ al-Azhar</i> oleh al-Manawi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> menurut lafal-lafal yang terdapat dalam hadis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dalam melakukan penelusuran suatu hadis, adakalanya
hadis yang akan diteliti hanya diketahui sebagian saja dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i>nya. Jika demikian maka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> melalui penelusuran lafal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i> lebih mudah dilakukan. <span style="color: #424242;">Metode ini dilakukan dengan cara menelusuri hadis
berdasarkan huruf awal kata dasar pada lafa-lafal yang ada pada matan hadis,
baik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">isim</i> maupun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fi’il</i>, tetapi dalam hal ini huruf tidak dijadikan pegangan.
Misalnya, ditemukan hadis “انما الاعمال بالنيات “ dapat ditelusuri dari lafal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-a’mal</i> dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ain</i> sebagai huruf awal dari kata dasar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-a’mal</i>. Bisa juga melalui lafal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an-niyyat</i> dari huruf <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nun</i>
sebagai awal dari kata dasarnya yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nawa</i>.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Metode ini dapat dibantu dengan kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Mu’jam Al-Mufahras li Alfadzi al-Hadits
An-Nabawi,</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berisi Sembilan kitab
yang paling terkenal di antara kitab-kitab hadis, yaitu: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kutubu Sittah, Muwattha’ Imam Malik, Musnad Ahmad</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Musnad Ad Darimi</i>. Kitab ini disusun oleh
Dr. A.J. Wensink.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Untuk lebih memudahkan pemahaman dalam metode ini,
berikut dikemukakan contoh penelusuran. Mislanya hadis yang diingat adalah
bagian lafal matan yang berbunyi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%;">مَنْ رَأَى مِنْكُمْ
مُنْكَرًا</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan modal lafal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">munkaran</i>
( </span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">منكرا</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US"><span dir="LTR"></span> ), maka lafal itu
ditelusuri melalui kamus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al Mu’jam <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Mufahras li Alfadzi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-Hadits An-Nabawi </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memuat lafal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nakara</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">نكر</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US"><span dir="LTR"></span> ). Setelah diperoleh,
lalu dicari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">munkaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%;">منكرا</span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US"><span dir="LTR"></span>).
Dibagian itu ada petunjuk bahwa hadis yang dicari memiliki sumber yang cukup
banyak dalam kitab-kitab hadis, yakni </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Shahih Muslim, pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kitab
Iman, </i>nomor hadis 78</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Sunan Abi Daud, pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kitab
Shalat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>bab 242; dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kitab Malahin </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bab 17</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Sunan at-Tumuzi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kitab
Fitan</i> bab 11</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Sunan an-Nasa’i, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kitab
Iman</i>, bab 17</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Sunan Ibni Majah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kitab
Iqamah</i> , bab 155 dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kitab Fitan</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bab 20</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal, juz III halaman 10, 20, 49 dan 52 .<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Apabila akan dilakukan penelitian, maka semua riwayat
yang dikemukakan oleh keenam kitab di atas perlu dikutip secara cermat. Tentu
saja untuk menghindari adanya riwayat yang tidak tercakup, kegiatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> dengan mengacu kepada
lafal-lafal yang lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang terdapat
dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i> yang sama perlu
dilakukan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> menurut perawi hadis pertama </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="color: #424242; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Takhrij </span></i><span lang="SV" style="color: #424242; mso-ansi-language: SV;">berdasarkan perawi paling
atas (yang pertama), yakni menelusuri hadis dengan cara terlebih dahulu harus
mengetahui perawi paling atas dari hadis tersebut. Terkadang dari kalangan
sahabat jika hadis tersebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muttasil</i>
atau dari kalangan tabi’in jika jika hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mursal.</i>
Jika terdapat hadis yang tidak disebutkan perawi atasnya, maka dapat ditelusuri
dengan cara lain.</span><span lang="SV"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Para penyusun
kitab-kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> dengan metode ini
mencantumkan hadis-hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh setiap perawi pertama, sahabat
atau tabi’in. sebagai langkah awal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ialah
mengenal terlebih dahulu perawi pertama setiap hadis yang akan kita <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> melalui kitab-kitabnya. Langkah
selanjutnya mencari nama perawi pertama tersebut dalam kitab-kitab itu, dan
kemudian mencari hadis yang kita inginkan diantara hadis-hadis yang tertera dibawah
nama perawi pertamanya itu. Bila kita telah menemukannya, maka kita akan
mengetahui pula ulama hadis yang meriwayatkannya<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada garis besarnya kitab-kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> yang disusun berdsarkan metode ketiga ini terbagi dua
bagian yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kitab-kitab<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> al-Athraf</i> diantaranya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Athraaf al-Shahihain</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, karangan al-Hafizh
Imam Abu Mas’ud Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin ‘Ubaid al-Dimasyqy wafat tahun 400 H.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Atraaaf al-Shahihain, </span></i><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Karangan al-Hafizh Imam Khalaf bin Hamadun
al-Washithy wafat tahun 401 H.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Athraaf al-Kutub al-Sittah</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, karangan
al-Hafizh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Syamsuddin abu al-Fadhly
Muhammad bin Thahir bin Ahmad al-Maqdisi, dikenal dengan nama ibnu al-Qaysarany
wafat tahun 507 H. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kitab-kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Musnad </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diantaranya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Musnad Al-Humaidy </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Musnad Abi Daud al-Thayaalisi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Musnad al-Bukhari al-Kabir</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Al-Musnad al-Kabir ‘Ala al-Rijaal li Muslim bin al-Hajjaj<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> menurut tema hadis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;">Cara men<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> hadis melalui pengenalan tema ini dapat dipakai oleh mereka
yang banyak mengusai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i> hadis dan
kandungannya. Terdapat banyak kitab yang men<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij
</i>hadis dengan cara ini, yang pada garis besarnya terdapat pada tiga bagian,
yakni : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pertama</b>, kitab-kitab yang
memuat seluruh bab dan topik ilmu agama. Kitab seperti ini banyak sekali, di
antaranya kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Jawami, al-Mustakhrajah,
al-Mustadrakah ‘ala al-Jawami’, al-Majami’, az-Zawaid, dan Miftah Kunuz
as-Sunnah</i>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kedua</b>, kitab-kitab
yang memuat banyak bab atau topik, akan tetapi tidak mencakup seluruh bab
secara lengkap, seperti kitab-kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">as-Sunan
al-Muwaththa’ah</i>, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Mustakhrajah
‘ala as-Sunan</i>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ketiga</b>, kitab-kitab
yang hanya membahas bab atau topik-topik khusus, seperti kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">at-Tarhib, at-Targip, al-Akhlak, dan
al-Ahkam</i>.<br />
Kitab miftah Kunuz as-Sunnah yang disusun oleh Muhammad fuad Abd al-baqi
merujuk kepada 14 kitab, yaitu : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Shahih
al-Bukhari, Shahih Muslim, sunan abu Daud., Jami’at-Turmudzi, Sunan an-Nasa’I,
Sunan Ibn Majah, sunan Ibn Malik, Musnad Ahmad, Musnad Abu Daud ath-Thayalisi,
Sunan ad-Darimi, Musnad Zaid bin Ali, sirah Ibn hisyam, Magazi al-waqidi, dan
thabaqah Ibn Sa’ad</i>.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></b></span></span></span></a></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Cara penelusuran hadis dengan metode ini banyak dibantu
dengan kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miftah Kunuz As Sunnah</i>
yang disusun oleh Dr. A.J. Wensink yang berisi daftar isi hadis yang disusun
berdasarkan judul-judul pembahasan. Kitab ini mencakup daftar isi untuk 14<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kitab hadis yang terkenal yaitu : kesembilan
macam kitab yang menjadi rukan mu’jam (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kutubu
Tis’ah</i>) ditambah lagi dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Musnad
Zaid bin ‘Ali, Musnad Aib Daud at-Tayalisi, Thabaqat ibn<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sa’ad , Sirah ibn Hisyam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maqazi al-Waqidi. <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Data yang dimuat oleh <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miftah
Kunuz As Sunnah </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut memang
sering tidak lengkap begitu juga topik yang dikemukakannya. Walaupun begitu
kitab kamus tersebut cukup membantu untuk melakukan kegiatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij </i>hadis berdasarkan topik masalah.
Untuk melengkapi data yang dikemukakan oleh kitab kamus itu, dapat diapakai
sejumlah kitab himpunan hadis yag disusun berdasarkan topik masalah mislanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Muntakhab Kanzil ‘Ummah</i> susunan ‘Ali bin
Hisam ad-Din al-Mutqi, yang kitab rujukannya lebih dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>macam kitab.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij </span></i><span lang="EN-US">menurut klasifikasi jenis hadis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="color: #424242; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Takhrij </span></i><span lang="SV" style="color: #424242; mso-ansi-language: SV;">berdasakan klasifikasi jenis
hadis atau biasa juga disebut dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij
</i>berdasarkan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>sifat lahir hadis. Cara
penelusuran ini dilakukan misalnya pada hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutawatir</i> (diriwayatkan oleh sejumlah orang pada setiap tingkat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i>nya), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qudsi</i> (maknanya berasal dari Allah sedangkan lafalnya dari Nabi
SAW), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">masyhur</i> (diriwayatkan oleh tiga
orang atau lebih, tetapi belum mencapai derajat mutawatair), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mursal</i> (diriwayatkan langsung dari
tabi’in), dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maudu’</i> (hadis palsu).</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV"> </span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #424242;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan demikian dapat dipahami metode ini adalah metode
yang mengetangahkan suatu hal yang baru berkenaan dengan upaya para ulama yang
telah mnyusun kumpulan hadis-hadis berdasarkan status hadis. Kitab-kitab
sejenis ini sangat membantu sekali dalam proses pencarian hadis berdasarkan
statusnya, seperti hadis-hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qudsi</i>,
hadis-hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Masyhur,</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hadis-hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mursal</i> dan lain-lain. Dengan membuka kitab-kitab hadis- seperti ini
berarti kita telah melakukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij.</i>
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kitab-kitab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
disusun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menurut metode ini diantaranya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hadis-hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutawatir </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Azharu al Mutanatsirah fi al
ahbari Mutawatirah </i>karangan Suyuthi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hadis-hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">masyhu</i>r seperti: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al Maqashidu al-Hasanah</i> karangan Sakhawi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hadis-hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qudsi </i>seperti:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al
Ittihafatu al Saniyyatu fi al Ahaditsu al-Qudsiyyah </i>karangan al-Madani </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hadis-hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mursal</i> seperti: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al Maraasilu </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karangan Abu
Daud <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tujuan dan Manfaat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Takhrij al-Hadtis</i> </span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Takhrij</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-hadits</i> bertujuan untuk
menunjukkan sumber hadis-hadis yang menerangkan ditolak atau diterimanya
hadis-hadis tersebut. Sedangkan manfaat dalam melakukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-hadits</i> banyak
sekali. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ada beberapa manfaat dari <i>takhrij
</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US">al-</span></i><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">hadis </span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">antara lain sebagai
berikut :</span> </div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memberikan informasi bahwa suatu hadis termasuk
hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shah</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">h, hasan</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, ataupun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dla’if</i>, setelah
diadakan penelitian dari segi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan </i>ataupun
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i>nya.</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memberikan
kemudahan kepada orang yang mau mengamalkan setelah tahu bahwa suatu hadis
adalah hadis <i>makbul</i> (dapat diterima). Dan sebaliknya tidak mengamalkannya
apabila diketahui bahwa suatu hadits adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mardud </i>(tertolak).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menguatkan
keyakinan bahwa suatu hadis adalah benar-benar berasal dari Rasulullah </span><span lang="EN-US">Saw.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> yang harus kita
ikuti kerena adanya bukti-bukti yang kuat tentang kebenaran hadis
tersebut, baik dari segi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i>
maupun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i></span><span lang="EN-US">.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagi hadis-hadis yang di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">takhrij </i>dari dua kitab shahih mempunyai faedah yang banyak di
antaranya yang paling penting, yaitu:</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tingginya derajat isnad,</span><span lang="EN-US"> b</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ertambah derajat kesahihannya, dan</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kuatnya sebuah hadis karena banyak jalan
periwayatan hadis</span><span lang="EN-US">.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Hadi, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abu Muhammad Abdul Mahdi .<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tharqu Tahriju Hadis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasulullah
Shallallahu Alihi Wasallam, </i>ter. H.S. Agil Husain Munawwar dan H. Ahmad
Rifqi Muchtar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metode Takhrij Hadis, </i>Cet.I;
Semarang: Dina Utama, 1994</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arifuddin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paradigam Baru Dalam Memahami
Hadis Nabi </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cet. I; Jakarta: Inti
Media dan Insan Cemerlang, 2002<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahmad, Muhammad, H., Mudzakir,
M., 1998, <i>Ulumul Hadits untuk Fakultas Tarbiyah Komponen MKDK,</i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bandung, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">CV. Pustaka Setia, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1998</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ismail, M. Suhudi. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metodologi Penelitian Hadis Nabi,</i> Cet.I ;Jakarta: Bulan Bintang ,
1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumantoro<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i>Totok.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kamus Ilmu Hadis,</i> Cet.II ;Jakarta: PT.
Bumi Aksara, 2002</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Qaththan, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manna’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mabahis
fii Ulum al-Hadis,</i>terj. Mifdhol Abdurrahman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Studi Ilmu Hadis</i>, Cet. IV; Jakarta: Pustaka al-Kautsar,
2009</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rahman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Fatchur,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ikhtishar Mushthalahul
Hadits,</i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bandung, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PT. Al-Ma’arif, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1979</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ash Shiddiqy, M.
Hasbi. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah dan Pengantar Ilmu Hadis</i>, Cet.10; Jakarta: Bulan Bintng,
1991 </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sulaiman PL, H.M. Noor <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Antologi Ilmu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hadis</i>, Cet.
II; Jakarta: Gaung PersadaPress Jakarta, 2009</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Thahhan, Mahmud, <i>Taisir
Mushthalahul Hadits,</i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bairut
: </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PT. Dar Ats-Tsaqafah
Al-Islamiyyah, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1980</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Wensink, A.J. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Mu’jam Al-Mufahras li Alfadzi
al-Hadits An-Nabawi </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Leiden E,J.
Brill, 1936</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">H. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahmad, Muhammad, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">dan M. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mudzakir, <i>Ulumul Hadits untuk Fakultas Tarbiyah
Komponen MKDK,</i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bandung.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">: </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">CV. Pustaka Setia,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> 1998),
h. 131</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Totok Jumantoro<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Kamus Ilmu Hadis,</i> (Cet.II ;Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara, 2002), h.
244</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lihat, H. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahmad, Muhammad, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">dan M. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mudzakir, </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Loc. Cit.</span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> M. Syuhudi Ismail, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metodologi Penelitian Hadis Nabi,</i> (Cet.I ;Jakarta: Bulan Bintang ,
1992), h. 41-42</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> M. Hasbi Ash Shiddiqy,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah
dan Pengantar Ilmu Hadis</i>, (Cet.10; Jakarta: Bulan Bintng, 1991)., h. 194. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Fatchur</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rahman, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Ikhtishar Mushthalahul Hadits,</i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(Bandung : </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PT. Al-Ma’arif, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1979, h. 35</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Arifuddin Ahmad, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paradigam Baru Memahami Hadis Nabi </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Cet. II; Ciputat : MSCC, 2005), h. 68<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Manna’ Al-Qaththan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mabahis fii Ulum al-Hadis,</i>terj. Mifdhol Abdurrahman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Studi Ilmu Hadis</i>, (Cet. IV;
Jakarta: Pustaka al-Kautsar, 2009), h.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>189</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Dikutip dari, http://www.tipskom.co.cc/2009/09/ringkasan-makalah-takhrijul-hadits.html<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> M. Syuhudi Ismail, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit.</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">H.M. Noor Sulaiman PL, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Antologi Ilmu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hadis</i>, (Cet.
II; Jakarta: Gaung PersadaPress Jakarta, 2009), h. 158</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Abu Muhammad Abdul Mahdi bin Abdul Qadir
bin Abdul Hadi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tharqu Tahriju Hadis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasulullah Shallallahu Alihi Wasallam, </i>ter.
H.S. Agil Husain Munawwar dan H. Ahmad Rifqi Muchtar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metode Takhrij Hadis, </i>(Cet.I; Semarang: Dina Utama, 1994), h. 15</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Dikutip dari, Dikutip dari, http://www.tipskom.co.cc/2009/09/ringkasan-makalah-takhrijul-hadits.html</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Abu Muhammad Abdul Mahdi bin Abdul Qadir
bin Abdul Hadi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op. Cit.,</i>h. 18</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Dikutip dari, Dikutip dari, http://www.tipskom.co.cc/2009/09/ringkasan-makalah-takhrijul-hadits.html</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Manna’ Al-Qaththan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. ci.t</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 192</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> A.J. Wensink,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Al-Mu’jam Al-Mufahras li Alfadzi al-Hadits An-Nabawi </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Leiden E,J. Brill, 1936)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Juz VI, h. 558</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Abu Muhammad Abdul Mahdi bin Abdul Qadir
bin Abdul Hadi , <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., h. 78 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Ibid.,
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">h. 79 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> M. Syuhudi Ismail, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit.</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 49</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">.</span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Ibid., </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">h. 49-50</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Dikutip dari, Dikutip dari, http://www.tipskom.co.cc/2009/09/ringkasan-makalah-takhrijul-hadits.html</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Abu Muhammad Abdul Mahdi bin Abdul Qadir
bin Abdul Hadi , <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., h. 195</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.,
h. 196</i></span></div>
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<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lihat, </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">H. Muhammad Ahmad</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> dan </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M. Mudzakir, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Op. Cit., </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">h.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 132</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lihat, </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mahmud Tha</span><span lang="EN-US">l</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">han, , <i>Taisir Mushthalahul Hadits,</i> </span><span lang="EN-US">(Bairut
: </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">PT. Dar Ats-Tsaqafah Al-Islamiyyah,
1980</span><span lang="EN-US">), h. 42</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-54383664691468150872013-01-10T18:02:00.000-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.050-07:00Aliran Filsafat Dalam Pendidikan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.85pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latar Belakang</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk
mencerdaskan dan memajukan kehidupan suatu bangsa dan negara sesuai tujuan
pendidikan yang telah ditetapkan maka di adakan suatu proses pendidikan atau
suatu prosen belajar yang akan memberikan pengertian, pandangan, dan
penyesuayan bagi seseorang atau si terdidik kearah kedewasaan dan kematangan,
dengan proses ini maka akan terpengaruh terhadap perkembangan jiwa seseorang
anak didik atau peserta dan atau subjek didik kearah yang lebih dinamis baik
kearah bakat</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> atau pengalaman, moral, intelektual maupun fisik (jasmani) menuju
kedewasaan dan kematangan tadi, tujuan akhir pendidikan akan terwujud untuk
menumbuhkan dan mengembangkan semua potensi si terdidik secara teratur, apa
bila prakondisi alamiah dan social manusia memungkinkan, seperti: iklim,
makanan, kesehatan, keamanan dan lain sebagainya yang relatif sesuai dengan
kebutuhan manusia. Untuk memberikan makna yang lebih jelas dan tegas tentang
kedewasaan dan kematangan yang ingin dituju dalam pendidikan apakah kedewasaan
yang bersifat biologis, pisikologis, dan sosiologis, maka masalah ini merupakan
bidang garapan yang akan dirumuskan oleh filsafat pendidikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Disamping
itu juga dari pengalaman menunjukan bahwa tidak semua manusia baik potensi
jasmaninya maupun potensi rohaninya (pikir, karsa, dan rasa) berkembang sebagai
mana yang diharapkan. Oleh karena itu lahirlah pemikiran manusia untuk
memberikan afternatif pemecahan masalah terhadap perkembangan manusia.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Apakah
yang mempengaruhi perkembangan potensi manusia, dan mana yang paling menentukan
dan dengan adanya lembaga-lembaga pendidikan dengan berbagai aktivitasnya telah
mampu menumbuhkan dan mengembangkan potensi peserta didik sehingga bermanfaat
bagi kehidupan peribadi dan masyarakat sekitar. Dari uraian tadi jelaslah bahwa
pendidikan adalah sebagai pelaksanaan dari ide-ide filsapat. Atau dengan
perkataan lain bahwa ide filsafat telah memberikan asas sistem nilai dan atau
normatif bagi peranan pendidikan yang telah melahirkan lembaga-lembaga
pendidikan dan dengan segala aktivitasnya, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa
filsafat pendidikan sebagai jiwa, pendoman, dan sumber pendorong adanya
pendidikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rumusan Masalah</span></i></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berangkat
dari uraian-uraian pada latar belakang di atas, maka dapatlah dikemukakan bahwa
pokok permasalahan yang menjadi bahasan dalam makalah ini adalah “Bagaimana eksistensialisme,
progresivisme, dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perenialisme dalam aliran
filsafat pendidikan”. Permasalahan pokok ini terdiri dari sub masalah sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana aliran eksistensialisme dalam filsafat
pendidikan ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana aliran progresivisme dalam filsafat
pendidikan ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana aliran perenialisme dalam filsafat
pendidikan ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">II-. PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aliran Eksistensialisme</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eksistensialisme
menekankan pada individu sebagai sumber pengetahuan tentang hidup dan makna.
Untuk memahami kehidupan seseorang mesti memahami dirinya sendiri. Aliran ini
mempertanyakan : bagaimana saya hidup di dunia ? Apa pengalaman itu?</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara umum,
eksistensialisme menekankn pilihan kreatif, subjektifitas pengalaman manusia
dan tindakan kongkrit dari keberadaan manusia atas setiap skema rasional untuk
hakekat manusia atau realitas. Beberapa tokoh dalam aliran ini: Jean Paul Satr</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span class="fullpost"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Soren Kierkegaard, Martin
Buber, Martin Heidegger, Karl Jasper, Gabril Marcel, Paul Tillich</span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Istilah
eksistensialisme dikemukakan oleh ahli filsafat Jerman Martin Heidegger
(1889-1976). Eksistensialisme adalah merupakan filsafat dan akar metodologinya
berasal dari metoda fenomologi yang dikembangkan oleh Hussel (1859-1938).
Munculnya eksistensialisme berawal dari ahli filsafat Kieggard dan Nietzche. <b>Kiergaard</b>
Filsafat Jerman (1813-1855), filsafatnya untuk menjawab pertanyaan
“Bagaimanakah aku menjadi seorang individu)”. Hal ini terjadi karena pada saat
itu terjadi krisis eksistensial (manusia melupakan individualitasnya).
Kiergaard menemukan jawaban untuk pertanyaan tersebut manusia (aku) bisa
menjadi individu yang autentik jika memiliki gairah, keterlibatan, dan komitmen
pribadi dalam kehidupan. <b>Nitzsche</b> (1844-1900), tujuan
filsafatnya adalah untuk menjawab pertanyaan “bagaimana caranya menjadi manusia
unggul”. Jawabannya manusia bisa menjadi unggul jika mempunyai keberanian untuk
merealisasikan diri secara jujur dan berani</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eksistensialisme
merupakan filsafat yang secara khusus mendeskripsikan eksistensi dan pengalaman
manusia dengan metedologi fenomenologi, atau cara manusia berada.
Eksistensialisme adalah suatu reaksi terhadap materialisme dan idealisme.
Pendapat materialisme bahwa manusia adalah benda dunia, manusia itu adalah
materi , manusia adalah sesuatu yang ada tanpa menjadi Subjek. Pandangan
manusia menurut idealisme adalah manusia hanya sebagai subjek atau hanya
sebagai suatu kesadaran. Eksistensialisme berkayakinan bahwa paparan manusia
harus berpangkalkan eksistensi, sehingga aliran eksistensialisme penuh dengan
lukisan-lukisan yang kongkrit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Manusia
adalah pencipta esensi dirinya. Dalam kelas guru berperan sebagai fasilitator
untuk membiarkan siswa berkembang menjadi dirinya dengan membiarkan berbagai
bentuk pajanan (exposure) dan jalan untuk dilalui. Karena perasaan tidak
terlepas dari nalar, maka kaum eksistensialis menganjurkan pendidikan sebagai
cara membentuk manusia secara utuh, bukan hanya sebagai pembangunan nalar.
Sejalan dengan tujuan itu, kurikulum menjadi fleksibel dengan menyajikan
sejumlah pilihan untuk dipilih siswa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eksistensialisme
biasa dialamatkan sebagai salah satu reaksi dari sebagian terbesar reaksi
terhadap peradaban manusia yang hampir punah akibat perang dunia kedua.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">Dengan demikian Eksistensialisme pada hakikatnya adalah merupakan
aliran filsafat yang bertujuan mengembalikan keberadaan umat manusia sesuai
dengan keadaan hidup asasi yang dimiliki dan dihadapinya. Sebagai aliran
filsafat, eksistensialisme berbeda dengan filsafat eksistensi. Paham
Eksistensialisme secara radikal menghadapkan manusia pada dirinya sendiri,
sedangkan filsafat eksistensi adalah benar-benar sebagai arti katanya, yaitu:
“filsafat yang menempatkan cara wujud manusia sebagai tema sentral.”</span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">Secara singkat, Kierkegaard memberikan pengertian eksistensialisme
adalah suatu penolakan terhadap suatu pemikiran abstrak, tidak logis atau tidak
ilmiah. Eksistensialisme menolak segala bentuk kemutlakan rasional.</span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">Dengan demikian aliran ini hendak memadukan hidup yang dimiliki
dengan pengalaman, dan situasi sejarah yang ia alami, dan tidak mau terikat
oleh hal-hal yang sifatnya abstrak serta spekulatif. Baginya, segala sesuatu
dimulai dari pengalaman pribadi, keyakinan yang tumbuh dari dirinya dan
kemampuan serta keluasan jalan untuk mencapai keyakinan hidupnya.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Atas
dasar pandangannya itu, sikap di kalangan kaum Eksistensialisme atau penganut
aliran ini seringkali Nampak aneh atau lepas dari norma-norma umum. Kebebasan
untuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">freedom to</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">adalah lebih banyak menjadi ukuran dalam sikap dan perbuatannya. Pandangannya
tentang prendidikan, disimpulkan oleh <i>Van Cleve Morris </i>dalam <i>Existentialism
and Education, </i>bahwa “Eksistensialisme tidak menghendaki adanya aturan-aturan
pendidikan dalam segala bentuk.”</span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">Oleh sebab itu Eksistensialisme dalam hal ini menolak bentuk-bentuk
pendidikan sebagaimana yang ada sekarang. Namun bagaimana konsep pendidikan
eksistensialisme yang diajukan oleh Morris sebagai “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eksistensialisme’s concept of freedom in education</i>”, menurut Bruce
F. Baker, tidak memberikan kejelasan. Barangkali <i>Ivan Illich </i>dengan <i>Deschooling
Society, </i>yang banyak mengundang reaksi di kalangan ahli pendidikan,
merupakan salah satu model pendidikan yang dikehendikan aliran Eksistensialisme
tidak banyak dibicarakan dalam filsafat pendidikan.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aliran Progresivisme</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran progresivisme mengakui dan berusaha
mengembangkan asas progresivisme dalam sebuah realita kehidupan, agar manusia
bisa <i>survive </i>menghadapi semua tantangan hidup. Dinamakan <i>instrumentalisme,</i>
karena aliran ini beranggapan bahwa kemampuan intelegensi manusia sebagai alat
untuk hidup, untuk kesejahteraan dan untuk mengembangkan kepribadiaan manusia.
Dinamakan <i>eksperimentalisme,</i> karena aliran ini menyadari dan
mempraktikkan asas eksperimen untuk menguji kebenaran suatu teori. Dan
dinamakan <i>environmentalisme,</i> Karena aliran ini menganggap lingkungan
hidup itu memengaruhi pembinaan kepribadiaan.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aliran progesivisme telah memberikan sumbangan
yang besar di dunia pendidikan saat ini. Aliran ini telah meletakkan
dasar-dasar kemerdekaan dan kebebasan kepada anak didik. Anak didik diberikan
kebaikan baik secara fisik maupun cara berpikir, guna mengembangkan bakat dan
kemampuan yang terpendam dalam dirinya tanpa terhambat oleh rintangan yang
dibuat oleh orang lain. Oleh karena itu, filsafat progesivisme tidak menyetujui
pendidikan yang otoriter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Dewey memandang bahwa pendidikan sebagai
proses dan sosialisasi Maksudnya sebagai proses pertumbuhan anak didik dapat
mengambil kejadian-kejadian dari pengalaman lingkungan sekitarnya. Maka dari
itu, dinding pemisah antara sekolah dan masyarakat perlu dihapuskan, sebab
belajar yang baik tidak cukup di sekolah saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan demikian, sekolah yang ideal adalah
sekolah yang isi pendidikannya berintegrasi dengan lingkungan sekitar. Karena
sekolah adalah bagian dari masyarakat. Dan untuk itu, sekolah harus dapat
mengupayakan pelestarian karakteristik atau kekhasan lingkungan sekolah sekitar
atau daerah di mana sekolah itu berada. Untuk dapat melestarikan usaha ini,
sekolah harus menyajikan program pendidikan yang dapat memberikan wawasan
kepada anak didik tentang apa yang menjadi karakteristik atau kekhususan daerah
itu. Untuk itulah, fisafat progesivisme menghendaki sis pendidikan dengan
bentuk belajar “sekolah sambil berbuat” atau <i>learning by doing</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan kata lain akal dan kecerdasan anak didik
harus dikembangkan dengan baik. Perlu diketahui pula bahwa sekolah tidak hanya
berfungsi sebagai pemindahan pengetahuan (<i>transfer of knowledge</i>),
melainkan juga berfungsi sebagai pemindahan nilai-nilai (<i>transfer of value</i>),
sehingga anak menjadi terampil dan berintelektual baik secara fisik maupun
psikis. Untuk itulah sekat antara sekolah dengan masyarakat harus dihilangkan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aliran Perenialisme</span></i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perennialisme
diambil dari kata Perennial, yang dalam <i>Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary of Current English </i>diartikan sebagai “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Continuing throughout the whole year” atau “Lasting for a very long
time</i>” abadi atau kekal. Dari makna yang terkandung dalam kata itu aliran
perenialisme mengandung kepercayaan filsafat yang berpegang pada nilai-nilai
dan norma-norma yang bersifat kekal abadi.<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Perenialisme memandang pendidikan
sebagai jalan kembali atau proses mengembalikan keadaan sekarang. Perenialisme
memberikan sumbangan yang berpengaruh baik teori maupun praktik bagi kebudayaan
dan pendidikan zaman sekarang</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">. Dari pendapat ini diketahui bahwa perenialisme merupakan hasil
pemikiran yang memberikan kemungkinan bagi sseorang untuk bersikap tegas dan
lurus. Karena itulah, perenialisme berpendapat bahwa mencari dan menemukan arah
tujuan yang jelas merupakan tugas yang utama dari filsafat, khususnya filsafat
pendidikan. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perennial
berarti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">everlasting</i>, tahan lama atau
abadi. Aliran ini mengikuti paham realisme, yang sejalan dengan pemikrian
Aristoteles bahwa manusia itu rasional. Sekolah adalah lembaga yang didesain
untuk menumbuhkan kecerdasan. Siswa seyogyanya diajari gagasan besar agar
mencintainya, sehingga mereka menjadi intelektual sejati. Akar filsafat ini
datang dari gagasan besar Plato, Aristoteles dan kemudian dari St. Thomas
Aquinas yang sangat berpengaruh pada model-model sekolah Katolik. Kaum
perrenialis mendasarkan teorinya pada pandangan universal bahwa semua manusia
memiliki sifat esensial sebagai mahluk rasional, jadi tidaklah baik menggiring
dan mencocok hidung mereka ke penguasaan keterampilan vokasional. Berbeda dari
esensialis, eksperimen saintifik dianggap mengurangi pentingnya kapasitas
manusia untuk berpikir. Pelajaran filsafat dengan demikian menjadi penting,
agar siswa mampu berpikir mendalam, fleksibel, dan penuh imajinatif.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perenialisme
melihat bahwa akibat dari kehidupan zaman modern telah menimbulkan banyak
krisis di berbagai bidang kehidupan umat manusia. Untuk mengatasi krisis ini
perenialisme memeberikan jalan keluar berupa “kembali kepada kebudayaan masa
lampau” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">regressive road to cultural</i>.</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Oleh karena itu perenialisme memandang penting peranan pendidikan
dalam proses mengembalikan keadaan manusia zaman modern ini kepada kebudayaan
masa lampau yang dianggap cukup ideal dan yang telah terpuji ketangguhannya.
Sikap kembali kepada masa lampau bukan berarti nostalgia, sikap yang
membanggakan kesuksesan dan memulihkan kepercayaan pada nilai-nilai asasi abad
silam yang juga diperlukan dalam kehidupan abad modern. Perenialisme adalah
gerakan pendidikan yang mempertahankan bahwa nilai-nilai universal itu ada, dan
bahwa pendidikan hendaknya merupakan suatu pencarian, penanaman
kebenaran-kebenaran dan nilai-nilai tersebut.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut perenialisme, ilmu pengetahuan merupakan filsafat yang
tertinggi, karena dengan ilmu pengetahuanlah seseorang dapat berpikir secara
induktif. Jadi, dengan berpikir, maka kebenaran itu akan dapat dihasilkan.
Penguasaan pengetahuan mengenai prinsip-prinsip pertama adalah modal bagi
seseorang untuk mengembangkan pikiran dan kecerdasan. Dengan pengetahuan, bahan
penerangan yang cukup, orang akan mampu mengenal dan memahami faktor-faktor dan
problema yang perlu diselesaikan dan berusaha mengadakan penyelesaian
masalahnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diharapkan anak didik mampu mengenal dan mengembangkan karya-karya
yang menjadi landasan pengembangan disiplin mental. Karya-karya ini merupakan
buah pikiran besar pada masa lampau. Berbagai buah pikiran mereka yang oleh
zaman telah dicatat menonjol seperti bahasa, sastra, sejarah, filsafat,
politik, ekonomi, matematika, ilmu pengetahuan alam, dan lain-lainnya, yang
telah banyak memberikan sumbangan kepadaperkembangan zaman dulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tugas utama pendidiakn adalah mempersiapkan anak didik kearah
kematangan. Matang dalam arti hidup akalnya. Jadi, akal inilah yang perlu
mendapat tuntunan kearah kematangan tersebut. Sekolah rendah memberikan
pendidikan dan pengetahuan serba dasar. Dengan pengetahuan yang tradisional
seperti membaca, menulis, dan berhitung, anak didik memperoleh dasar penting
bagi pengetahuan-pengetahuan yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekolah, sebagai tempat utama dalam pendidikan, mempesiapkan anak
didik kearah kematangan akal dengan memberikan pengetahuan. Sedangkan tugas
utama guru adalah memberikan pendidikan dan pengajaran (pengetahuan) kepada
anak didik. Dengan kata lain, keberhasilan anak dalam bidang akalnya sangat
tergantung kepada guru, dalam arti orang yang telah mendidik dan mengajar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">P E N U T U P</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesimpulan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berangkat
dari <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembahasan-pembahasan seperti yang
telah diuraikan diatas, maka penulis menarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eksistensialime
dalam filsafat pendidikan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memfokuskan
pada pengalaman-pengalaman individu. Secara umum, eksistensialisme menekankn
pilihan kreatif, subjektifitas pengalaman manusia dan tindakan kongkrit dari
keberadaan manusia atas setiap skema rasional untuk hakekat manusia atau
realitas. Beberapa tokoh dalam aliran ini: Jean Paul Satre, Soren Kierkegaard,
Martin Buber, Martin Heidegger, Karl Jasper, Gabril Marcel, Paul Tillich</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Progresivisme
dalam filsafat pendidikan, bukanlah merupakan bangunan filsafat atau aliran
filsafat yang berdiri sendiri, melainkan merupakan suatu gerakan dan
perkumpulan yang didirikan pada tahun 1918. Aliran ini berpendapat bahwa
pengetahuan yang benar pada masa kini mungkin tidak benar di masa mendatang.
Pendidikan harus terpusat pada anak, bukannya memfokuskan pada guru atau bidang
muatan. Beberapa tokoh dalam aliran ini : George Axtelle, william O. Stanley,
Ernest Bayley, Lawrence B.Thomas, Frederick C. Neff</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perenialisme
dalam filsafat pendidikan merupakan suatu aliran dalam pendidikan yang lahir
pada abad kedua puluh. Perenialisme lahir sebagai suatu reaksi terhadap
pendidikan progresif. Mereka menentang pandangan progresivisme yang menekankan
perubahan dan sesuatu yang baru. Perenialisme memandang situasi dunia dewasa
ini penuh kekacauan, ketidakpastian, dan ketidakteraturan, terutama dalam
kehidupan moral, intelektual dan sosio kultual. Oleh karena itu perlu ada usaha
untuk mengamankan ketidakberesan tersebut, yaitu dengan jalan menggunakan
kembali nilai-nilai atau prinsip-prinsip umum yang telah menjadi pandangan
hidup yang kukuh, kuat dan teruji. Beberapa tokoh pendukung gagasan ini adalah:
Robert Maynard Hutchins dan ortimer Adler.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penulis
menyadari bahwa masih telalu banyak kesalahan dan kekhilafan dalam penyusunan
makalah ini. Oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritikan yang
sifatnya membangun guna kesempurnaan makalah ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alfiandry, Nafiko. Filsafat Ilmu. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Makalah</i> (tidak diterbitkan), Surabaya :
Universitas Negeri Surabaya, 2010</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dewey. J. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Democracy
in Education</i>, Newyork: The Mc Millan Company, 1964</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Henderson, Stella van Petten, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Introduction to Philosophy of Education,</i>
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1959.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mudyahardjo, R., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filsafat Ilmu Pendidikan: Suatu Pengantar</i>, Bandung: Remaja
Rosdakarya, 2001.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Noor Syam, Moh. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filsafat Pendidikan dan dasar filsafat Kependidikan Pancasila</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, 1987</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span class="fullpost"><span lang="EN-US">O’neil, F. William,.
Ideoligi-Ideologi Pendidikan, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2001</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Putra,
Eka Darma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pancasila, Identitas dan Modernitas, Tinjauan Etis dan Budaya</i>.
Jakarta: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PT BPK Gunung Mulia, 1988.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sadulloh, U. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Pilsafat Pendidikan, Bandung</i>: Alpabeta, 2004.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/education/2128131-beberapa-aliran-dalam-dunia-filsafat/</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://nadhirin.blogspot.com/2008/07/landasan-aliran-pendidikan.html/Diundu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://nadhirin.blogspot.com/2008/07/landasan-aliran-pendidikan.html/Diundu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> tanggal 05-11-2012</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://pba09.wordpress.com/diundu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://pba09.wordpress.com/diundu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> tanggal 05-11-2012</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fernando R. Molina. <i>The Sources of Eks` istentialism As
Philophys (</i>New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1969), h. 1</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Fuad Hassan. <i>Kita dan kami <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Jakarta, </i>Bulan Bintang, 1974), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 7-8</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Paul Roubickzek. <i>Existensialism For and Agiant (</i>Cambridge
University Press. 1966), h. 10</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fuad Hassan. o<i>p. cit. h. 71</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Joe Park. o<i>p. cit. h. 128-138</i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit","serif";">Moh. </span><span lang="EN-US">Noor
Syam, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filsafat Pendidikan dan dasar filsafat
Kependidikan Pancasila</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Surabaya:
Usaha Nasional, 1987), h. 228-229</span></div>
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<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit","serif";">Moh. </span><span lang="EN-US">Noor
Syam, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Filsafat Pendidikan dan dasar
filsafat Kependidikan Pancasila</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Surabaya:
Usaha Nasional, 1987), h. 154</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">Zuhairini, dkk. <i>Filsafat Pendidikan Islam (Jakarta, </i>Bumi
Aksara. 1995), h. 28</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "inherit","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Redja Mudyahardjo. <i>Pengantar Pendidikan (Jakarta, </i>PT. Raja
Grafindo Persada, 2008), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 164-165</span></div>
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LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-24095017722398588262013-01-10T01:46:00.001-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.031-07:00Makala "Metode Analisa Data"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Analisis</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> data merupakan bagian penting dalam sebuah penelitian. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pekerjaan paling berat
yang dilakukan peneliti setelah data terkumpul (baik data kualitatif maupun
data kuantitatif), adalah analisis data. Analisis data merupakan bagian sangat
penting dalam penelitian, karena dari analisis ini akan diperoleh temuan, baik
temuan substantif maupun formal. Selain itu, analisis data sangat sulit karena
tidak ada pedoman baku, tidak berproses secara linier, dan tidak ada
aturan-aturan yang sistematis. Pada hakikatnya analisis </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">data adalah sebuah
kegiatan untuk mengatur, mengurutkan, mengelompokkan, memberi kode atau tanda,
dan mengkategorikannya sehingga diperoleh suatu temuan berdasarkan fokus atau
masalah yang ingin dijawab. Melalui serangkaian aktivitas tersebut, data yang
biasanya berserakan dan bertumpuk-tumpuk bisa disederhanakan untuk akhirnya
bisa dipahami dengan mudah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis data dimaksudkan pertama-tama untuk mengorganisasikan
data. Data yang terkumpul banyak sekali dan terdiri dari catatan lapangan dan
komentar peneliti, gambar, foto, dokumen, berupa laporan, biografi, artikel,
dan sebagainya. Pekerjaan analisis data dalam hal ini ialah mengatur,
mengurutkan, mengelompokkan, memberikan kode, dan mengategorikannya.
Pengorganisasian dan pengelolaan data tersebut bertujuan menemukan tema dan
hipotesis kerja yang akhirnya diangkat menjadi teori substantif.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akhirnya perlu dikemukakan bahwa analisis itu dilakukan
dalam suatu proses. Proses berarti pelaksanaannya sudah mulai dilakukan sejak
pengumpulan data dilakukan dan dikerjakan secara intensif. Pekerjaan
menganalisis data memerlukan usaha pemusatan perhatian dan pengerahan tenaga, serta
pikiran peneliti. Selain menganalisis data. Peneliti juga perlu dan masih perlu
mendalami kepustakaan guna mengkonfirmasikan teori atau untuk menjastifikasikan
adanya teori baru yang barangkali ditemukan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut Mudjia
Raharjo,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="OLE_LINK4"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="OLE_LINK3"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a>
analisis data sesungguhnya sudah dimulai saat peneliti mulai mengumpulkan data,
dengan cara memilah mana data yang sesungguhnya penting atau tidak. Ukuran penting
dan tidaknya mengacu pada kontribusi data tersebut pada upaya menjawab fokus
penelitian. Di dalam penelitian lapangan (<i>field research</i>) bisa saja
terjadi karena memperoleh data yang sangat menarik, peneliti mengubah fokus
penelitian. Ini bisa dilakukan karena perjalanan penelitian kualitatif bersifat
siklus, sehingga fokus yang sudah didesain sejak awal bisa berubah di tengah
jalan karena peneliti menemukan data yang sangat penting, yang sebelumnya tidak
terbayangkan. Lewat data itu akan diperoleh informasi yang lebih bermakna.
Untuk bisa menentukan kebermaknaan data atau informasi ini diperlukan
pengertian mendalam, kecerdikan, kreativitas, kepekaan konseptual, pengalaman
dan <i>expertise</i> peneliti. Kualitas hasil analisis data sangat tergantung
pada faktor-faktor tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode analisis
data berkenaan dengan perhitungan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah dan pengujian
hipotesis yang diajukan. Bentuk hipotesis mana yang diajukan, akan menentukan
metode statistik mana yang digunakan. Jadi, sejak membuat rancangan, maka
metode analisis data ini telah ditentukan. Bila peneliti tidak membuat
hipotesis, maka rumusan masalah penelitian itulah yang perlu dijawab. Tetapi
jika demikian, maka sulit membuat generalisasi, sehingga kesimpulan yang
dihasilkan hanya dapat berlaku untuk sampel yang digunakan, tidak dapat berlaku
untuk populasi.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan
Masalah.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
pada uraian-uraian pada latar belakang di atas, maka dapatlah dikemukakan bahwa
permasalahan-permasalahan yang menjadi inti pembahasan dalam makalah ini adalah
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kapankah metode analisis data
dilaksanakan ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknik <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apa yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana model-model analisis data ? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Pelaksanaan
Analisis Data</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada
perbedaan mendasar baik dalam proses maupun dalam teknik analisis kualitatif
dengan analisis kuantitatif. Pada analisis data kuantitatif, pemilihan teknik
analisis sangat ditentukan oleh besaran dan level pengukuran data apakah
nominal, ordinal, interval dan rasio. Masing-masing sarana analisis memerlukan persyaratan
untuk berlakunya uji hipotesa penelitian. Sedangkan analisa data pada
penelitian kualitatif lebih tertuju pada proses pelacakan dan pengaturan secara
sistematik transkrip wawancara, catatan lapangan, dan bahan-bahan lain yang
dikumpulkan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman terhadap bahan-bahan tersebut agar
dapat dipresentasikan temuannya kepada orang lain<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span> Selanjutnya dijelaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa analisis data melibatkan pengerjaan
data, organisasi data, pemilahan menjadi satuan-satuan tertentu, sintesis data,
pelacakan pola, penemuan hal-hal yang penting dan dipelajari dan penentuan apa
yang harus dikemukakan kepada orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pelaksanaan
analisis data dalam prosesnya, dapat dibedakan kepada dua bagian, yakni :</span></div>
<h2 style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> <span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">Analisa Data Selama Pengumpulan
Data</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Miles dan Huberman<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617" name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"></span></a><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"></span>
menyebutkan bahwa analisis data selama pengumpulan data membawa peneliti
mondar-mandir antara berpikir tentang data yang ada dan mengembangkan strategi
untuk mengumpulkan data baru. Melakukan koreksi terhadap informasi yang kurang
jelas dan mengarahkan analisis yang sedang berjalan berkaitan dengan dampak
pembangkitan kerja lapangan. Langkah yang ditempuh dalam pengumpulan data yaitu
penyusunan lembar rangkuman kontak (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">contact
summary sheet</i>), pembuatan kode-kode, pengkodean pola (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pattern codding</i>) dan pemberian memo. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lembar rangkuman
kontak merupakan lembar yang berisi serangkaian pemfokusan atau rangkuman
pertanyaan tentang kontak lapangan tertentu. Dalam hal ini, peneliti menelaah
catatan-catatan lapangan, dan menjawab setiap pertanyaan secara singkat untuk
mengembangkan rangkuman secara keseluruhan dari hal pokok dalam kontak.
Pertanyaan itu dapat dirumuskan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Orang, peristiwa atau situasi apa yang
akan diungkap?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tema dan isu apa
dalam kontak?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tempat mana yang
paling energi pada kontak berikutnya, dan informasi apa saja yang akan dilacak?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Persoalan yang dihadapi dalam pengumpulan data adalah banyaknya
catatan-catatan lapangan dan dokumen yang terkumpul, sehingga dapat menyulitkan
peneliti dalam menangkap makna yang esensial dan menata kembali, serta
merampingkan menjadi satuan-satuan yang siap dianalisis. Pengkodean diawali
dengan penyusunan daftar kode. Dalam daftar kode yang dapat disimak dalam Miles
& Huberman,</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat 3 kolom, yakni kolom yang memuat
label deskriptif untuk kategori umum dan kode-kode yang bersangkutan dengan
kategori, berikutnya kolom yang memuat kode-kode secara rinci, sedangkan
terakhir adalah kolom yang memuat kunci-kunci yang mengacu pada pertanyaan atau
sub pertanyaan penelitian, dari mana kode diderivasi. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pemberian kode biasanya dilakukan pada tepi kiri dan tepi kanan pada
catatan lapangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kode pola adalah kode eksplanatori atau inferensial yaitu kode yang
mengidentifikasi suatu tema, pola atau eksplanasi yang muncul untuk kepentingan
analisis selanjutnya. Pengkodean pada dasarnya menarik sejumlah besar bahan
bersama menjadi lebih bermakna dan dapat teridentifikasi. Proses ini dapat
dikatakan merupakan “pengkodean-meta”. Pengkodean dimaksudkan sebagai alat
untuk merangkum segmen-segmen data, selain itu pengkodean pola merupakan cara
untuk mengelompokkan rangkuman-rangkuman data tersebut menjadi sejumlah kecil
tema atau konstruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pengumpulan data merupakan pekerjaan yang sangat menarik dan pengkodean
biasanya memakan energi yang besar sekali, dimana peneliti dibanjiri dengan
berbagai informasi. Hal ini memungkinkan peneliti untuk lupa menangkap makna
atau gejala umum dari apa yang sedang terjadi. Pembuatan memo adalah salah satu
cara untuk mengatasi hal tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Analisis Data Setelah Pengumpulan Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pada tahap
ini peneliti banyak terlibat dalam kegiatan penyajian atau penampilan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">display</i>) dari data yang dikumpulkan dan
dianalisis sebelumnya Peneliti kualitatif banyak menyususn teks naratif.
Display adalah format yang menyajikan informasi secara sistimatik kepada pembaca.
Penelitian kualitatif memfokuskan pada kata-kata, tindakan-tindakan orang yang
terjadi pada konteks tertentu, konteks mana dapat dilihat sebagai aspek relevan
segera dari situasi yang bersangkutan, maupun sebagai aspek relevan dari sistem
sosial di mana seseorang berfungsi, seperti contoh : ruang kelas, sekolah,
departemen, perusahaan, keluarga, agen, masyarakat lokal dan sebagainya</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Teknik Analisis Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode
penelitian pada dasarnya merupakan cara ilmiah untuk mendapatkan data dengan
tujuan dan kegunaan tertentu. Kegiatan penelitian didasarkan pada cirri-ciri
keilmuan, yaitu rasional, empiris, dan sistematis. Penelitian harus rasional
artinya penelitian ini dengan dilakukan dengan cara-cara yang masuk akal,
sehingga terjangkau oleh penalaran manusia. Empiris berarti cara-cara yang
dilakukan dalam penelitian yang dapat diamati oleh indera manusia, sehingga
orang lain dapat mengamati dan mengetahui cara-cara yang digunakan. Sedangkan
sistematis adalah proses yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan
langkah-langkah tertentu yang bersifat logis, ada beberapa langkah yang harus
dilakukan peneliti dalam penelitiannya. Kesemua langkah-langkah tersebut harus
dilewati oleh peneliti, diantaranya yaitu metode dalam menganalisis data.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik
analisis data yang biasa digunakan oleh para peneliti dalam melaksanakan
penelitian, adalah; teknik analisis kualitatif, analisis kuantitatif, statistik
deskriptif dan inferensial, statistik parametris dan non parametris.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Analisis Kualitatif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis
kualitatif adalah aktivitas intensive yang memerlukan pengertian yang mendalam,
kecerdikan, kreativitas, kepekaan konseptual, dan pekerjaan berat. Analisa
kualitatif tidak berproses dalam suatu pertunjukan linier, lebih sulit dan
kompleks dibanding analisis kuantitatif sebab tidak diformulasi dan
distandardisasi.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
penelitian kualitatif, analisis data dilakukan sejak awal penelitian dan selama
proses penelitian dilaksanakan. Data diperoleh, kemudian dikumpulkan untuk
diolah secara sistematis. Dimulai dari wawancara, observasi, mengedit,
mengklasifikasi, mereduksi, selanjutnya aktivitas penyajian data serta
menyimpulkan data. Teknis analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan model
analisis interaktif</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
penelitian kualitatif, verifikasi data dilakukan secara terus menerus sepanjang
proses penelitian dilakukan. Sejak pertama memasuki lapangan dan selama proses
pengumpulan data, peneliti berusaha untuk menganalisis dan mencari makna dari
data yang dikumpulkan, yaitu mencari pola tema, hubungan persamaan, hipotetsis
dan selanjutnya dituangkan dalam bentuk kesimpulan yang masih bersifat
tentatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Crabtree
dan Miller (1992) mengamati ada banyak strategi analisis kualitatif. Mereka
sudah mengenal empat pola analisa utama yang lebih tepat sasaran, sistematis,
dan distandardisasi, dan pada ekstremum lain adalah satu model yang lebih yang
intuitif, hubungan, dan interpretive. Empat prototypical model-model yang
mereka uraikan adalah sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model Quasi-statistical</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Peneliti menggunakan statistik
secara khas mulai dengan pertimbangan analisa, dan menggunakan ide-ide untuk
memilih jenis data. Pendekatan ini adalah kadang dikenal sebagai analisis
peneliti meninjau ulang isi dari data naratif, mencari-cari tema atau kata
tertentu yang telah ditetapkan dalam suatu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">code
book</i>. Hasil pencarian adalah informasi yang dapat digerakkan secara
statistik dan disebut quasi statistik. Sebagai contoh, analis dapat menghitung
frekwensi kejadian dari tema-tema spesifik. Model ini adalah serupa dengan
pendekatan kwantitatif tradisional sampai melakukan analisa isi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model Analisa Template</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Di model ini, peneliti
mengembangkan analisa cetakan untuk data naratif yang digunakan. Unit-unit
template adalah secara khas perilaku-perilaku, kejadian, dan ungkapan ilmu
bahasa. Template lebih mengalir dan dapat menyesuaikan diri dibanding suatu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">code book</i> di dalam model <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Quasi statistik</i>. Peneliti dapat mulai
dengan template bersifat elementer sebelum mengumpulkan data, template
mengalami revisi tetap sebanyak data dikumpulkan. Analisa menghasilkan data.
Model jenis ini adalah bisa dipastikan diadopsi oleh peneliti yang biasa
meneliti etnografi, etologi, analisa ceramah, dan ethnoscience.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model Analisa Editing</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Peneliti menggunakan model
editing bertindak sebagai interpreter yang membaca sampai habis data mencari
segmen-segmen penuh arti dan unit-unit. Suatu ketika segmen ini dikenali dan ditinjau,
interpreter dikembangkan satu rencana pengelompokan dan kode-kode sesuai yang
dapat digunakan untuk memilih jenis dan mengorganisir data. Peneliti kemudian
mencari-cari struktur dan pola-pola yang menghubungkan kategori-kategori pokok.
Pendekatan teori yang khas menyertakan model ini. Peneliti-peneliti yang biasa
meneliti fenomenologi, hermeneutics, dan ethnomethodology menggunakan prosedur
pola analisa editing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model Immersion/crystallisasi</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Model ini melibatkan pembaptisan
total analisis di dalam dan cerminan bahan-bahan teks, menghasilkan satu
kristalisasi data yang intuitif. Terjemahan yang interpretive dan subjektif
dicontohkan dalam laporan kasus pribadi dari semi anekdot dan jumlah sedikit
ditemui di dalam literatur riset dibanding tiga model yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kecenderungan
dewasa ini penelitian kualitatif semakin mendapat tempat di hati para peneliti
karena beberapa alasan yang antara lain bahwa ilmu-ilmu fisik memang dapat
ditentukan di laboratorium karena memiliki uniformitas fisis yang tetap, sebaliknya
perilaku sosial merupakan gejala unik yang uniformitasnya tidak dapat
ditentukan sebelumnya, selain itu tingkah laku sosial terdapat bukan hanya
seperangkat penilaian yang seragam tetapi setumpuk kecenderungan, kepentingan
dan cita-cita yang kacau dan saling bersaingan; akhirnya dunia ini merupakan
sesuatu yang komplek dan ganda. Pendekatan kuantitatif terasa ada ketidak
sesuaian paradigma untuk menangani masalah-masalah empiris sosial seperti ini.
Muncullah paradigma baru yakni pendekatan kualitatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Analisis Kuantitatif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian kuantitatif merupakan suatu penelitian yang
analisisnya secara umum memakai analisis statistik. Penelitian kuantitatif
dikembangkan oleh penganut positivisme yang dipelopori oleh Auguste Conte.
Aliran ini berpendapat bahwa untuk memacu perkembangan ilmu-ilmu sosial, maka
metode-metode IPA harus diadopsi ke dalam riset-riset ilmu sosial . Karenanya
dalam penelitian kuantitatif pengukuran terhadap gejala yang diamati menjadi
penting, sehingga pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan daftar
pertanyaan berstruktur (angket) yang disusun berdasarkan pengukuran terhadap variabel
yang diteliti yang kemudian menghasilkan data kuantitatif. Berbeda dengan
penelitian kualitatif yang menekankan pada studi kasus, penelitian kuantitatif
bermuara pada survey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Statistik Deskriptif dan Inferensial</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Statistika
deskriptif adalah statistik yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dengan cara
menggambarkan data yang telah terkumpul sebagaimana adanya tanpa bermaksud
membuat kesimpulan yang berlaku untuk umum atau generalisasi. Misalnya
penyajian data menggunakan table, grafik, diagram lingkaran, pictogram,
perhitungan modus, median, mean, desil, persentil, rata-rata, standar defiasi,
porsentasi, korelasi, dan regresi tanpa pengujian signifikasi.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Statistik
deskriptif berkenaan dengan bagaimana data dapat digambarkan dideskripsikan)
atau disimpulkan, baik secara numerik (misalnya menghitung rata-rata dan
deviasi standar) atau secara grafis (dalam bentuk tabel atau grafik), untuk
mendapatkan gambaran sekilas mengenai data tersebut, sehingga lebih mudah
dibaca dan bermakna.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Statistik
inferensial adalah teknik statistik untuk menganalisis data sampel data dan
hasilnya diberlakukan untuk populasi. Suatu kesimpulan dari data sampel yang
akan diberlakukan untuk populasi itu mempunyai peluang kesalahan dan kebenaran
(kepercayaan). Bila peluang kesalahan sebesar 5 persen, maka taraf
kepercayaannya sebesar 95 persen. Ini disebut sebagai taraf signifikasi yang
mencerminkan kemampuan suatu sampel untuk dilakukan generalisasi terhadap suatu
populasi dengan taraf kesalahan tertentu.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Statistik
inferensial berkenaan dengan permodelan data dan melakukan pengambilan
keputusan berdasarkan analisis data, misalnya melakukan pengujian hipotesis,
melakukan estimasi pengamatan masa mendatang (estimasi atau prediksi), membuat
permodelan hubungan (korelasi, regresi, ANOVA, deret waktu), dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Statistik Parametris dan Non Parametris</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Statistik
parametris digunakan untuk menganalisis data interval dan rasio.<br />
Ukuran uji dalam Statistik parametris antara lain : T-test, Anova, Korelasi.<br />
Contoh :<b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–
Rumusan masalah : berapa rata-rata penayangan iklan di TV ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–
Hypotesis : rata-rata penayangan iklan di TV paling lama 120 menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–
Uji hipoteis : t-test</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Statistik
non parametris digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis bila datanya berbentuk nominal
dan ordinal dan tidak berlandaskan asumsi bahwa distribusi data harus normal.
Sehingga kita kenal beberapa tes yang digunakan dalam penelitian hipotesis
antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Test binomial</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<b> </b></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black;">digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis bila dalam
populasi terdiri atas dua kelompok kelas, datanya berbentuk nominal dan jum,lha
sampelnya kecilnya (kurang dari 25).<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Chi kuadrat</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis deskriptif bila dalam
populasi terdiri atas dua atau lebi kelas, data berbentuk nominal dan smapelnya
besar. yang dimaksud hipotesis deskriptif diatas adlah merupakan estimasi
gugaan terhadap ada tidaknya perbedaan frekuensi anatra kategori satu dan
kategori lainnya dalam sebuah sampel tentang suatu hal.<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Run test</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis deskriptif satu sampel,
bila datanya berbentuk ordina. pengujian dilakukan dengan dengancara mengukur
kerandoman populasi yang didasarkan atas data hasil pengamatan melalui data
sampel.<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">McNemar Test</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #351c75; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untk mengji hipotesa komparatif dua sampel yang
berkorelasi bila datanya berbentuk nominal/diskrit. dancangan peneitianya
biasanya bebentuk before after. jadi hipotesa penelitian merupakan
perbandaingan antara nilai sebelum dan sesudah ada perlakuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sign Test</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">., Test ini digunakan untuk menguji hipotesa komparatif dua
sampel yang berkorelasi, bila datanya berbentuk ordinal. teknik ini dianamakan
uji tanda karena data yang akan dianalisis dinyatakan dalam bentuk tanda-tanda
yaitu tanda positif dan negatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik ini merupakan penyempurnaan
dari uji tanda (sign test). kalau dalam uji tanda besarnya selisih nilai angka
antara positif dan negatif tidak diperhitungkan sedangkan dlaam uji wilcoxon
ini diperhitungkan, teknik digunakan untuk menguji signifikansi hipotesis
komparatif dua sampel yang berkorelasi bila datanya berbentuk ordinal.<b><span style="color: #0b5394;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Chi kuadrat dua sampel</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis
komparatif dua smapel bila datanya berbentuk nominal dan sampelnya besar. cara
perhitungan dapat menggunakan rumus yang telah ada atau dapat menggunakan tabel
kontingensi 2×2.<b><span style="color: #0b5394;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fisher Exact Probability Test</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk menguji signifikansi
hipotesis komparatif dua sampel kecil independen bila datanya berbentuk nominal
untuk sampel yang besar duigunakan chi kuadrat.<b><span style="color: #0b5394;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Test median</span></i><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk menguji signifikansi
hipoteis komparatif dua smapel independen bila datanya bernbentuk nominal atau
ordinal. pengjuijan didasarkaan atas median dari smapel yang diambil secara
random. dengan demikian Ho yang akan diuji berbunyi : tidak terdapat perbedaan
dua kelompok populasi berdasarkan mediannya.<b><span style="color: #0b5394;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mann-Whitney U-Test</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan untuk menguji signifikansi hipotesis komparatif
dua sampel independen bila datanya berbentuk ordinal test ini merupakan test
yang terbaik untuk menguji hipotesis komparatif dua sampel indenden bila
datanya berbentuk ordinal.<b><span style="color: #0b5394;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Model-model
Analisis Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mudjia Raharjo,</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengemukakan bahwa d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ari pengalaman
melakukan penelitian kualitatif beberapa kali, model analisis data yang
dikenalkan oleh Spradley (1980), dan Glaser dan Strauss (1967) bisa dipakai
sebagai pedoman. Kendati tidak baku, artinya setiap peneliti kualitatif
bisa mengembangkannya sendiri, secara garis besar model analisis itu
diuraikan sebagai berikut</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Analisis Domain (Domain analysis). </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Analisis domain
pada hakikatnya adalah upaya peneliti untuk memperoleh gambaran umum tentang
data untuk menjawab fokus penelitian. Caranya ialah dengan membaca naskah data
secara umum dan menyeluruh untuk memperoleh <i>domain</i> atau ranah apa saja
yang ada di dalam data tersebut. Pada tahap ini peneliti belum perlu membaca
dan memahami data secara rinci dan detail karena targetnya hanya untuk memperoleh
<i>domain</i> atau ranah. Hasil analisis ini masih berupa pengetahuan tingkat
“permukaan” tentang berbagai ranah konseptual. Dari hasil pembacaan itu
diperoleh hal-hal penting dari kata, frase atau bahkan kalimat untuk dibuat
catatan pinggir.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Analisis Taksonomi (<i>Taxonomy
Analysis</i>). </span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada tahap analisis taksonomi, peneliti berupaya memahami <i>domain-domain</i>
tertentu sesuai fokus masalah atau sasaran penelitian. Masing-masing domain
mulai dipahami secara mendalam, dan membaginya lagi menjadi sub-domain, dan
dari sub-domain itu dirinci lagi menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih khusus lagi
hingga tidak ada lagi yang tersisa, alias habis (<i>exhausted</i>). Pada
tahap analisis ini peneliti bisa mendalami domain dan sub-domain yang penting
lewat konsultasi dengan bahan-bahan pustaka untuk memperoleh pemahaman lebih
dalam.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Analisis Komponensial (<i>Componential
Analysis</i>). </span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada tahap ini peneliti mencoba mengkontraskan antar unsur dalam
ranah yang diperoleh . Unsur-unsur yang kontras dipilah-pilah dan selanjutnya
dibuat kategorisasi yang relevan. Kedalaman pemahaman tercermin dalam kemampuan
untuk mengelompokkan dan merinci anggota sesuatu ranah, juga memahami
karakteristik tertentu yang berasosiasi. Dengan mengetahui warga suatu ranah,
memahami kesamaan dan hubungan internal, dan perbedaan antar warga dari suatu
ranah, dapat diperoleh pengertian menyeluruh dan mendalam serta rinci mengenai
pokok permasalahan.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Analisis Tema Kultural (<i>Discovering
Cultural Themes</i>). </span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Analisis Tema Kultural adalah analisis dengan memahami gejala-gejala
yang khas dari analisis sebelumnya. Analisis ini mencoba mengumpulkan sekian
banyak tema, fokus budaya, nilai, dan simbol-simbol budaya yang ada dalam setiap
domain. Selain itu, analisis ini berusaha menemukan hubungan-hubungan yang
terdapat pada domain yang dianalisis, sehingga akan membentuk satu kesatuan
yang holistik, yang akhirnya menampakkan tema yang dominan dan mana yang kurang
dominan. Pada tahap ini yang dilakukan oleh peneliti adalah: (1) membaca secara
cermat keseluruhan catatan penting, (2) memberikan kode pada topik-topik
penting, (3) menyusun tipologi, (4) membaca pustaka yang terkait dengan masalah
dan konteks penelitian. Berdasarkan seluruh analisis, peneliti melakukan
rekonstruksi dalam bentuk deskripsi, narasi dan argumentasi. Sekali lagi di
sini diperlukan kepekaan, kecerdasan, kejelian, dan kepakaran peneliti untuk
bisa menarik kesimpulan secara umum sesuai sasaran penelitian.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 321.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">III. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">P E N U T U P</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berangkat dari <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pokok permasalahan yang telah diuraikan
diatas, maka penulis menarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pelaksanaan
analisis data dalam prosesnya, dapat dibedakan kepada dua bagian, yakni analisa
data selama pengumpulan data dan analisis data setelah pengumpulan data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik analisis data yang biasa
digunakan oleh para peneliti dalam melaksanakan penelitian, adalah; teknik
analisis kualitatif, analisis kuantitatif, statistik deskriptif dan
inferensial, statistik parametris dan non parametris,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model-model analisis data yang biasa
digunakan dalam penelitian adalah ; </span><span lang="EN-US">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">nalisis
</span><span lang="EN-US">d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">omain (</span><span lang="EN-US">d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">omain
analysis)</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">analisis taksonomi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">t<i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">axonomy analysis</span></i></i>), analisis komponensial
(<i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">componential analysis</span></i>), dan analisis
tema kultural (<i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">discovering cultural themes</span></i>). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">II. Saran-saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penulis menyadari bahwa masih telalu
banyak kesalahan dan kekhilafan dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Oleh karena itu
penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritikan yang sifatnya membangun guna kesempurnaan
makalah ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bungin, Burhan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penelitian Kualitatif</i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta:
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kencana prenada media group, 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dajan, Anto, 1996, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Statistik Jilid I</i>, , Jakarta.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LP3ES, 1996</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kriyantono, Rachmat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teknik Praktis Riset Komunikasi</i>, Jakarta: Kencana prenada media
group, 2007.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasution A, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku penuntun membuat tesis, skripsi, disertasi, makalah</i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>t.tp., Bumi Aksara: 1996.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Al Rasyid, Harun, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hand out Statistik Sosial</i>, Bandung,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>PPS UNPAD, 2000. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sudradjat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>M, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Metode
Penarikan Sampel dan Penyusunan Skala</i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bandung, UNPAD Bandung. 2002.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.mudjiarahardjo.com/materi%20-%20kuliah/221-%20analisis-%20data-penelitian-kualitatif-sebuah-pengalaman-empirik.html/diundu%20tanggal%2020-12-2011"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://www.mudjiarahardjo.com/materi
- kuliah/221- analisis-
data-penelitian-kualitatif-sebuah-pengalaman-empirik.html/diundu tanggal
20-12-2011</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://<cite>ardhana12.wordpress.com/.../teknik-<b>analisis</b>-<b>data</b>-dalam-penelitian/19-12-2011</cite></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></i></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Analisis
adalah proses menyusun dan menggabungkan data ke dalam pola, tema, kategori.
Analisis dan pada dasarnya bukan merupakan hal yang berjalan bersama, keduanya
dilakukan sejak awal penelitian.” Nasution A, Buku penuntun membuat tesis,
skripsi, disertasi, makalah (t.tp., Bumi Aksara: 1996), h. 126.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.mudjiarahardjo.com/materi%20-%20kuliah/221-%20analisis-%20data-penelitian-kualitatif-sebuah-pengalaman-empirik.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://www.mudjiarahardjo.com/materi
- kuliah/221- analisis-
data-penelitian-kualitatif-sebuah-pengalaman-empirik.html</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">/d</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">iundu tanggal 20-12-2011</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bungin
Dan Burhan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penelitian Kualitatif </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Jakarta: Kencana prenada media group, 2008)
h. 155–156</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #674ea7; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #674ea7; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="color: black;">Miles, M.B. dan Huberman, A.M.,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Analisis Data Kualitatif: Buku Sumber
Tentang MetodeaMetode Baru (Jakarta, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UIPress, 1992), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 57 </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Ibid</span></i><span style="color: black;">,,
h. 58-59</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rachmat
Kriyantono , <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teknik Praktis Riset
Komunikasi</i> (Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2007), h. 247</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #674ea7; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://<cite>ardhana12.wordpress.com/.../teknik-<b>analisis</b>-<b>data</b>-dalam-penelitian/19-12-2011</cite></span></div>
</div>
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LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-80117152807379527472013-01-05T05:25:00.000-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.058-07:00Makalah "Dinasti Abbasiyah"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nabi
Muhammad saw., setelah resmi diangkat menjadi Rasulullah, menyebarkan ajaran Agama
Islam di Jazirah Arab dengan cara sembunyi-sembunyi, setelah pengikut Agama
Islam telah banyak dari keluarga terdekat Nabi dan sahabat, maka turun perintah
Allah untuk menyebarkan Islam secara terang-terangan. Namun dalam </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penyebarannya
tidak berjalan mulus, Rasulullah dalam menyebarkan Islam mendapatkan tantangan
dari suku Quraisy . Islam disebarkan dan dipertahankan dengan harta dan jiwa
oleh para penganutnya yang setia membela Islam meski harus dengan pertumpahan
darah dalam peperangan, sehingga Islam dapat berkembang dalam waktu yang relatif
singkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sepeninggal
Rasulullah saw., kepemimpinan Islam dipegang oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Khulafā’ al-Rāsyidīn.</i> Pada masa ini Islam mengalami kemajuan yang
sangat pesat, bahkan telah meluas <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ke seluruh
Wilayah Arab. <span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Meskipun Islam telah
berkembang pada masa ini,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>namun juga
banyak mendapat tantangan dari luar dan dalam Islam sendiri. Seperti pada masa
khalifah Ali bin Abi Thalib banyak terjadi pemberontakan di daerah hingga
terjadi perang saudara. Salah satu perang dimasa Ali bin Abi Thalib ialah peperangan
antara Muawiyah dengan Khalifah Ali bin Abi Thalib yang menghasilkan abitrase,
sehingga Muawiyah menggantikan posisi Ali bin Abi Thalib. Dampak yang
ditimbulkan dari abitrase ini adalah pengikut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ali bin Abi Thalib bersepakat untuk membunuh Ali bin Abi Thalib dan
Muawiyah karena dianggap telah kafir dan halal dibunuh. Dalam rencana
pembunuhan ini, hanya Ali bin Abi Thalib yang berhasil dibunuh.</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berakhirlah
masa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Khulafā’ al-Rāsyidīn </i>dan digantikan
oleh pemerintahan Dinasti Umayyah dibawah pimpinan Muawiyah bin Abi Sofyan.
Pada masa pemerintahan Dinasti Umayyah, Islam semakin berkembang dalam segala
aspek hingga perluasan daerah kekuasaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah
pemerintahan Dinasti Umayyah berakhir, maka pemerintahan Islam digantikan oleh
pemerintahan Dinasti Abbasiyah. Dinasti Abbasiyah merupakan dinasti kedua dalam
sejarah pemerintahan Umat Islam. Abbasiyah dinisbatkan kepada al-Abbas paman
Nabi Muhammad saw. Dinasti ini berdiri sebagai bentuk dukungan terhadap pandangan
yang diserukan oleh Bani Hasyim setelah wafat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasulullah saw., yaitu menyandarkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">khilāfah</i> kepada keluarga Rasulullah dan
kerabatnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berangkat
dari uraian pada latar belakang di atas, maka penulis menetapkan rumusan
permasalahan yang menjadi inti pembahasan dalam makalah ini, yakni sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana
proses kelahiran Dinasti Abbasiyah ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana
kemajuan-kemajuan Islam yang dicapai pada masa pemerintahan Dinasti Abbasiyah ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa yang
menjadi penyebab kemunduran Dinasti Abbasiyah ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dinasti kecil apa saja yang muncul di barat
dan di timur ?</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PEMBAH</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ASAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lahirnya
Dinasti Abbasiyah </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinasti
Abbasiyah didirikan oleh Abdullah al-Saffah ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah
ibn al-Abbas. Kekuasaannya berlangsung dalam rentang waktu yang panjang, dari tahun
132 H. (750 M.) s. d. 656 H. (1258 M.). Selama dinasti ini berkuasa, pola pemerintahan
yang diterapkan berbeda-beda sesuai dengan perubahan politik, sosial, dan
budaya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
masa pemerintahan Dinasti Umayyah, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bani
Abbas telah melakukan usaha perebutan kekuasaan, Bani Abbas telah mulai
melakukan upaya perebutan kekuasaan sejak masa khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz
(717-720 M) berkuasa. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Khalifah itu
dikenal liberal dan memberikan toleransi kepada kegiatan keluarga Syi’ah.
Gerakan itu didahului oleh saudara-saudara dari Bani Abbas, seperti Ali bin
Abdullah bin Abbas, Muhammad serta Ibrahim al-Imam, yang semuanya mengalami
kegagalan, meskipun belum melakukan gerakan yang bersifat politik. Sementara
itu, Ibrahim meninggal dalam penjara karena tertangkap, setelah menjalani
hukuman kurungan karena melakukan gerakan makar. Barulah usaha perlawanan itu
berhasil ditangan Abu Abbas, setelah melakukan pembantaian terhadap seluruh
Bani Umayyah, termasuk khalifah Marwan II yang sedang berkuasa.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bani Abbasiyah
merasa lebih berhak daripada Bani Umayyah atas kekhalifahan Islam, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebab mereka adalah dari cabang Bani Hasyim
yang secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nasab </i>lebih dekat dengan
Nabi saw.. Menurut mereka, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>orang Bani Umayyah
secara paksa menguasai khalifah melalui tragedi perang siffin. Oleh karena itu,
untuk mendirikan Dinasti Abbasiyah mereka mengadakan gerakan yang luar biasa,
melakukan pemberontakan terhadap Bani Umayyah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pergantian
kekuasaan Dinasti Umayyah oleh Dinasti Abbasiyah diwarnai dengan pertumpahan
darah. Meskipun kedua dinasti ini berlatar belakang beragama Islam, akan tetapi
dalam pergantian posisi pemerintahan melalui perlawanan yang panjang dalam
sejarah Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disebut
dalam sejarah bahwa berdirinya Bani Abbasiyah, menjelang berakhirnya Bani Umayyah
I, terjadi bermacam-macam kekacauan yang antara lain disebabkan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penindasan
yang terus menerus terhadap pengikut Ali dan Bani Hasyim pada umumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Merendahkan
kaum Muslimin yang bukan Bangsa Arab sehingga mereka tidak diberi kesempatan
dalam pemerintahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pelanggaran
terhadap Ajaran Islam dan hak-hak asasi manusia dengan cara terang-terangan.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh
karena itu, logis kalau Bani Hasyim mencari jalan keluar dengan mendirikan gerakan
rahasia untuk menumbangkan Bani Umayyah. Gerakan ini menghimpun;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keturunan
Ali (Alawiyin) pemimpinnya Abu Salamah;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keturunan
Abbas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Abbasiyah) pemimpinnya Ibrahim
al-Iman;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keurunan
bangsa Persia pemimpinnya Abu Muslim al-Khurasany.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mereka
memusatkan kegiatannya di Khurasan. Dengan usaha ini, pada tahun 132 H./750 M.
tumbanglah Bani Umayyah dengan terbunuhnya Marwan ibn Muhammad, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>khalifah terakhir Bani Umaiyah. Atas
pembunuhan Marwan, mulailah berdiri Daulah Abbasiyah dengan diangkatnya khalifah
yang pertama, yaitu Abdullah ibn Muhammad, dengan gelar Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah,
pada tahun 132-136 H./750-754 M.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
awal kekhalifahan Bani Abbasiyah menggunakan Kuffah sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pusat pemerintahan, dengan Abu al-Saffah
(750-754 M) sebagai Khalifah pertama. Khalifah penggantinya, Abu Ja’far al-Mansur
(754-775 M.) memindahkan pusat pemerintahan ke Bagdad. Daulah Abbasiyah
mengalami pergeseran dalam mengembangkan pemerintahan, sehingga dapatlah
dikelompokkan masa Bani Abbasiyah menjadi lima periode sehubungan dengan corak
pemerintahan. Sedangkan menurut asal-usul penguasa selama masa 508 tahun Bani Abbasiyah
mengalami tiga kali pergantian penguasa, yakni <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bani Abbas, Bani Buwaihi, dan Bani Seljuk.
Adapun rincian susunan penguasa pemerintahan Bani Abbasiyah adalah sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bani
Abbas (750-932 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah Abu Abas al-Saffah (750-754 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah Abu Jakfar al-Mansur (754-775 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah al-Mahdi (775-785 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah al Hadi (775-776 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah Harun al-Rasyid (776-809 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah al-Amin (809-813 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah al-Makmun (813-633 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifdah al-Mu’tasim (833-842 M.) </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah al-Wasiq ( 842-847 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah
al-Mutawakkil (847-861 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bani Buwaihi (932-107 5M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah
al-Kahir (932-934 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah
al-Radi (934-940 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah
al-Mustaqi (943-944 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah
al-Muktakfi (944-946 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifal
al-Mufi (946-974 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bani
Saljuk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah
al-Muktadi (1075-1048 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah
al-Mustazhir (1074-1118 M.)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khalifah
al-Mustasid (1118-1135 M.)<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu
Su’ud<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
dalam bukunya mengemuakakan bahwa pemerintahan Bani Abbasiyah dibagi ke dalam
lima periode, yakni :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Periode
Pertama (750-847 M)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada periode
awal pemerintahan Dinasti Abasiyah masih menekankan pada kebijakan perluasan
daerah. Kalau dasar-dasar pemerintahan Bani Abasiyah ini telah diletakkan dan
dibangun oleh Abu Abbas al-Saffah dan Abu Ja’far al-Mansur, maka puncak
keemasan dinasti ini berada pada tujuh khalifah sesudahnya, sejak masa Khalifah
al-Mahdi (775-785 M.) hinga Khalifah al-Wasiq (842-847 M.). Zaman keemasan
telah dimulai pada pemerintahan pengganti Khalifah al-Ja’far, dan mencapai
puncaknya dimasa pemerintahan Harun Al-Rasyid. Dimasa-masa itu para Khalifah
mengembangkan berbagai jenis kesenian, terutama kesusasteraan pada khususnya
dan kebudayaan pada umumnya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Periode
Kedua (232 H./847 M. – 334H./945M.)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kebijakan
Khalifah al-Mukasim (833-842 M.), untuk memilih anasir Turki dalam ketentaraan
kekhalifahan Abasiyah dilatar belakangi oleh adanya persaingan antara golongan
Arab dan Persia, pada masa al-Makmun dan sebelumnya.khalifah al-Mutawakkil
(842-861 M.) merupakan awal dari periode ini adalah khalifah yang lemah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemberontakan
masih bermunculan dalam periode ini, seperti pemberontakan Zanj didataran
rendah Irak selatan dan Karamitah yang berpusat di Bahrain. Faktor-faktor
penting yang menyebabkan kemunduran Bani Abbasiyah pada periode ini adalah;
Pertama, luasnya wilayah kekuasaan yang harus dikendalikan, sementara
komunikasi lambat. Kedua, profesionalisasi tentara menyebabkan ketergantungan
kepada mereka menjadi sangat tinggi. Ketiga, kesulitan keuangan karena beban
pembiayaan tentara sangat besar. Setelah kekuatan militer merosot, khalifah
tidak sanggup lagi memaksa pengiriman pajak ke Bagdad.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Periode
Ketiga (334 H./945 M.-447 H./1055 M.)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Posisi Bani Abasiyah
yang berada di bawah kekuasaan Bani Buwaihi merupakan ciri utama periode ketiga
ini. Keadaan Khalifah lebih buruk ketimbang di masa sebelumnya, lebih-lebih
karena Bani Buwaihi menganut aliran Syi’ah. Akibatnya kedudukan Khalifah tidak
lebih sebagai pegawai yang diperintah dan diberi gaji. Sementara itu Bani
Buwaihi telah membagi kekuasaanya kepada tiga bersaudara. Ali menguasai wilayah
bagian selatan Persia, Hasan menguasi wilayah bagian utara, dan Ahmad menguasai
wilayah al-Ahwaz, Wasit, dan Bagdad. Bagdad dalam periode ini tidak sebagai
pusat pemerintahan Islam, karena telah pindah ke Syiraz dimana berkuasa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ali bin Buwaihi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Periode
Keempat (447 H./1055M.-590 H./1199 M.)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Periode keempat
ini ditandai oleh kekuasaan Bani Saljuk dalam Daulah Abbasiyah. Kehadirannya
atas naungan khalifah untuk melumpuhkan kekuatan Bani Buwaihi di Baghdad.
Keadaan khalifah memang sudah membaik, paling tidak karena kewibawannya dalam
bidang agama sudah kembali setelah beberapa lama dikuasai orang-orang Syi’ah. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Periode
Kelima (590 H./1199 M.-656 H./1258 M.)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Telah terjadi
perubahaan besar-besaran dalam periode ini. Pada periode ini, Khalifah Bani Abbasiyah
tidak lagi berada di bawah kekuasaan suatu dinasti tertentu. Mereka merdeka dan
berkuasa, tetapi hanya di Bagdad dan sekitarnya. Sempitnya wilayah kekuasaan
khalifah menunjukkan kelemahan politiknya, pada masa inilah tentara Mongol dan
Tartar menghancurkan Bagdad tanpa perlawanan pada tahun 656 H./1256 M.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemajuan-Kemajuan
Dinasti Abbasiyah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinasti Abbasiyah,
pada masa kekuasaannya, mamberikan kemajuan bagi kelangsungan Agama Islam,
sehingga masa Dinasti Abbasiyah ini dikenal dengan “The Golden Age of Islam. Khilafah
di Bagdad yang didirikan oleh al-Saffah dan al-Mansur mencapai masa keemasannya
mulai dari al-Mansur sampai Wathiq, dan yang paling jaya adalah periode Harun
dan puteranya, Ma’mun. Istana khalifah Harun yang identik dengan megah dan
penuh dengan kehadiran para pujangga, ilmuwan, dan tokoh-tokoh penting dunia. Pada
masa pemerintahan Harun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tercatat buku
legendaries cerita 1001 malam. Kemajuan banyak dicapai pada masa Bani Abasiyah
ini, baik segi politik, ekonomi, maupun budaya, sehingga periodenya tercatat
sebagai The Golden Age of Islam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun
kemajuan-kemajuan yang telah dicapai oleh Dinasti Abbasiyah ialah sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemajuan
dalam Administrasi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada masa
pemerintahan Bani Umayyah, jabatan-jabatan penting dalam pemerintahan diisi Bangsa
Arab. Berbeda pada pemerintahan Bani Abbasiyah, orang-orang non-Arab mendapat
fasilitas dan menduduki jabatan strategis. Khalifah sebagai kepala
pemerintahan, penguasa tertinggi sekaligus menguasai jabatan keagamaan,
pemimpin sakral. Disebut juga bahwa para khalifah tidak peduli dan mentaati suatu
aturan atau cara yang tetap untuk mengangkat putera mahkota, yaitu sejak masa
al-Amin. Pada masa ini, jabatan penting diisi oleh seorang wazir yang
menjalankan tugasnya sesuai dengan aturan yang digariskan oleh Hukum Islam
untuk mengangkat dan menurunkan para pegawai. Wazir adalah pelaksana
non-militer yang diserahkan sang khalifah kepadanya. Ada dua macam wazir, yaitu
wazir yang memiliki kekuasaan yang sangat tinggi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tafwid</i>) dan wazir yang kekuasaannya terbatas (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanfiz</i>) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tafwid</i> disebut juga wazir utama atau
sekarang sama dengan perdana menteri yang dapat bertindak tanpa harus direstui
khalifah, termasuk mengangkat dan memecat para gubernur dan hakim. Pada saat
para khalifah lemah, kekuasaan dan kedudukan wazir meningkat tajam. Sementara
wazir uang tidak berkuasa penuh, hanya mentaaati perintah khlifah saja.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kalau pada masa Bani
Umayyah terdapat lima kementrian pokok, yang disebut <i>diwan</i>, maka pada
masa Dinasti Abbasiyah, kelima <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">diwan </i>tersebut
ditambah jumlahnya. Kelima kementrian tersebut ialah (1) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Jund</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">war of</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">office</i>). (2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Kharaj</i> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Department
of Finance</i>). (3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Rasal
(Board of Correspondence)</i>. (4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan
al-Khatam (Board og Signet).</i> (5) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan
al-Barid</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Postal Department).</i>
Kelima diwan ini pada era Abbasiyah ada penambahan diwan diantaranya. (6) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Azimah (the Audit and Account
Board).</i> (7) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Nazri fi
al-mazalim (Appeals and Investigation Boars).</i> (8) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Nafaqat (the Board of Expenditure).</i> (9) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Sawafi (the Board of Crown</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Land)</i>. (10) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Diya (the Board of States).</i> (11) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Sirr (the Board of</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Military
Infection).</i> Dan, (13) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Tawqi’
(the Board Request)</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Diwan baru lainnya
yang dibentuk pada periode Abbasiyah, antara lain, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diwan al-Syurtha <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Police
Department).</i> Kepala polisi disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sahib
al-Surtha,</i> yang beda dengan zaman Umayyah, mereka membagi tugasnya sesuai
dengan kondisi wilyah. Tugas mereka paling utama adalah menjamin dan memelihara
keamanan, harta, dan nyawa masyarakat. Sementara itu, polisi biasa ada dibawah
kendali <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muhtasib</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Demi kelancaran
admiinistrasi, wilayah kekuasaan Abbasiyah dibagi dalam beberapa wilayah
administrasi, yang dapat disebut provinsi, dan masing-masing provinsi yang
dikepalai seorang <i>Amir</i> yang melaksanakan tugas khalifah dan bertanggung
jawab kepadanya. Khalifah yang mengangkat dan memecat atau memindahkan ke Provinsi
lain. Pada umumnya, pendapatan provinsi digunakan untuk provinsi dan sisanya di
kirim ke pemerintah pusat.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemajuan
dalam Sosial</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Philip Khore
Hitti mengemukakan bahwa para sejarawan Arab yang lebih berkonsentrasi pada
persoalan Khalifah Abbasiyah, lebih mengutamakan persoalan politik dibandingkan
dengan persoalan lain, yang menyebabkan mereka tidak begitu memberikan gambaran
memadai tentang kehidupan sosial-ekonomi. Dengan adanya asimilasi, Arab-Mawali
membawa dinasti ini kehilangan jati diri sebagai bangsa Arab menjadi bangsa
majemuk. Untuk memperlancar proses pembaruan antara Arab dengan rakyat
taklukan, lembaga poligami, selir, dan perdagangan budak terbukti efektif. Saat
unsur Arab murni surut, orang Mawali dan anak-anak perempuan yang dimerdekakan,
mulai menggantikan posisi mereka. Aristokrasi Arab mulai digantikan oleh
hierarki pejabat yang mewakili berbagai bangsa, yang semula didominasi oleh
Persia dan kemudian oleh Turki.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kemajuan dalam Kegiatan Ilmiah </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Periode
Abbasiyah merupakan era baru dan identik dengan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan. Dari
segi pendidikan, ilmu pengetahuan termasuk science, kemajuan peradaban, dan
kultur pada zaman ini bukan hanya identik sebagai masa keemasan Islam, akan
tetapi era ini mengukur dengan gemilang dalam kemajuan peradaban dunia. Semasa Dinasti
Umayyah kegiatan dan aktivitas nalar ilmu yang ditanam itu berkembang pesat yang
mencapai puncak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada era Abbasiyah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> Sebelum
Dinasti Abbasiyah, pusat kegiatan dunia Islam selalu bermuara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada masjid. Masjid dijadikan centre of
education. Pada Dinasti Abbasiyah inilah mulai adanya pengembangan keilmuan dan
teknologi diarahkan ke dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma’had</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada abad X Masehi
disebut abad pembangunan Daulah Islamiyah, dimana dunia Islam, mulai dari
Cordon di Spanyol sampai ke Multan di Pakistan, mengalami pembangunan disegala
bidang, terutama dalam bidang berbagai macam ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan
seni. Dunia Islam pada masa itu banar-benar dalam keadaan maju, jaya dan
makmur.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> Di
antara pusat-pusat ilmu pengetahuan dan filsafat yang terkenal ialah Damaskus,
Alexandria, Qayrawan, Fustat, Kairo, al-Madaain, Jundeshahpur, dan lain-lain.
Banyaknya cendekiawan yang diangkat menjadi pegawai pemerintahan dan istana
para Khalifah Abbasiyah, misalnya Mansur yang banyak mengangkat pegawai
pemerintahan dan istana dari cendekiawan-cendekiawan Persia. Hal terbesar dan
banyak berpengaruh pada mulanya ialah keluarga Barmak, seperti jabatan wazir
yang diberikan Mansur kepada Khalid ibn Barmak, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudian ke anak dan cucu-cucunya. Mereka ini
berasal dari Bactra, dikenal sebagai keluarga yang gemar pada ilmu pengetahuan
dan filsafat, yang condong kepada paham Mu’tazilah. Mereka disamping sebagai
wazir, juga menjadi pendidik anak-anak khalifah. Diakuinya Mu’tazilah sebagai
mazhab resmi Negara pada masa Khalifah Ma’mun (827 M). Mu’tazilah adalah aliran
yang menganjurkan kemerdekaan dan kebebasan berfikir kepada manusia. Aliran ini
telah berkembang dalam masyarakat terutama pada masa awal Dinasti Abbasiyah,
yang banyak memajukan kegiatan intelektual dengan lebih menggunakan rasio baik
dalam penerjemahan ilmu-ilmu luar maupun memadukan dengan ajaran Islam. Inilah
faktor utama jasa mereka memelihara Yunani dan selanjutnya dikembangkan melalui
Kairo, dan selanjutnya ditransfer melalui pusat-pusat kegiatan ilmiah di Eropa
Barat Daya seperti Seville, Cordova, al-Hamra.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kepribadian
beberapa Khalifah, terutama pada masa awal Abbasiyah seperti Mansur, Harun, dan
Ma’mun adalah kutu buku dan sangat mencintai ilmu pengetahuan sehingga berpengaruh
dalam kebijaksanaannya yang banyak ditujukan kepada peningkatan ilmu
pengetahuan. Selain itu, karena permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh Umat Islam semakin
kompleks dan berkembang, oleh karena itu perlu dibuka ilmu pengetahuan dalam
berbagai bidang, khususnya ilmu-ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">naqli</i>
seperti Ilmu Agama, Bahasa, dan Adab. Adapun ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aqli</i> seperti Kedokteran, Manthiq, Olahraga, Ilmu Angkasa Luar dan
ilmu-ilmu yang lain telah dimulai oleh Umat Islam dengan metode yang teratur.
Kegiatan ilmiah di kalangan Umat Islam, semasa Abbasiyah yang menandakan Islam
memperoleh kemajuan disegala bidang.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun ilmu yang
berkembang pada masa Dinasti Abbasiyah terdiri dari perkembangan ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">naqli</i> (sumber dari Alquran dan Hadis)
yaitu seperti Ilmu Tafsir, Ilmu Hadis, Ilmu Kalam, Ilmu Tasawuf, Ilmu Bahasa, Ilmu
Fiqih, serta pembukuan kitab-kitab hukum. Sedangkan perkembangan ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aqli </i>diantaranya Ilmu Kedokteran, Ilmu Filsafat,
dan lain lain.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perkembangan
ilmu pengetahuan pada masa ini, tidak terlepas dari adanya peranan pemerintah. Pada
masa kejayaan Islam banyak khalifah mencintai dan mendukung penuh perkembangan
ilmu pengetahuan, aktivitas mereka paling menonjol dan besar melalui
penerjemahan yang merupakan kegiatan yang paling besar peranannya dalam
mentransfer ilmu pengetahuan. Mereka menerjemahkan dari buku-buku asing,
seperti bahasa Sansekerta, Suryani, atau Yunani ke dalam Bahasa Arab yang telah
dimulai sejak zaman Umayyah. Misalnya, Khalid ibn Yazid, seorang penguasa,
pecinta ilmu yang memerintahkan kepada para cendekiawan Mesir atau yang tinggal
di Mesir agar mereka menerjemahkan buku-buku tentang kedokteran, bintang, dan
kimia yang berbahasa Yunani ke dalam Bahasa Arab. Demikian juga Khalifah Umar
II menyuruh menerjemahkan buku-buku kedokteran ke dalam Bahasa Arab.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada tahun 832 M.,
Ma’mun mendirikan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bait al-HIkmah</i> di
Bagdad sebagai Akademi pertama, lengkap dengan teropong bintang, perpustakaan,
dan lembaga penterjemahan. Kepala Akademi ini yang pertama adalah Yahya ibn
Musawaih (777-857 M.) murid Gibril ibn Bakhtisyu, kemudian diangkat Hunain ibn
Ishaq, murid Yahya sebagai ketua kedua.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sekitar akhir
abad ke-10 M., kegiatan kaum Muslim bukan hanya menerjemahkan, bahkan mulai
memberikan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syarahan</i> (penjelasan), dan
melakukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tahqiq </i>(pengeditan). Pada
mulanya muncul dalam bentuk karya tulis yang ringkas, lalu dalam wujud yang
lebih luas dan dipadukan dalam berbagai pemikiran dan petikan, analisis dan
kritik yang disusun dalam bentuk bab-bab dan pasal-pasal. Atas kepekaan mereka,
hasil kritik dan analisis itu memancing lahirnya teori-teori baru sebagai hasil
renungan mereka sendiri. Misalnya apa yang yang telah dilakukan oleh Muhammad
ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi dengan memisahkan aljabar dari ilmu hisab yang pada
akhirnya menjadi ilmu tersendiri secara sistematis. Pada masa inilah lahir
karya-karya ulama yang telah tersusun rapi, sehingga pada masa Bani <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbasiyah muncullah ulama-ulama besar.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para ulama
memelihara dan mentransfer ilmu mereka melalui hafalan atau lembaran-lembaran
yang tidak teratur. Kemudian barulah pada abad ke-7 M., mereka menulis hadis,
fikih, tafsir, dan banyak buku dari berbagai Bahasa Arab dan menjadi buku-buku
yang disusun secara sistematis. Di antara kebanggaan zaman pemerintahan
Abbasiyah adalah terdapat empat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>imam
mazhab, yaitu Abu Hanifah, Malik, Syafi’i, dan Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Mereka
merupakan para ulama fikih yang paling agung dan tiada bandingannya di dunia
Islam.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebab-Sebab
Kemunduran Dinasti Abbasiyah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah
berakhir kekuasaan Dinasti Saljuk atas Bagdad atau Khilafah Abbasiyah,
merupakan awal dari periode kelima. Pada periode ini, Khalifah Abbasiyah tidak
lagi berada di bawah kekuaasaan suatu dinasti tertentu, sehigga banyak sekali dinasti-dinasti
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Islam yang berdiri.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada masa inilah, Dinasti Abbasiyah mengalami
kemunduran. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun
faktor-faktor yang menjadi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyebab kemunduran
Dinasti Abbasiyah, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Internal</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada masa pemerintahan
Bani Abbasiyah, wilayah kekuasaannnya meliputi barat sampai samudera Atlantik,
disebelah timur sampai India dan perbatasan China, dan diutara dari laut
Kashpia sampai keselatan teluk Persia. Wilayah kekuasaan Abbasiyah yang hampir
sama luasnya dengan wilayah kekuasaan dinasti Mongol, tidak mudah dikendalikan
oleh para Khalifah yang lemah. Di samping itu, sistem komunikasi masih sangat
lemah dan tidak maju saat itu, menyebabkan tidak cepat dapat informasi akurat
apabila suatu daerah ada masalah, konflik, atau terjadi pemberontakan. Oleh
karena itu, terjadilah banyak wilayah lepas dan berdiri sendiri. Sebenarnya
pasca Khalifah Ma’mun, dinasti ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mulai
mengalami kemunduran. Sementara itu, kejauhan wilayah-wilayah yang terletak di
ketiga benua tersebut, dan kemudian <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>didorong oleh para khalifah yang makin lemah
dan malas yang dipengaruhi oleh kelompok-kelompok yang tidak terkendali bagi khalifah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karena tidak
adanya suatu sistem dan aturan yang baku menyebabkan sering gonta-ganti putera
mahkota dikalangan istana dan terbelahnya suara istana yang tidak menjadi kesatuan
bulat terhadap pengangkatan para pengganti khalifah. Seperti perang saudara
antara Amin-Ma’mun adalah bukti nyata. Di samping itu, tidak adanya kerukunan
antara tentara, istana, dan elit politik lain yang juga memicu kemunduran dan
kehancuran dinasti ini.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam buku yang
ditulis Abu Su’ud<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>,
disebutkan faktor-faktor intern yang membuat Daulah Abasiyah menjadi lemah kemudian
hancur antara lain : (1) adanya persaingan tidak sehat di antara beberapa
bangsa yang terhimpun dalam Daulah Abasiyah, terutama Arab, Persia, dan Turki.
(2) terjadi perselisihan pendapat di antara kelompok pemikiran agama yang ada,
yang berkembang menjadi pertumpahan darah. (3) muncul dinasti-dinasti kecil
sebagai akibat perpecahan sosial yang berkepanjangan. (4) akhirnya terjadi
kemerosotan tingkat perekonimian sebagai akibat dari bentrokan politik. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eksternal
</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Di samping
faktor-faktor internal, ada juga faktor ekstern yang menyebabkan dinasti ini
terjun kejurang kehancuran total, yaitu serangan Bangsa Mongol. Latar belakang
penghancuran dan penghapusan pusat Islam di Bagdad, salah satu faktor utama
adalah gangguan kelompok Asasin yang didirikan oleh Hasan ibn Sabbah (1256 M.)
dipegunungan Alamut, Iraq. Sekte, anak cabang Syi’ah Isma’iliyah ini sangat
mengganggu di Wilayah Persia dan sekitarnya. Baik di Wilayah Islam maupun di Wilayah
Mongol tersebut.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setelah beberapa
kali penyerangan terhadap Assasin, akhirnya Hullagu, cucu Chengis Khan dapat
berhasil melumpuhkan pusat kekuatan mereka di Alamut, kemudian menuju ke
Bagdad. Setelah membasmi mereka di Alamut, tentara Mongol mengepung kota Bagdad
selama dua bulan, setelah perundingan damai gagal, akhirnya Khalifah menyerah,
namun tetap dibunuh oleh Hulagu. Pembantaian massal itu menelan korban sebanyak
800. 000 orang.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu Su’ud<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengemukakan bahwa faktor ekstern yang
menyebabkan hancurnya Dinasti Abbasiyah, adalah : (1) berlangsung Perang Salib
yang berkepanjangan, dan yang paling menentukan adalah (2) sebuah pasukan
Mongol dan Tartar yang dipimpin oleh Hulagu Khan, yang berhasil menjarah semua
pusat-pusat kekuasaan maupun pusat ilmu, yaitu perpustakaan di Bagdad.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinasti
Kecil di Barat dan Timur</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abu
Su’ud<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>
dalam bukunya mengemukakan, bahwa lima tahun setelah berdiri kekhalifahan
Abbasiyah, Abd al-Rahman Muda, satu-satunya keturunan Dinasti Umayyah yang selamat
dari pembantaia massal. Satu tahun kemudian, tahun 756 M., dia mendirikan sebuah
dinasti yang kemudian <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi dinasti
besar. Selanjutnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada 785 M., Idris
ibn Abdullah, cicit al-Hasan ikut serta dalam salah satu pemberontakan sengit
kelompok Ali di Madinah. Perlawanan tersebut bisa diredam dan dia menyelamatkan
diri ke Maroko (al-Maghrib). Di sana berhasil mendirikan kerajaan yang
mengabadikan namanya selama hampir dua abad (788-974 M.), berikutnya yaitu
Idrisiyah, yang menjadikan Fez sebagai ibukota utamanya adalah dinasti Syi’ah
pertama dalam sejarah. Ketika Idrisiyah-Syiah meluaskan daerah kekuasaannya di
sebagian Barat Afrika Utara, Aglabiyah Sunni juga melakukan hal yang sama
ditimur. Di luar wilayah yang dinamakan Ifriqiyah (Afrika kecil, terutama
Tunisia)., Harun al-Rasyid pada tahun 800 M. telah mengangkat Ibrahim ibn
al-Aglab sebagai gubernur dan berdiri sendiri dalam memerintah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinasti
selanjutnya adalah Ziyadat Allah, merupakan penerus Ibrahim. Dinasti itu menjadi
salah satu titik penting dalam sejarah konflik berkepanjangan antar Asia dan
Eropa. Dengan armadanya yang lengkap, mereka memporak-poranadakan kawasan
pesisir Italia, Prancis, Korsika, dan Sardinia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak
lama setelah tuntas pemberontakan pada penguasa Abbasiyah di Mesir dan Suriah,
muncul lagi dinasti Turki lain yang masih keturunan Faghanah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yakni Iksidiyah yang didirikan di Fushtat, pendirinya
adalah Muhammad ibn Thughj (935-946 M.). Dinasti sebelum Iksidiyah adalah
dinasti Thulun yang berumur pendek (869-905 M.), di Mesir dan Suriah adalah
Ahmad ibn Thulun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ke
wilayah utara, Iksidiyah Mesir memiliki pesaing kuat yaitu Dinasti Hamdaniyah
yang Syi’ah, dinasti itu didirikan pertama kali di Mesopotamia dengan Mosul
sebagai ibu kota, mereka adalah keturunan Hamdan ibn Hamdun dari suku Thalib,
di bawah pimpinan Syaf al-Dawlah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Saat
dinasti-dinasti kecil sebagian besar berasal dari Arab memecah wilayah
kekuasaan khalifah di Barat, proses yang sama juga tengah terjadi di timur,
terutama dilakukan oleh orang Turki dan Persia. Dinasti yang pertama mendirikan
sebuah Negara semi-independen disebelah timur Bagdad adalah orang yang pernah
dipercaya al-Ma’mun untuk menduduki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jabatan jenderal yakni Thahir ibn al-Husayn dari Khurasan. Ia pendiri
dinasti Tahiriah berkuasa sampai tahun 872 M, dan digantikan oleh Dinasti
Saffariyah, bermula di Sijistan dan berkuasa di Persia selama 41 tahun (867-908
M.), didirikan oleh Ya’qub ibn al-Laits al-Saffar. Kemudian dinasti ini
digantikan oleh Dinasti Samaniyyah yang didirikan oleh Nashr ibn Ahmad
(874-892).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 163.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah
seorang budak Turki yang disukai dan dihargai oleh penguasa Samaniyyah,serta dianugerahi
pos penting dalam pemerintahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah
Alptigin. Pada 962 M., dia merebut Ghaznah terletak di Afghanistan dari tangan
penguasa pribumi dan mendirikan sebuah kerajaan independen dan berkembang
menjadi imperium Ghaznawi,.Wilayahnya meliputi Afghanistan dan Punjab (962-1186
M.), pendiri Dinasti Ghaznawi yang sesungguhnya adalah Subuktigin. Enam belas
raja Ghaznawi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang kemudian
menggantikannya adalah keturunan langsung darinya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.75pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">P E N
U T U P</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
pada pembahasan sebelumnya, maka dapatlah ditarik kesimpulan-kesimpulan sebagai
berikut : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dinasti Abbasiyah melanjutkan kekuasaan
Bani Umayyah. Dinamakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbasiyah,
karena para pendiri dan penguasa dinasti ini adalah keturunan al-Abbas paman Nabi
Muhammad saw.. Dinasti Abbasiyah didirikan oleh Abdullah al-Saffah ibn Muhammad
ibn Ali ibn Abdullah ibn al-Abbas. Kekuasaannya berlangsung dalam rentang waktu
yang panjang, dari tahun 132 H. (750 M.) s. d. 656 H. (1258 M.). Selama dinasti
ini berkuasa, pola pemerintahan yang diterapkan berbeda-beda sesuai dengan
perubahan politik, sosial, dan budaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada masa pemerintahan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dinasti Abbasiyah, Umat Islam banyak mengalami
kemajuan yang sangat pesat, di antaranya dalam bidang administrasi, agama,
sosial, ilmu pengetahuan, dan pemerintah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemunduran Dinasti Abbasiyah disebabkan
oleh banyak faktor, baik yang sifatnya internal maupun yang sifatnya eksternal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penulis
menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih sangat jauh dari kesempurnaan. Karenanya,
saran dan kritikan yang sifatnya membangun, sangat peulis harapkan dari semua
pihak. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wassalam </i></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hassan,
Hassan Ibrahim. <i>Tarikh Al-Islam,</i> Kairo:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Maktabah Al-Nahḍoh Al-Misyriyah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hitti, K, Philip. Terj. <i>History of
The Arabs</i>. cet. I; Jakarta: PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2005</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karim, Abdul, M. <i>Sejarah Pemikiran
Dan Peradaban Islam cet.I, </i>Yogyakarta: Pustaka Book Publisher, 2007.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mutrodi, Ali. <i>Islam Di Kawasan
Kebudayaan Arab</i>, cet.I; Ciputat: Wacana Ilmu: 1997.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Su’ud, Abu. <i>Islamologiy</i>. cet. I.
Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 2003.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sunanto, Musyrifah. <i>Sejarah Islam
Klasik</i>, cet. I; Bogor: Prenada Media, 2003 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yatim, Badri. <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam</i>,
Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 1993. </span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 1993)
h..49 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abu
Su’ud, <i>Islamologi</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(cet. I, Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 2003), h.
72.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Abdul Karim, <i>Sejarah Pemikiran Dan Peradaban Islam <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(Cet. I; Yogyakarta: Pustaka Book
Publisher, 2007), h. 143.</span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Musyrifah Sunanto, <i>Sejarah Islam Klasik</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Cet. I; Bogor: Prenada Media, 2003), h. 47. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid,</i> h. 48. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hanya
disebut sebagian, lebih lengkap lihat, Abu Su’ud,<i> Islamologiy </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Cet. I; Jakarta: PT Asdi Mahasatya, 2003 ),
h. 73-74.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Lihat,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>, h. 74-81</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Abdul Karim<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, op. cit</i>. h. 167</span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Abdul Karim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., h. 168 </span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>, h. 168-169.</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>, h. 169. </span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Ibid, h. 170</span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
abdul karim, op. cit., h. 171</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>, h. 172</span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Lihat,
Hassan Ibrahim Hassan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tarikh al-Islam</i>
(Kairo:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maktabah al-Nahḍoh al-Misyriyah,
t.th.) h. 129.</span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Musyrifah Sunanto<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, op. cit</i>., h. 54.</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Abdul. Karim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., h. 173</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid </i>, h. 174-175. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Musyrifah Sunanto, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit.,</i> h.
58-86.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Abdul Karim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., h. 175.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.</i>, h. 176. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>., h. 177. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Abdul Karim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit.,</i> h. 178. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Badri Yatim, <i>Sejarah Peradaban Islam </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Jakarta: PT raja Grafindo Persada, 1993), h.
79-80</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Abdul Karim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op.cit.,</i> h. 162.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>., h. 163.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abu
Su’ud, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit.,</i> h. 81. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M.
Abdul Karim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., h. 166-167 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>., h. 166. </span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abu Su’ud, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., h. 81-82.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abu Su’ud, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., h. 81-82.</span></div>
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<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., </i>h. 82</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-38737257434129182752012-12-29T15:05:00.000-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.043-07:00Makalah "Alum al-Hadits"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I. PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hadis berbeda dengan Alquran. Alquran sebagai sumber
ajaran Islam sudah tidak diragukan lagi untuk dikatakan sebagai wahyu Allah,
mengingat proses penerimaan dan penulisannya begitu ketat dan telah terhimpun
dalam suatu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muṣhaf</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
Setelah Rasullah saw. wafat, kaum muslimin merasa perlu menjaga kesinambungan
wahyu dan kesuciannya. Suatu fakta yang menunjukkan kearah itu adalah<i> </i>proses
transmisi dan periwayatan naskah </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alquran hingga tahap pengkodifikasiannya yang
telah diperiksa dan disatukan oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Nabi saw. sendiri. Hafsah kemudian menyampaikannya
ke Abu Bakar dan seterusnya. Kenyataan tersebut menjadi bukti yang tidak
terbantahkan bahwa naskah Alquran telah dikumpulkan dengan ekstra hati-hati
sehingga keabsahan penggunaannya sebagai dasar hukum dan pedoman hidup bagi Umat
Islam tidak diragukan lagi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan untuk hadis-hadis Nabi saw.
timbul beragam permasalahan, diantaranya apakah suatu yang diangap orang hadis
memang benar-benar hadis atau bukan? Sering sekali kita mendengar atau membaca
dalam berbagai karya tulis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentang
petuah-petuah atau perkataan-perkataan ulama yang sudah terlanjur dianggap
sebagai hadis, sehingga sangat disanjung-sanjung dan dijadikan pegangan yang
tidak bisa ditawar-tawar lagi, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada hal
sebenarnya bukanlah hadis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Untuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempertahankan kelestarian
hadis diperlukan suatu ilmu tersendiri yang membahas tentang hadis, karenanya
muncullah istilah metodologi pengumpulan dan penulisan hadis. Sejarah
penulisan, pengumpulan dan pembukuan hadis dan ilmu hadis telah melewati
serangkaian<i> fase historis</i> yang sangat panjang. Dimulai semenjak Nabi saw,
sahabat, tabi’in dan seterusnya hingga mencapai puncaknya pada kurun abad III H.
Perjuangan ulama hadis yang telah berusaha dengan keras dalam melakukan
penelitian serta penyeleksian hadis, betul-betul dilakukan dengan
sungguh-sungguh. Mereka memilah dan memilih mana hadis yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ṣahih</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">, hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hasan</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> dan mana hadis yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">da’if</i></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">. Dari usaha-usaha mereka itu kemudian melahirkan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metode-metode yang cukup “kaya”, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mulai dari metode penyusunan dalam berbagai bentuknya
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">musnad</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sunan,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jami</i>’ dan
lain-lain) hingga kepada kaidah-kaidah penelusuran hadis. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaidah-kaidah tersebut, kemudian berkembang
menjadi suatu disiplin ilmu tersendiri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang disebut dengan “ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">”<i>.</i></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembukuan hadis
baru dapat dilakukan dalam rentang waktu yang cukup lama (hampir satu abad)
setelah wafat Nabi saw, ditambah lagi dengan kenyataan sejarah bahwa banyak
hadis-hadis yang dipalsukan, maka keabsahan hadis-hadis yang beredar dikalangan
kaum muslimin menjadi <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">perdebatan<i>.</i></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meskipun mereka telah meneliti dengan
seksama. Kondisi tersebut, sering dijadikan senjata oleh pihak lawan untuk
mendiskreditkan hadis-hadis Nabi saw., dan merongrong keyakinan Umat Islam. Lebih-lebih
lagi diketahui bahwa lingkungan Nabi saw. sangat miskin dari budaya baca tulis.
Meskipun <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mereka dikenal sebagai
komunitas yang mempunyai hapalan yang kuat, namun hal itu sifatnya sangat subjektif.
Oleh karena itu, mempelajari ilmu hadis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebagai sebuah metodologi sangatlah penting bagi kaum muslimin guna menangkis
segala tuduhan yang dilontarkan oleh orang-orang yang memusuhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Agama Islam dan umatnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rumusan
Masalah.</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
pada uraian-uraian pada latar belakang di atas, maka dapatlah dikemukakan bahwa
permasalahan-permasalahan yang menjadi inti pembahasan dalam makalah ini adalah
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>jika
dilihat dari aspek ontologis ?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>jika
dilihat dari <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">aspek epistemologis ?</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagaimana <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jika
dilihat dari <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">aspek aksiologis</span>.?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">II. PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>dalam Aspek Ontologis.</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dilihat dari aspek ontologis, yang menjadi pokok
bahasan dalam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mencakup dua hal, yakni : 1. Pengertian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dan 2. Perbedaan pendapat ulama tentang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Istilah
“<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm
al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”</i> terdiri dari dua
suku kata, yaitu “<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm</i></span><i>”</i> dan “al-<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Hadīṡ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">”.</span></i>
Kata “<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm</i></span><i>”
</i>dalam bahasa Arab adalah bentuk jamak dari “ʻ<i>Ilm”</i> yang berarti ilmu.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><sup> </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">al-Hadīṡ</span></i>” menurut pengertian ulama
hadis ialah;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أقوال وأفعال وأحوال
النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم</span></b></div>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Segala perkataan,
perbuatan, dan hal ihwal Nabi saw</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yang
dimaksud dengan <i>hal ihwal</i>, ialah segala yang diriwayatkan dari Nabi saw.
yang berkaitan dengan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">perkataan atau
perbuatan</span>, karakteristik, sejarah kelahiran, dan kebiasaan-kebiasaannya.
Pengertian hadis ini mempunyai cakupan yang sangat luas, tidak terbatas pada
apa yang disandarkan kepada Nabi saw. saja, melainkan juga apa yang disandarkan
kepada sahabat dan tabi’in.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebagian ulama juga berpendapat bahwa hadis <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu meliputi sabda Nabi saw., perbuatan, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taqrir</i><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
(ketetapan) darinya. Sebagian yang lainnya berpendapat bahwa hadis itu juga
meliputi perkataan, pebuatan dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taqrir</i>
sahabat atau bahkan tabi’in.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Tetapi
ulama hadis umumnya berpendapat bahwa yang dimaksud dengan hadis ialah segala
sabda, perbuatan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taqrir</i>, dan hal
ihwal yang disandarkan kepada Nabi saw.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></a></span> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apabila
kedua kata tersebut (<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">)</i> dirangkaikan menjadi satu, diperoleh
suatu pengertian bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i> </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah suatu ilmu yang membahas tentang segala
sesuatu yang berkenaan dengan sabda Nabi saw., perbuatan, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taqrir</i>nya. Bahkan, dalam pengertian
luas, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga termasuk perbuatan dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taqrir</i> sahabat atau bahkan tabi’in. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perbedaan Pandangan Ulama Tentang <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm
al-Hadīṡ</i></span>.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apabila
persoalan ini ditelusuri secara mendalam, maka sebenarnya tidak dijumpai
pertentangan pendapat secara signifikan diantara para ulama seputar masalah <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span>.
Baik itu<i> ulama mutaqaddimin</i>, ataupun juga juga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">u<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">lama mutaakhirin. Ulama mutaqaddimin</span></i>
misalnya, mengemukakan bahwa yang menjadi tema pokok dalam pembahasan <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>adalah kaidah-kaidah dalam mengetahui
hal ihwal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
hadis. Sementara <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ulama<i> mutaakhkhirīn</i></span>
tidak menjadikan definisi tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebagaimana ulama <i>mutaqaddimīn</i>, akan tetapi hanya menjadikan
sebagai bagian pengertian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>salah satu
cabang dari ilmu Hadis itu sendiri. Yakni ʻ<i>Ilmu Dirāyah Hadīṡ</i> (Ilmu
Hadis Dirayah). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seperti
dikatakan oleh As-Sayuthi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa para<i>
Ulama Mutaakhkhirīn</i> memakai definisi tersebut untuk definisi<i> ʻIlmu Dirāyah
Hadīṡ</i> sebagai salah satu bagian dari Ilmu Hadis.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagian yang lain dari ilmu ini adalah<i> ʻIlmu
Riwāyah Hadiṡ </i>(Ilmu Hadis Riwayah). Kedua pembagian ilmu hadis tersebut,
selanjutnya menjadi inti pembahasan makalah ini sebagai cabang dari “<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 34.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesimpulannya,
baik <i>ulama mutaqaddimīn</i> maupun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">u<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">lama mutaakhkhirīn</span></i> sepakat
berpendapat bahwa pokok bahasan dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span>, adalah seputar
permasalahan tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i> hadis. Adapun perbedaannya tidak
lain disebabkan karena dikalangan<i> Ulama Mutaakhkhirīn</i> kemudian
memunculkan suatu Ilmu baru yang berdiri sendiri dan mengkonsentrasikan
pembahasannya terhadap suatu masalah tertentu, yakni bagaimana cara menerima,
menyampaikan, memindahkan (men<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">diwan</i>kan)
suatu hadis kepada orang lain. Ilmu Hadis ini kemudian dikenal dengan nama ʻ<i>Ilmu
Hadīṡ Riwāyah</i> (Ilmu Riwayah Hadis). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Dalam
Aspek Epistemologi. </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ditinjau
dari aspek epistemologinya, maka yang menjadi pokok pembahasan meliputi dua
bagian, yaitu cabang-cabang <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span> dan sejarah
perkembangan <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cabang-cabang
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm
al-Hadīṡ</i></span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seperti
telah dikemukakan sebelumnya, bahwa <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menurut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulama
mutaakhkhirīn</i> secara garis besarnya terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu ʻ<i>Ilmu
Riwāyah Hadīṡ</i> (Ilmu Hadis Riwayah) dan ʻ<i>Ilmu Dirāyah Hadīṡ</i> (Ilmu
Hadis Dirayah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu
Riwāyah Hadīṡ</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata “<i>riwāyah”</i>
secara bahasa diartikan sebagai periwayatan atau cerita. Secara terminologi,
yang dimaksud dengan ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Riwāyah Hadīṡ</i>
adalah: “Ilmu yang menukilkan segala yang disandarkan kepada Nabi saw., baik
beupa perkataan, perbuatan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taqrir,</i>
maupun sifatnya. Begitu juga yang menukilkan segala yang disandarkan kepada sahabat
dan tabi’in”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Definisi
tersebut merupakan definisi yang mengacu kepada rumusan hadis secara luas.
Sedangkan yang mengacu kepada rumusan hadis secara sempit, maka ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Riwāyah Hadīṡ </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diartikan sebagai segala yang disandarkan
kepada Nabi saw., tidak termasuk yang disandarkan kepada sahabat dan tabi’in.
Seperti pengertian yang dikemukakan oleh T. M. Hasbi ash-Shiddieqy bahwa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu
Riwāyah Hadīṡ</i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>adalah ilmu
yang menukilkan segala apa yang disandarkan kepada Nabi saw., baik perkataan,
perbuatan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taqrir</i> ataupun sifat
anggota tubuh, ataupun sifat perangai. <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> Hal
yang sama juga dikemukakan oleh A. Qadir Hassan mengutif definisi dalam kitab “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Minhat al-Mugieṣ</i>" bahwa ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Riwāyah Hadīṡ </i>adalah suatu ilmu
yang mengandung pembicaraan tentang mengkhabarkan sabda-sabda Nabi saw.,
perbuatan-perbuatannya, hal-hal yang beliau benarkan, atau sifat-sifatnya
sendiri.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pada beberapa definisi di atas,
dapat difahami bahwa yang menjadi objek pembahasan dari ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Riwāyah Hadīṡ </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah
bagaimana cara menerima, menyampaikan,dan memindahkan (men<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">diwan</i>kan) suatau hadis kepada orang lain. Ilmu ini tidak
membicarakan tentang <i>syaz</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(kejanggalan) serta <i>illat</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(kecacatan) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i> hadis.<sup> </sup>Demikian pula ilmu ini tidak membicarakan
tentang kualitas para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> baik
dari segi keadilannya, ke<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ḍabit</i>an
ataupun ke<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fasik</i>annya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Dirāyah Hadīṡ</i></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Dirāyah Hadīṡ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>ialah ilmu yang di dalamnya dibahaskan
tentang makna yang dipahamkan dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafaẓ-lafaẓ</i>
hadis dan apa yang dikehendaki dari padanya, berdasarkan kaidah-kaidah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lugah</i> Arabiyah, kaidah-kaidah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syarīʻah</i> dan bersesuaian dengan
keadaan-keadaan Nabi saw.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> Sebagian
Ulama lainnya mendifinisikan bahwa <i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Dirāyah Hadīṡ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah : Ilmu pengetahuan untuk mengetahui
hakikat periwayatan, syarat-syarat, macam-macam, dan hukum-hukumnya, serta
untuk mengetahui keadaan para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rāwi</i>.
Baik syarat-syaratnya, macam-macam hadis yang diriwayatkan dan segala yang
berkaitan dengannya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan pada
definisi tersebut, dapat diketahui bahwa objek pembahasan ʻ<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Dirāyah Hadīṡ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>adalah
keadaan para <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">pe<i>rāwi</i></span> dan <i>marwi</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">nya</span>. Keadaan para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rāwi</i> meliputi baik yang menyangkut
pribadinya, keadaan hafalannya, maupun yang menyangkut persambungan dan
terputusnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad.</i> Sedang keadaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rāwi</i> yang dimaksud adalah sudut ke<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ṣahih</i>an, ke<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ḍa’if</i>an serta sudut-sudut lain yang berkaitan dengan keadaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan.</i> Dari <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kedua cabang ilmu </span>ini, pada perkembangan berikutnya muncullah
cabang-cabang ilmu hadis, antara lain, seperti ; ʻ<i>Ilmu Rijāl al-Hadīṡ, ʻIlmu
al-Jārh Wa al-Ta’dīl, ʻIlmu Illa al-Hadīṡ, ʻIlmu Nāsikh Wa al-Mansūkh, ʻIlmu
Asbab al-Wurūd al-Hadīṡ, ʻIlmu Talfīk al-Hadīṡ</i>, dan lain-lain. Berikut ini
penjelasan singkat ilmu-ilmu yang dimaksud :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ʻ<i>Ilmu
Rijāl al-Hadīṡ</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian ʻ<i>Ilmu
Rijal al-Hadīṡ</i> adalah;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">علم يبحث فيه
عن رواة الحديث من الصحابة والتابعين ومن بعدهم</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>"Ilmu
yang membahas tentang para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i>
hadis, baik dari sahabat, tabi’in, maupun dari angkatan sesudahnya”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mempelajari ilmu
ini, kita dapat mengetahui keadaan para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i>
yang menerima hadis dari Rasullah, serta keadaan para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i> yang menerima hadis dari sahabat dan seterusnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dalam ilmu ini diterangkan sejarah ringkas dari riwayat hidup para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i>, mazhab yang dipegang oleh para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i> dan keadaan-keadaan para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">raw</i>i itu dalam menerima hadis.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kitab yang
disusun dalam ilmu ini banyak ragamnya. Ada yang hanya menerangkan riwayat
ringkas para sahabat, menerangkan riwayat umum para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i>-pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i>, menerangkan
para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i> yang dipercayai saja,
menerangkan riwayat para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi </i>yang
dianggap lemah atau <i>mudallis</i> atau para pemuat <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hadis<i> maudu’</i></span> dan lain-lain. Diantara para ulama yang
telah menyusun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>riwayat ringkas para
sahabat adalah Al-Bukhari (256 H), Ibnu Abdil Barr (463 H) dengan kitabnya <i>Al-Istiab</i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada permulaan
abad VII H., Izuddin Ibn Atsir (630 H) mengumpulkan kitab yang telah disusun
sebelum masanya dan dinamai<i> Usdul Gabah. </i>Pada abad IX H., al-Hafid Ibn
Hajar menyusun sebuah kitab yang diberi nama <i>Al-Ishabah.</i> Kitab ini
merupakan kumpulan dari kitab <i>Al-Istiab </i>dan<i> Usdul Gabah </i>dan
ditambah dengan apa yang tidak terdapat dalam kedua kitab tersebut.</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. ʻIlmu
al-Jārh Wa al-Ta’dīl.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ʻIlmu al-Jārh Wa
al-Ta’dīl </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pada
hakikatnya merupakan suatu bagian dari ʻ<i>Ilmu Rijāl al-Hadīṡ.</i> Akan
tetapi, karena bagian ini dipandang sebagai yang terpenting, maka ilmu ini
dijadikan sebagai ilmu yang berdiri sendiri. Dari penamaannya saja maka kita
dapat mengetahui bahwa pembahasan dalam ilmu ini adalah meliputi catatan yang
dihadapkan pada pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i> dan tentang
penakdilan serta kata-kata yang dipakainya, begitu juga martabat dari kata-kata
tersebut. Mempelajari ilmu ini sangatlah baik agar seseorang dapat terhindar
dari riwayat-riwayat yang dianggap datangnya dari Nabi saw. atau para
sahabatnya, padahal hanyalah merupakan riwayat-riwayat palsu yang sengaja
dibuat oleh orang-orang yang tidak senang terhadap Nabi saw. dan
ajaran-ajarannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Diantara para
sahabat yang menyebutkan keadaan pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i>-pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i> hadis adalah Ibn Abbas (68 H),
Ubadah Ibn Shamit (34 H), Anas Ibn Malik (93 H), dan lain-lain. Dari kalangan terakhir
masa tabi’in yaitu sekitar tahun 150 H, para ahli mulai menyebutkan
keadaan-keadaan para pe<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rawi</i>, <i>mena’dīl</i>
dan<i> menajrihkan</i> mereka. Diantara Ulama besar yang memberikan perhatian
dalam bidang ini adalah Yahya Ibn Said Al-Khattan (189 H), Abdurrahman Ibn
Mahdi (198 H), serta ulama-ulama berikutnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kitab yang
disusun mengenai <i>jarh</i> dan <i>ta’dīl</i> , ada beberapa macam. Ada yang
menerangkan orang-orang yang dipercayai saja, menerangkan orang yang lemah atau
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">me<i>naldis</i>kan</span> dan ada pula
yang melengkapi keduanya. Diantara kitab yang melengkapi semua itu adalah kitab
<i>Ṭabaqāt</i> yang disusun oleh Muhammad Ibn Saad Az-Zuhri Al-Basari (230 H). </span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. ʻIlmu
Illa al-Hadīṡ.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">علم يبحث فيه
عن أسباب غامضة خفية قادحة فى صحة الحديث</span></b></div>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Ilmu
yang menerangkan sebab-sebab yang tersembuyi, tidak nyata yang dapat
mencacatkan hadis”.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian yang
dimaksudkan dalam ilmu ini, adalah menyambung yang <i>mungqati</i>, <i>merafa’</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kan</span> yang <i>mauquf</i>, memasukkan
suatu hadis kedalam hadis yang lain, dan yang serupa dengan itu semua. Bila diketahui
, maka dapat merusakkan ke<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ṣahih</i>an
hadis. Diantara ulama yang menulis ilmu ini ialah Ibn Mandini (234 H), Ibn Abi
Hatim (327 H), kitab beliau dinamai <i>Kitab Illa al-Hadīṡ</i>. Selain itu
Ulama yang menulis kitab ini adalah Al-Imam Muslim (261 H), Ad-Daruqutni (357
H), dan Muhammad Ibn Abdillah Al-Hakim.</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d. ʻIlm
al-Nāsikh wa al-Mansūkh.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">علم يبحث فيه
عن الناسخ والمنسوخ من الأحاديث</span></b></div>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>“Ilmu
yang menerangkan hadis-hadis yang sudah di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mansukh</i>kan
dan yang me<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nasikh</i>kannya”<sup>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a></sup></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apabila didapati
suatu hadis yang<i> maqbul</i>, tidak ada yang memberikan perlawanan maka hadis
tersebut dinamai <i>muhkam</i>. Namun jika dilawan oleh hadis yang sederajat,
tetapi dikumpulkan dengan mudah maka hadis tersebut dinamai <i>mukhatakif al-Hadīṡ</i>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika tak mungkin dikumpul dan diketahui
mana yang terkemudian, maka yang terkemudian dinamai <i>nāsikh</i> dan yang
terdahulu dinamai <i>mansūkh</i>.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terdapat
beberapa ulama yang telah menyusun kitab<i> al-Nāsikh wa al-Mansūkh,</i>
diantaranya adalah ; Ahmad Ibn Ishak Ad-Dinary (318 H), Muhammad Ibn Bahar
Al-Asbahani (322 H), Ahmad ibn Muhammad An-Nahhas (338 H), Muhammad ibn Musa
Al-Hazimi (584 H) menyusun kitab yang dinamai <i>al-Iktibar,</i> yang kemudian
diringkaskan oleh Ibn Abdil Haq<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(744 H).</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">e.ʻIlmu Asbāb al-Wurūd al-Hadīṡ.</span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ʻIlmu Asbāb al-Wurūd
al-Hadīṡ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
ini sangat penting diketahui karena dapat menolong kita dalam memahami hadis,
sebagaimana ilmu <i>Asbāb al-Nuzūl</i> dapat membantu kita dalam memahami
Alquran. Ulama yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mula-mula menyusun
kitab ini dan kitabnya ada dalam masyarakat adalah Abu Hafas Ibn Umar Muhammad
ibn Raja Al-Ukhbari. Kemudian dituliskan pula oleh Ibrahim ibn Muhammad, yang
terkenal dengan nama Ibnu Hamzah Al-Huzaini (1120 H), dalam kitabnya<i>
Al-Bayan wa al-Tarif</i> dan dicetak pada tahun 1329 H.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">f. ʻIlmu
Talfik al-Hadīṡ.</span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ʻIlmu Talfik al-Hadīṡ
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ialah
suatu ilmu yang membahas tentang cara mengumpulkan suatu hadis yang isinya
berlawanan. Ilmu ini dinamai juga Ilmu <i>Mukhalif al-Hadīṡ.</i> Diantara Ulama
besar yang berusaha menyusun ilmu ini ialah; Al-Imam Syafi’i (204 H), Ibnu
Qurtaibah (276 H), At-Tahawi (321 H), dan lain-lain. Kitabnya bernama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">-Tahqiq
</span></i>yang kemudian disyarahkan oleh al-Ustaẓ Ahmad Muhammad Syakir.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sejarah
Perkembangan ʻ<i>Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i>.</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
dasarnya ʻ<i>Ulūm al-Hadīṡ </i>telah lahir sejak dimulainya periwayatan hadis,
terutama setelah Rasulullah saw. wafat. Hal ini disebabkan karena Umat Islam
merasa khawatir akan hilang hadis-hadis Nabi saw., para sahabat kemudian
mulai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>giat melakukan pencatatan dan
periwayatan hadis. Mereka telah mulai mempergunakan kaidah-kaidah dan
metode-metode tertentu dalam menerima hadis, namun mereka belumlah mulai menuliskan
kaidah-kaidah tersebut.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada masa tabi’in, ulama yang
pertama kali menetapkan dasar-dasar ilmu hadis ialah<i> Ibn Ṣihab al-Zuhri</i>
(51-124 H), sehubungan dengan keahliannya dalam bidang hadis, dan kedudukan
dirinya sebagai pengumpul hadis atas perintah resmi dari Khalifah Umar ibn
Abdul Azis. Pada saat tersebut, ilmu hadis sudah mulai nampak meskipun dalam
bentuk kaidah-kaidah yang <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">simpel </span>dan
sederhana. Pada perkembangan berikutnya kaidah-kaidah itu semakin dikembangkan
oleh para ulama yang muncul pada abad II dan III H., baik yang mengkhususkan
diri dalam mempelajari bidang hadis maupun dalam bidang-bidang lain. Dalam hal
ini, dapat dilihat misalnya para ulama dari Imam Mazhab, juga turut
membicarakan dan menyusun ilmu ini (ʻ<i>Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i>). Terlebih lagi
mengalami perkembangan setelah munculnya para <i>Ulama Mudawwin Hadīṡ</i>,
seperti Imam Malik ibn Anas, al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, al-Turmudzi, al-Nasa’i,
dan Ibn Majah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ulama yang pertama kali menyusun
ilmu hadis dalam suatu disiplin ilmu secara lengkap adalah seorang ulama sunni
bernama al-Qadhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abu Muhammad al-Hasan
ibn Abdurrahman ibn Khalad al-Ramahurmuzi<i> </i>(w. tahun 360 H), kitabnya
diberi nama <i>al-Muhaddiṡ al-fas al-Baina al-Rawi wa al-Wā’i</i>. Kitab ini
belum mencakup seluruh ilmu hadis, namun meskipun demikian kitab ini pada
masanya merupakan kitab terlengkap yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh para ulama
berikutnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada perkembangan berikutnya disusun
sebuah kitab ilmu Hadis yang bernama<i> “Al-Kifāyah fi al-ʻIlm al-Riwāyah”</i>
oleh al-Khatib al-Bagdadi Abu Bakar ibn Ahmad bin Ali (w. tahun 463 H). Kitab
ini membahas tentang pedoman-pedoman dalam periwayatan hadis dengan menjelaskan
prinsip-prinsip serta kaidah-kaidah dalam periwayatan hadis serta mazhab para ulama
dalam masalah yang mereka perselisihkan. Perkembangan berikutnya muncul <i>Kitab
al-Ilm Fi Ulūm al-Riwāyah wa al-Sima’</i> karya Qadhi Iyad ibn Musa al-Yahsubi
(w. tahun 544 H). <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada permulaan abad XIV H., umat
Islam terbangkitkan oleh sejumlah kekhawatiran yang setiap saat bisa muncul
akibat persentuhan antara dunia Islam dengan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dunia Timur</span> dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Barat</span>,
bentrokan militer yang tidak manusiawi, serta <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kolonialisme pemikiran</span> yang lebih jahat dan lebih bahaya. Kondisi
ini, menuntut disusunya kitab-kitab yang membahas seputar informasi tersebut,
guna menyanggah kesalahan-kesalahan dan kedustaan mereka. Maka tersusunlah
kitab ʻ<i>Ulūm al-Hadīṡ </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Qawāid al-Tahdīṡ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
karya Syeh Jamaluddin al-Qasimi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Miftah al-Sunnah atau Tarikh Fanun al-Hadīṡ
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">karya
Abdul Azis al-Khuli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Sunnah wa Makanatuha Fi al-Tasyri’ al-Islami</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
karya Dr. Mustafa as-Siba’i.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Hadīṡ Wa al-Muhaddisun</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> karya
Dr. Muhammad Abu Zahw.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Manhaj al-Hadīṡ fi ʻUlum al-Hadiṡ</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
karya al-Ustaẓ Dr. Syekh Muhammad as-Simahi.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari penjelasan tersebut dapat
difahami bahwa sejarah<i> </i>ʻ<i>Ulūm al-Hadīṡ </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sudah dimulai sejak zaman para sahabat,
setelah Rasulullah saw. meninggal dunia, walaupun pada masa tersebut ilmu hadis
belumlah disusun dalam bentuk buku. Selanjutnya mengalami perkembangan seiring
dengan perkembangan zaman, sebagai bentuk penyempurnaan sekaligus jawaban atau
sanggahan dari fitnah yang dilontarkan oleh orang-orang yang memusuhi Islam dan
ajarannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">III. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ʻ<i>Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam Aspek Aksiologis</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membahas ʻ<i>Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>dari aspek <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">aksiologis</span>,
tentunya tidak bisa lepas dan bahkan sangat erat kaitannya dengan pembahasan ʻ<i>Ilmu
Dirāyah Hadīṡ</i> dan ʻ<i>Ilmu Riwāyah Hadīṡ</i>. Dalam hal ini, yang ingin
dilihat adalah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mamfaat atau faedah dari
mempelajari ilmu-ilmu tersebut. Jika diperhatikan pembahasan sebelumnya, maka
dapat dipahami bahwa di antara faedah atau mamfaat mempelajari Ilmu-ilmu Hadis
adalah sebagai berikut ;</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kita dapat mengetahui pertumbuan dan
perkembangan hadis dan ilmu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hadis dari
masa kemasa, sejak zaman Rasulullah saw. sampai sekarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kita dapat mengetahui tokoh-tokoh
beserta usaha-usaha yang telah mereka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lakukan dalam mengumpulkan, memelihara, dan meriwayatkan sebuah hadis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kita dapat mengetahui kaidah-kaidah yang
dipergunakan oleh para ulama dalam mengklasifikasikan sebuah hadis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kita dapat mengetahui istilah-istilah,
nilai-nlai, dan kriteria-kriteria hadis yang akan dijadikan sebagai pedoman
dalam ber<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">istinbath</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kita dapat mengetahui nama-nama hadis
yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">maqbūl</i> (dapat diterima) dan yang
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mardūd </i>(ditolak).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kita dapat mengetahui hadis yang belum
dapat diterima dan belum bisa ditolak (hadis yang seharusnya di<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tawakuf</i>kan) sehingga mendapat kejelasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kita dapat terhindar dari kebohongan
riwayat-riwayat yang bukan datangnya dari Nabi saw. ataupun para sahabat. Dan
masih terlalu banyak mamfaat dan faedah yang dapat kita ambil dalam mempelajari
ilmu-ilmu hadis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari beberapa mamfaat dan faedah
yang disebutkan diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa mamfaat mempelajari ʻ<i>Ilmu
Dirāyah Hadīṡ Dirayah</i> adalah untuk dapat mengetahui kualitas sebuah hadis,
apakah ia <i>Maqbūl</i> ataukah<i> Mardūd</i> baik dilihat dari sudut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad</i> ataupun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan</i>nya. Sedangkan tujuan dan faedah mempelajari ʻ<i>Ilmu Riwāyah
Hadīṡ </i>adalah sebagai bentuk pemeliharaan terhadap hadis Nabi saw. agar
tidak lenyap atau hilang, serta terhindar dari kekeliruan dan kesalahan dalam
proses periwayatan, penulisan ataupun pembukuannya. Dengan demikian ,
hadis-hadis Nabi saw. dapat terpelihara kemurniannya dan dapat diamalkan
hukum-hukum serta tuntunan yang terkandung didalamnya. Hal ini senada dengan
perintah Allah swt. agar menjadikan Nabi Muhammad saw. sebagai ikutan dan suri
teladan dalam kehidupan ini, sebagaimana Firman Allah dalam Q.S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Ahzab</i>; 21</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">لَقَدْ
كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ لِمَنْ كَانَ يَرْجُو اللَّهَ
وَالْيَوْمَ الآخِرَ وَذَكَرَ اللَّهَ كَثِيرًا</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Artinya; Sesungguhnya telah ada pada
(diri) Rasulullah itu suri teladan yang baik bagimu, (yaitu) bagi orang yang
mengharap (rahmat) Allah dan (kedatangan) hari kiamat dan dia banyak menyebut
Allah.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">III. PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berangkat dari <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pokok permasalahan yang telah diuraikan
diatas, maka penulis menarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahwa
ʻ<i>Ulūm al-Hadīṡ</i> ditinjau dari aspek ontologisnya adalah merupakan
kumpulan dari beberapa ilmu-ilmu hadis yang telah dimulai pada masa <i>ulama mutakadimīn,</i>
lalu kemudian dijadikan sebagai suatu disiplin ilmu pengetahuan yang disebut<i>
</i>ʻ<i>Ilmu Riwāyah Hadīṡ.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahwa
<i>ulama mutaakhirūīn</i> secara umum membagi ʻ<i>Ilmu Riwāyah Hadīṡ</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>kepada dua bagian yaitu ʻ<i>Ilmu Dirāyah
Hadīṡ</i> (Ilmu Hadis Dirayah) dan ʻ<i>Ilmu Riwāyah Hadīṡ</i> (Ilmu Hadis
Riwayah).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahwa
mempelajari ʻ<i>Ilmu Riwāyah Hadīṡ</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>memberikan
manfaat atau faedah yang, diantaranya adalah menghindari adanya penukilan hadis
yang salah dari sumber pertamanya yaitu Nabi saw., serta bagaimana
mempertahankan hadis-hadis Nabi saw sebagai sumber hukum kedua bagi umat Islam,
dari serangan orang-orang yang tidak senang terhadap Nabi Saw. beserta
ajaran-ajarannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">II. Saran-saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penulis menyadari bahwa masih telalu
banyak kesalahan dan kekhilafan dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Oleh karena itu
penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritikan yang sifatnya membangun guna kesempurnaan
makalah ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">Departemen
Agama RI., </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Semarang : PT. Tanjung Mas Inti, 1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahmad, Muhammad., dan Mudzakkir, <i>Ulumul
Hadis,</i> Cet. III; CV., Bandung Pustaka Setia:, 2004.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ahmad, Arifuddin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paradigma Baru Memahami Hadis Nabi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></i>Edisi II; Ciputat : MSCC, 2005 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Azami, M. M.,<i> Memahami Ilmu
Hadis-Telaah Metodologi dan Literatur Hadis,</i> Cet. III; Jakarta: Lentera
Basritama, 2003.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hassan
. Qadir,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Mushthalah Hadits </i>Cet, III; Bandung : CV. Diponegoro, 1987</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khaeruman, Badri,<i> Otentitas Hadis:
Studi Kritis Atas Kajian Hadis Kontemporer</i>, Cet. I; Bandung : PT. Remaja
Rosdakarya, 2004 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ranuwijaya, Utang<i>, Ilmu Hadis</i>,
Cet. IV; Jakarta : Gaya Media Pratama, 2001.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As-Shalih, Subhi, <i>Membahas Ilmu-ilmu
Hadis, </i>Cet. V; Jakarta : Pustaka Firdaus, 2002.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As-Shiddieqy, Hasbi, T.M. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pokok-Pokok Ilmu Dirayah Hadis, </i>Cet. III;
Jakarta : P.T. Bulan Bintang, 1987.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salim, Amr Abdul Mun’im,<i> Taysir ʻUlum
al-Hadīṡ Li al-Mubtadi’in; Muẓakkirat Ushul<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>al-Hadīṡ Li Mubtai’in, </i>Kairo : Maktabah Ibn Taymiah, 1997.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Suparta, Mundzier, <i>Ilmu Hadis,</i>
Edisi 1-4; Jakarta :PT. Raja Grfindo Persada, 2006.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yuslem, Nawir, <i>Ulumul Hadis</i>, Jakarta
: PT. Mutiara Sumber Widya, 2001. </span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ṣahih</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">
menurut<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> lugah </i>adalah lawan dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saqiem</i> : yang sehat, lawan dari yang
sakit, dan bermakna <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haq</i> lawan dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">baṭil</i>. Sedangkan menurut istilah
terdapat beberapa definisi, diantaranya : “hadis yang sejahtera lafadhnya dari
keburukan susunannya, sejahtera maknanya dari menyalahi ayat, atau khabar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutawatir</i> atau ijma’ dan segala
perawinya orang yang adil. Lihat, T. M. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy, <i>Pokok-Pokok
Ilmu Dirayah Hadits</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Cet. VII<i> </i></span>,
Jakarta : P. T. Bulan Bintang, 1987), h. 109</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hasan </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">menurut<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> lugah </i>adalah “yang dirindui nafsu dan
yang disenanginya”. Sedangkan menurut istilah, ialah “Hadits dinukilkan dari
orang yang adil, yang kurang kuat iingatannya, yang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muttashil</i> (bersambung sanadnya) yang musnad jalan datangnya (sampai
kepada Nabi saw.) yang tidak cacat dan tidak mempunyai kejanggalan. Lihat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., </i>h. 162</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ḍa’if
</i>menurut bahasa adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ajiz </i>yang
lemah lawan dari yang kuat. Menurut istilah : “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hadits </i>yang tiada mengumpulkan sifat-sifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hadits shahih</i> dan juga tiada mengumpulkan sifat-sifat hadis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hasan. </i>Lihat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.</i> h. 220, Lihat juga, A. Qadir Hassan, <i>Ilmu Mushthalah
Hadits</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Cet. III<i> </i></span>,
Bandung : CV. Diponegoro, 1987), h. 89</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nawir Yuslem, <i>Ulumul Hadis</i> (Jakarta
: PT.Mutiara Sumber Widya, 2001), h. 1</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 6.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Munzier
Suparta, <i>Ilmu Hadist</i> (Edisi 1-4., Jakarta : PT. Raja Grafindo Persada,
2006), h.. 2</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muhammad Ahmad dan Mudzakkir, <i>Ulumul
Hadist</i> ( Cet. III, Bandung : CV. Pustaka Setia, 2004), h. 12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kata
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">taqrir </i>adalah bentuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">masdar </i>dari kata kerja <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qarrara</i>. Dari segi bahasa dapat berarti
penetapan, pengakuan, atau persetujuan. Lihat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Arifuddin Ahmad,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paradigma Baru Memahami Hadis Nabi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(Edisi II, Ciputat : MSCC, 2005), h. 45.
Yang dikutip dari,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad bin Mukran
ibn Mnazhur, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lisan al-‘Arab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>(Juz. I, Masir : Daar al-Mishriyah,
t.th.). h. 394</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Amr
Abdul Mun’im Salim, <i>Taysir Ulum al-Hadiṡ li al-Mubtadi’in, Mudzakkirat, Uṣul
Al-Hadīṡ li al- Mubtadi’in</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Kairo,
Maktabah Ibnu Taimiyah, 1997), h. 6</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lihat,
Arifuddin Ahmad,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op. cit., </i>h. 16</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kata
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sanad </i>menurut bahasa ialah “sesuatu
yang kita bersandar kepadanya”. Menurut istilah, “Jalan yang menyampaikan kita
kepada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan hadīṡ</i>”. Lihat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>T.
M. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy, h. 42</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kata
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan </i>menurut bahasa, ialah “tengah
jalan, punggung bumi, atau bumi yang keras dan tinggi. Sedang menurut istilah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">matan </i>ialah “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafaẓ-lafaẓ</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hadiṡ</i>, yang
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lafaẓ-lafaẓ</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itulah terbentuk makna”. Lihat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., </i>h. 44</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Utang
Ranuwijaya, <i>Ilmu Hadist</i>, (Cet. IV, Jakarta : <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gaya Media Pratama, 2001), h. 74</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Subhi as-Shalih, <i>Membahas Ilmu-Ilmu
Hadist</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Cet. V; Jakarta: Pustaka
Firdaus, 2002), h.41</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lihat,
T. M. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op Cit., </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h.20</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lihat,
A. Qadir Hassan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op. Cit., </i>h. 17</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Rawi </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">adalah
yang menceritakan, yang meriwayatkan.. Lihat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., </i>h. 23</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">M. M. Azami, <i>Memahami Ilmu Hadist-
Telaah Metodologi dan Literatur Hadist</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Cet.III; Jakarta: Lentera Basritama, 2003), h. 11</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lihat,
A. Qadir Hassan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op. Cit., </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 17</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Munzier Suparta, <i>Op.Cit</i>., h. 26</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muhammad Ahmad- M. Mudzakkir, <i>Op.Cit</i>.,h.
57</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">., h.
58</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ibid.,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> h.61</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">., h.
62</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">., h.
62</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">., h.63</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nawir Yuslem., <i>Op. Cit</i>., h. 15</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Utang Ranuwijaya., <i>Op. Cit</i>., h.
88</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">., h.
88</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">., h.
88</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Lihat, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muhammad Ahmad- M. Mudzakkir, <i>Op. Cit</i>.,
h. 48-49</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Departemen
Agama RI., </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(Semarang : PT. Tanjung Mas Inti, 1992), h. 670</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
LaSaro'http://www.blogger.com/profile/09851086408887837644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5812293429468379617.post-9238023578395726272012-12-27T18:18:00.001-08:002013-09-22T08:46:03.073-07:00Makalah "Ulum al-Qur'an"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I. PENDAHULUAN</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Al-Qur’an</span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> merupakan sumber rujukan utama yang menempati posisi
sentral bagi seluruh disiplin ilmu ke Islaman. Kitab suci ini, di samping
menjadi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-huda</i> (petunjuk), juga
sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-bayyinat</i> (penjelas) serta
menjadi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-furqan</i> (pemisah antara
yang benar dan yang salah) yang diturunkan dalam kurun waktu kurang lebih 23
tahun lamanya. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Al-Qur’an adalah kalammullah </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang
diturunkan kepada nabi Muhammad Saw. lewat perantara malaikat Jibril sebagai
mu’jizat. Al-Qur’an adalah sumber ilmu bagi kaum muslimin</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang merupakan
dasar-dasar hukum yang mencakup segala aspek, baik aqidah, ibadah, etika,
mu’amalah dan sebagainya. Sebagaimana firman Allah dalam al-Qur’an, Surah An-Nahl
: 89 :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">لِّكُلِّ
شَىْءٍ وَهَدَى وَرَحْمَةً وَبُشْرَى لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ الْكِتَـبَ تِبْيَانًا
وَنَزَّلْنَا عَلَيْكَ</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Dan
Kami turunkan kepadamu Al-Kitab (Al Quran) untuk menjelaskan segala sesuatu dan
petunjuk serta rahmat dan kabar gembira bagi orang-orang yang berserah diri”.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempelajari isi al-Qur’an akan menambah
perbendaharaan baru, memperluas pandangan dan pengetahuan, meningkatkan
perspektif baru dan selalu menemui hal-hal yang selalu baru. Lebih jauh lagi,
kita akan lebih yakin akan keunikan isinya yang menunjukan Maha Besarnya Allah
sebagai penciptanya. .Firman Allah dalam al-Qur’an, Surah al-A’raf : 52</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">وَلَقَدْ
جِئْنَـهُمْ بِكِتَـبٍ فَصَّلْنَـهُ عَلَى عِلْمٍ هُدًى وَرَحْمَةً لِّقَوْمٍ
يُؤْمِنُونَ</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Dan
sesungguhnya Kami telah mendatangkan sebuah Kitab (Al Quran) kepada mereka yang
Kami telah menjelaskannya atas dasar pengetahuan Kami, menjadi petunjuk dan
rahmat bagi orang-orang yang beriman.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Qur’an diturunkan dalam
bahasa Arab. Karena itu, ada anggapan bahwa setiap orang yang mengerti bahasa
Arab dapat mengerti isi al-Qur’an. Lebih dari itu, ada orang yang merasa telah
dapat memahami dan menafsirkan al-Qur’an dengan bantuan terjemahnya sekalipun tidak
mengerti bahasa Arab. Padahal orang Arab sendiri banyak yang tidak mengerti
kandungan al-Qur’an. Bahkan di antara para sahabat dan tabi’in ada yang salah
memahami al-Qur’an karena tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk memahaminya. Oleh
karena itu, untuk dapat mengetahui isi kandungan al-Qur’an secara benar diperlukanlah
sebuah ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana tata cara menafsirkan al-Qur’an, yaitu “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum al-Qur’an</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ulum al-Qur’an</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> merupakan ilmu yang sangat
diperlukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk mengungkapkan
rahasia-rahasia yang terkandung dalam al-Qur’an sebagai sumber segala hikmah.
Dan semakin tampak keluhurannya Karena hendak memperkokoh tali ikatan dengan al-Qur’an
sebagai pegangan manusia dalam kehidupannya untuk mencapai kebahagiaan di dunia
maupun di akherat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Asy-Syurbashi telah mencatata : “Karya
yang termulia ialah buah kesangupan menafsirkan dan menta’wilkan al-Qur’an”.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk
dapat menafsirkan al-Qur’an diperlukan pengetahuan yang cukup, yakni <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berdasarkan dari uraian pada latar
belakang di atas, maka dapatlah dirumuskan permasalahan yang akan menjadi inti
pembahasan dalam makalah ini, yakni sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagaimana pengertian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>U</u>lum al-Qur’an</i> ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hal-hal apakah yang menjadi ruang lingkup
pembahasan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>U</u>lum al-Qur’an</i> dan
bagaimana urgensinya ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagaimana perkembangan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>U</u>lum al-Qur’an</i>?</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">II. PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum Al-Qur’an </i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara
etimologi, kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum al-Qur’an</i>
berasal dari bahasa Arab yang terdiri dari dua kata, yaitu “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum</i>” dan “a<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">l-Qur’an</i>”. Kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum</i>
adalah bentuk jama’ dari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“ilmu”</i>
yang berarti ilmu-ilmu. Kata ulum yang disandarkan kepada kata Al-Qur’an telah
memberikan pengertian bahwa ilmu ini merupakan kumpulan sejumlah ilmu yang
berhubungan dengan Al-Qur’an, baik dari segi keberadaanya sebagai Al-Qur’an
maupun dari segi pemahaman terhadap petunjuk yang terkandung di dalamnya.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kata ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum </i>adalah bentuk jamak dari ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ilm, </i>sebagai bentuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">verbal-noun </i>dari bahasa Arab dengan akar kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘alima – ya’lamu – ‘ilman </i>yang berarti “mendapatkan atau mengetahui
sesuatu dengan jelas” atau “menjangkau sesuatu dengan keadaan yang
sebenarnya"<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan al-Qur’an yang dimaksud disini adalah firman-firman Allah yang
diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad Saw., melalui malaikat Jibril guna menjadi
peringatan, petunjuk, tuntunan, dan hukum dalam kehidupan umat manusia untuk
menuju kebahagiaan hidup baik di dunia maupun di akhirat.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan
menurut terminologi terdapat berbagai definisi yang telah dikemukakan oleh
ulama, antara lain, al-Sayuthiy dalam kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Itmamu
al-Dirayah</i> mengatakan bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum
al-Qur’an </i>adalah ilmu yang membahas tentang keadaan al-Qur’an dari segi
turunya, sanadnya, adabnya makna-maknanya, baik yang berhubungan
lafadz-lafadznya maupun yang berhubungan dengan hukum-hukumnya, dan
sebagainya”. Hal senada juga dikemukakan oleh Al-Zarqany, beliau memberikan definisi
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an, </i>yaitu “beberapa
pembahasan yang berhubungan dengan a<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">l-Qur’an
al-Karim</i> dari segi turunya, urutanya, pengumpulanya, penulisanya, bacaanya,
penafsiranya, kemu’jizatanya, nasikh mansukhnya, penolakan hal-hal yang bisa
menimbulkan keraguan terhadapnya, dan sebagainya”.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
pendapat diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum
al-Qur’an</i> adalah ilmu yang membahas hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan
Al-Qur’an, baik dari aspek keberadaanya sebagai Al-Qur’an maupun aspek pemahaman
kandunganya sebagai pedoman dan petunjuk bagi manusia atau ilmu-ilmu yang
berhubungan dengan berbagai aspek yang terkait dengan keperluan membahas
al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan
demikian, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ulum al-Qur’an</i> sebagai
suatu term ilmu pengetahuan yang berkenaan dengan pengetahuan yang terkandung
dalam al-Qur’an, berkenaan dengan keadaan al-Qur’an, dan yang digunakan untuk
menggali kandungan al-Qur’an. Dalam pada itu, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ulum al-Qur’an </i>berarti ‘suatu ilmu yang membahas dan menjelaskan
keadaan-keadaan al-Qur’an dari segi penafsiran ayat-ayatnya, segi penjelasan
maksud-maksudnya, segi sebab nuzulnya, segi nasikh mansukhnya, segi
munsabahnya, segi uslub-uslubnya, segi rupa-rupa qiraatnya, segi rasm
kalimat-kalimatnya, dan lain-lain yang berhubungan dengan keadaan al-Qur’an.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;">Ruang Lingkup ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum Al-Qur’an</i> dan Urgensinya</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan
‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum Al-Qur’an</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dari beberapa literatur yang ada, ditemukan adanya keaneka ragaman
pengklasipikasian dalam membahas masalah ruang lingkup pembahasan ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ulum al-Qur’an merupakan suatu ilmu yang
mempunyai ruang lingkup pembahasan yang luas. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum al-Qur’an </i> meliputi semua ilmu yang ada kaitanya dengan
Al-Qur’an, baik berupa ilmu-ilmu agama, seperti ilmu tafsir maupun ilmu-ilmu
bahasa Arab, seperti ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">balaghah</i>
dan ilmu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’rab al-Qur’an</i>. Disamping
itu, masih banyak lagi ilmu-ilmu yang tercakup di dalamnya. Dalam kitab Al-
Itqan, As-Sayuthi menguraikan sebanyak 80 cabang ilmu. Dari tiap-tiap cabang
terdapat beberapa macam cabang ilmu lagi. Kemudian dia mengutip Abu Bakar Ibnu
al_Araby yang mengatakan bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum
al-Qur’an</i> terdiri dari 77450 ilmu. Hal ini didasarkan kepada jumlah kata
yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an dengan dikalikan empat. Sebab, setiap kata dalam
al-Qur’an mengandung makna Dzohir, batin, terbatas, dan tidak terbatas.
Perhitungan ini masih dilihat dari sudut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mufrodat</i>nya.
Adapun jika dilihat dari sudut hubungan kalimat-kalimatnya, maka jumlahnya
menjadi tidak terhitung<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dalam pembahasan tentang ruang lingkup <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ulum al-Qur’an, </i>Dr. Mardan<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengutif pendapat Dr. M. Quraish Shihab,
bahwa materi-materi cakupan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ulum
al-Qur’an</i> dapat dibagi ke dalam empat komponen, yaitu : (1) pengenalan
terhadap al-Qur’an, (2) kaedah-kaedah tafsir, (3) metode-metode tafsir, dan (4)
kitab-kitab tafsir dan para mufassir.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Komponen pertama mencakup beberapa hal, yakni ; (a) sejarah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qur’an</i>, (b) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rasm</i> (bentuk tulisan) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qur’an</i>,
(c) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’jaz</i> (kemu’jizatan) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qur’an</i>, (d) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">munasabah </i>(kemiripan-kedekatan) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qur’an</i>,
(e) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qashas</i>
(kisah-kisah) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qur’an</i>, (f) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jadal</i> () <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qur’an</i>, (g) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aqsam </i>(sumpah)
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qur’an,</i> (h) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">amtsal</i> (perumpamaan) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qur’an,
</i>(i<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">) nasikh</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mansukh </i>(dibatalkan dan membatalkan),
(j) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muhkam </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutasyabih </i>(kokoh dan samar), (k) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-qiraat </i>(bacaan), dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Komponen kedua, mencakup ; (a) ketentuan-ketentuan yang harus
diperhatikan menafsirkan al-Qur’an, (b) sistematika yang hendaknya ditempuh
dalam mengurai penafsiran, dan (c) patokan-patokan khusus yang membantu
pemahaman ayat-ayat al-Qur’an, baik dari ilmu-ilmu bantu seperti bahasa dan
ushul fikih maupun yang ditarik langsung dari penggunaan al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Komponen ketiga, mencakup metode-metode tafsir yang dikemukakan oleh
ulama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutaqaddimin </i>dengan coraknya
masing-masing, yakni: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ra’yu </i>(akal)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, al-ma’tsur </i>(riwayat)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, al-isyariy</i>, disertai syarat-syarat
diterimanya suatu penafsiran serta metode pengembangannya. Disamping itu, juga
mencakup metode-metode ulama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutaakhkhirin
</i>dengan keempat coraknya, yakni: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tahliliy
</i>(analitik)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, ijmaliy </i>(global)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, muqaaran </i>(perbandingan) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mawdhu’iy </i>(tematik)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Komponen keempat, mencakup pembahasan tentang kitab-kitab tafsir,
baik yang lama maupun yang baru, yang berbahasa Arab, Inggeris, atau Indonesia,
dengan mempelajari biografi, latar belakang dan kecendrungan pengarangnya,
metode dan prinsip-prinsip yang digunakan, serta keistimewaan dan kelemahannya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Urgensi ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum Al-Qur’an</i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
bagian terdahulu telah dikemukakan pengertian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ulum al-Qur’an,</i> dari pengertian itu dapat dipahami bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ulum al-Qur’an </i>sebagai term ilmu adalah
ilmu pengetahuan yang dengan dapat dipahami tafsir al-Qur’an dalam segala
aspeknya, maka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an </i>sangat
erat hubungannya dengan tafsir al-Qur’an. Bahkan menurut Dr. H. M. Quraish
Shihab, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hakekat adalah sama dengan ilmu tafsir, yakni
sebagai ilmu alat untuk menafsirkan al-Qur’an, mengeluarkan serta menjelaskan
pengertian-pengertian yang terkandung di dalamnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan
demikian, urgensi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i>
terlihat dengan jelas dalam kaitannya dengan tafsir al-Qur’an, yaitu untuk
menafsirkan al-Qur’an dan memahami kandungannya dengan sempurna, bahkan untuk
menerjemahkannya. Maka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an </i>disini
benar-benar sangat diperlukan, karena dengan ilmu-ilmu tersebut, seorang
mufassir dapat menafsirkan al-Qur’an dengan baik dan benar. Ilmu-ilmu ini pada
hakekatnya menjadi alat untuk tafsir. Oleh karena itu, ilmu-ilmu itulah yang
disebut dengan ilmu tafsir atau ilmu-ilmu al-Qur’an. Selain itu, urgensi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an </i>kaitannya dengan tafsir,
adalah antara lain :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Membuka kemungkinan
untuk memahami al-Qur’an dengan baik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mampu menafsirkan
al-Qur’an secara baik dan mudah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjadi senjata ampuh
untuk melawan tantangan dari lawan Islam.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jelaslah bahwa
urgensi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an </i>menempati
posisi yang sangat penting untuk dapat memahami isi kandungan al-Qur’an dengan
baik dan benar. Artinya, seorang mufassir dalam menafsirkan al-Qur’an tidak
akan mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal tanpa adanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’aan.</i></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perkembangan
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum Al-Qur’an</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai ilmu
yang terdiri dari berbagai cabang dan macamnya, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i> tidak lahir sekaligus. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum al-Qur’an</i> menjelma menjadi suatu disiplin ilmu melalui proses
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kesempatan untuk
membenahi al-Qur’an dari segi keberadaanya dan segi pemahamanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di masa Rasulullah
Saw. dan para sahabat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i>
belum dikenal sebagai suatu ilmu yang berdiri sendiri dan tertulis. Para
sahabat adalah orang-orang Arab asli yang dapat merasakan struktur bahasa Arab
yang tinggi dan memahami apa yang diturunkan kepada Rasulullah, dan bila
menemukan kesulitan dalam memahami ayat-ayat tertentu, mereka dapat menanyakan
langsung kepada Rasulullah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di zaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Khulafa’u Rasyiddin</i> sampai dinasti
umayyah wilayah islam bertambah luas sehingga terjadi pembauran antara orang
Arab dan bangsa-bangsa yang tidak mengetahui bahasa Arab. Keadaan demikian
menimbulkan kekhawatiran sahabat akan tercemarnya keistimewaan bahasa arab, bahkan
dikhawatirkan tentang bacaan al-Qur’an yang menjadi sebuah standar bacaan
mereka. Untuk mencegah kekhawatiran itu, disalinlah dari tulisan-tulisan
aslinya sebuah al-qur’an yang disebut mushaf imam. Dan dari salinan inilah
suatu dasar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i> yang
disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-rasm Al-Utsmani</i>.<br />
Kemudian, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i> memasuki
masa pembukuanya pada abad ke-2 H. Para ulama memberikan prioritas perhatian
mereka kepada ilmu tafsir karena fungsinya sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">umm al-ulum al-Qur’aniyyah.</i> Para penulis pertama dalam tafsir
adalah Syu’bah ibn al-Hajjaj (160 H), Sufyan Ibn Uyaynah (198 H), dan Wali Ibn
al-Jarrah (197 H). dan pada abad ke-3 muncul tokoh tafsir yang merupakan
mufassir pertama yang membentangkan berbagai pendapat dan men<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tarjih</i> sebagianya. Beliau adalah Ibn
jarir atThabari (310 H). Selanjutnya sampai abad ke-13 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i> terus berkembang pesat dengan lahirnya tokoh-tokoh
yang selalu melahirkan buah karyanya untuk terus melengkapi
pembahasan-pembahasan yang berhubungan dengan ilmu tersebut. Diantara sekian
banyak tokoh-tokoh tersebut, Jalaluddin al-bulqini (824 H) pengarang kitab
Mawaqi’ Al-ulum min Mawaqi’ al-Nujum dipandang As-Suyuthi sebagai ulama yang
mempelopori penyusunan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i>
yang lengkap. Sebab, dalam kitabnya tercakup 50 macam ilmu Al-Qur’an.
Jalaluddin al-Syuyuthi (991 H) menulis kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Tahhir fi Ulum al-Tafsir</i>. Penulisan kitab ini selesai pada tahun
873 H. kitab ini memuat 102 macam ilmu-ilmu Al-Qur’an. Karena itu, menurut
sebagian ulama, kitab ini dipandang sebagai kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i> paling lengkap..Al-Syuyuthi belum merasa puas dengan
karya monumental ini sehingga ia menyusun lagi kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Itqan fi Ulum Al-Qur’an</i>. Didalamnya dibahas 80 macam ilmu-ilmu
Al-Qur’an secara padat dan sistematis. Menurut Al-Zarqani, kitab ini merupakan
pegangan bagi para peneliti dan penulis dalam ilmu ini. Sampai saat ini
bersamaan dengan masa kebangkitan modern dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu agama,
para ulama masih memperhatikan akan ilmu Qur’an ini. Sehingga tokoh-tokoh ahli
Qur’an masih banyak hingga saat ini di seluruh dunia.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></a></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari keterang di
atas, untuk lebih jelasnya, perkembangan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum
al-Qur’an </i>dapat dibagi kepada empat fase,</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
yaitu :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abad I dan II Hijrah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fase
ini dibagi kepada tiga masa, yaikni : (a) Masa Rasulullah, Abu Bakar dan Umar
bin al-Khattab, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an </i>belum
dibukukan, karena pada umumnya para sahabat dapat memahami al-Qur’an, (b) Pada
masa Utsman bin Affan, perbedaan bacaan terhadap al-Qur’an mulai muncul dikalangan
umat Islam, maka khalifah Utsman mengambil kebijaksanaan untuk mengadakan
penulisan al-Qur’an, maka dikenallah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Mushhaf
Utsmani”</i>, dan usaha pengkodifikasian ini merupakan langkah awal munculnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i> yang kemudian dinamai ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Rasm al-Qur’an”</i>; (c) Pada masa
khalifah Ali Bin Abi Thalib, orang-orang non-Arab banyak yang masuk Islam dan
mereka tidak menguasai bahasa Arab, maka Ali mengambil kebijaksanaan dengan
memerintahkan panglimanya (Abu Azwad ad-Duwaliy) untuk menyusun kaidah-kaidah bahasa
Arab untuk dijadikan acuan membaca al-Qur’an. Inilah yang dikenal sebagai
perintis lahirnya ilmu nahwu dan I’rab al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada
bebeapa cabang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“ulum al-Qur’an” </i>yang
sudah lahir pada masa ini, yaitu : ilmu tafsir, ilmu azbabun nuzul, ilmu makki,
ilmu madani, ilmu nasikh mansukh, ilmu gharib al-Qur’an. Tokoh-tokoh yang yang
dianggap sebagai peletak batu pertama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum
al-Qur’an</i> pada periode ini, antara lain : para khalifah dari Khulafaur
Rasyidin, Ibn Anas, Ibn Mas’ud, Said bin Tsabit, Mujahid, Qatadah, Hasan
Bashri, Malik bin Anas, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abad III dan IV Hijrah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
periode ini, para ulama semakin giat menulis tafsir, karya-karya mereka
dibidang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an </i>semakin
banyak, di antaranya ; (a) Ali bin al-Madani (w. 234 H), ia menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilm Asbab al-Nuzul</i>, (b) Abu ‘Ubaid Qasim
bin Salam (w. 224 H), ia menulis<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">iIlm Nasikh
Mansukh</i>, (c) Muhammad bin Khalaf Mursaban (w. 309 H), ia menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Hawiy fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an</i>, (d)
Muhammad Ayub Idris (w. 309 H), ia menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilm
Makki wa Madani</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abad V, VI, VII, dan
VIII Hijrah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
fase ini, karya-karya dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum
al-Qur’an </i>semakin banyak dan lengkap. Lafal-lafal al-Qur’an sudah mulai
diberi penjelasan, ulama suadah mulai menjelaskan tentang majaz al-Qur’an, hal
ini dimaksudkan untu meenunjukkan bahwa pengertian teksnya bukanlah arti yang
sesungguhnya yang diinginkan oleh al-Qur’an itu, misalnya; kulliyat dan
juz’iyyat. Tokoh-tokoh yang ada pada fase ini, antara lain; (a) Ibn ‘Abd
al-Salam (w. 660 H), ia menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilm Majaz
al-Qur’an, </i>(b) Ali bin Sa’id al-Kufiy (w. 430 H), ia menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Burhan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an, </i>(c)
Badruddin al-Zarkaziy, ia menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Burhan
fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an, </i>(d) Ibn Qayyim, ia menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aqsam al-Qur’an.i</i>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Abad IX – XV Hijrah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
periode ini, ulama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an </i>semakin
banyak, karya-karya mereka semakin sempurna dengan aneka ragam buku-buku
mereka, di antaranya ; (a) Jamaluddin Bayquniy, ia menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mawaqi’ al-‘Ulum min Mawaqi’ al-Nujum, </i>(b) Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azhim
Zarqaniy, ia menulis <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manahil al-‘Irfan fi
‘Ulum al-Qur’an, </i>(c) Muhammad Shadiq Rafi’iy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I’jaz al-Qur’an.</i></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">III. PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adalah merupakan pererbuatan baik yang
dilakukan oleh akal untuk mengungkapkan rahasia yang terkandung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>wahyu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ilahi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menyingkapkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penta’wilannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>benar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berdasarkan
pengertian-pengertian yang kokoh. Keluhuran dalam menafsirkan Al-Qur’an menyatu
dalam tujuan yang hendak dicapai, yaitu untuk mengungkapkan rahasia-rahasia
yang terkandung dalam Al-Qur’an sebagai sumber segala hikmah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i> adalah ilmu yang membahas
hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan Al-Qur’an, baik dari aspek keberadaanya sebagai
Al-Qur’an maupun aspek pemahaman kandunganya sebagai pedoman dan petunjuk bagi
manusia atau ilmu-ilmu yang berhubungan dengan berbagai aspek yang terkait
dengan keperluan membahas al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘ulum
al-Qur’an, </i>pada garis besarnya dapat dibagi kepada empat kmponen,
yakni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: (1) pengenalan terhadap
al-Qur’an, (2) kaedah-kaedah tafsir, (3) metode-metode tafsir, dan (4)
kitab-kitab tafsir dan para mufassir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Urgensi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i> terlihat dengan jelas
dalam kaitannya dengan tafsir al-Qur’an, yaitu untuk menafsirkan al-Qur’an dan
memahami kandungannya dengan sempurna, bahkan untuk menerjemahkannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai ilmu yang
terdiri dari berbagai cabang dan macamnya, maka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ulum al-Qur’an</i> tidak lahir sekaligus. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ulum al-Qur’an</i> menjelma menjadi suatu disiplin ilmu melalui proses
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kesempatan untuk
membenahi al-Qur’an dari segi keberadaanya dan segi pemahamanya. Perkembangan
ilmu ini dibagi kepada empat fase, yakni : Abad I dan II Hijrah, Abad III dan
IV Hijrah, Abad V, VI, VII, dan VIII Hijrah, dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abad IX – XV Hijrah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengingat pentingnya memahami Al-Qur’an sebagai
petunjuk bagi umat manusia, yang sebagian besar ayat-ayatnya hanya disebut
secara global, yang berarti membutuhkan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam agar
ditemukan makna yang lebih tepat. Maka sangat diperlukan adanya metode tertentu
dalam menafsirkannya.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 56.1pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adnan Amal, Taufik, <i>Rekonstruksi Sejarah al-Qur’an, </i>Cet. I,
Yogjakarta: Forum kajian Budaya dan Agama, 2001</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 187.5pt center 205.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Departemen
Agama, al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya, Semarang : PT. Tanjung Mas Inti, t.th.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 187.5pt center 205.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ma’rifat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad Hadi,<i> Sejarah Al-Qur’an</i>,
terj.Thoha Musawa.Cet. II, Jakarta: Al-Huda, 2007</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 187.5pt center 205.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mihsan, Muhammad
Salim, <i>Tarikh al-Qur’an</i>, Iskandariah: Muassasah al-Syabab al-Jamiah,
t,th.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Munawwir,
Ahmad Warsan, <i>al-Munawwir Kamus Arab Indonesia, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cet. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">XIV;
Surabaya: Pustaka Progres, 1997</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 187.5pt center 205.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Al-Qattan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manna’,
<i>M</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span></i><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">bahis fi Ulum
Al-Qur’an</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">, t.t Mansyuriah al Haditsah,1973</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 89.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Shihab,
Quraish, <i>et</i></span><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">al</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">., <i>Sejarah dan Ulumul Qur’an, </i>Cet. I, Jakarta:
Pustaka Firdaus, 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Shihab,
Quraish<i> Membumikan al-Qur’an: Fungsi dan Peran Wahyu dalam Kehidupan</i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">, Cet.IX;Bandung: Mizan,1995</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ash-Shabuny, Ali Muhammad, <i>Studi Ilmu al-Qur’an</i>,
terj. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Aminuddin. Cet. I, Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 56.1pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ash Shiddieqy, Hasybi <i>Sejarah dan Pengantar Ilmu al Qur’an/Tafsir</i>,Cet.
VIII; Jakarta: Bulan Bintang,1980</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Watt</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> W. Wontgomery</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bell’s
Introduction to the Qur’an</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, diterjemahkan oleh Taufik Adnan Amal
dengan judul, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Studi al-Qur’an</i>,
Cet.II; Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 1995</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al-Zarkasyi,
Badr al-Din Muhammad ibn Abdullah,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
al-Burhan Fii Ulum al-Qur’an</i>, Kairo:al-Babi al-Halabi, 1957</span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Al- Zarqani, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Muhammad Abd
al-Adzim,<i> Manahal al-Irfan fi Ulumu al-Qur’an</i>, Juz I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">t.t:Dar al-Fikr, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1996.</span></div>
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<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam memberikan definisi tentang
Al-Qur’an, para ulama berbeda-beda, sangat ditentuakan oleh disiplin ilmu
mereka. Baca lebih lengkap; Drs. Ahmad Musthafa Hadna,SQ. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Problematika Menafsirkan Al-Qur’an</i>, (Cet. I, Semarang, Bina
Utama,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1993), h. 12-15</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Departemen Agama RI., Al-Qur’an dan
Terjemahannya, (Semarang : PT. Tanjung Mas Inti, t. th.), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>h. 415</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid., </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h. 229</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ahmad Asy-Syurbashi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Tafsir Al-Qur’an</i>, Terjemahan Tim Pustaka Firdaus, (Jakarta:
Pustaka Firdaus, 1985), Cet. I, h. 15</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">internet</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dr. Mardan, M.Ag. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Al-Qur’an :</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebuah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar
Memahami Al-Qur’an Secara Utuh</i>, (Jakarta: Pustaka Mapan, 2009), h. 15</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid., </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h. 18</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">internet</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dr. Mardan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op.
Cit., </i>hh. 18-19</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dikutip dari internet (Mudzakir Fauzi)</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dikutip dari internet (Mudzakir Fauzi)</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat, Dr. Mardan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op. Cit., </i>hh. 21-22</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dikutip dari internet (Mudzakir Fauzi)</span></div>
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<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5812293429468379617#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lihat, Dr. Mardan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Op. Cit., </i>hh. 23-26</span></div>
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